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1st Semester Study Guide AP Euro Name: Please answer the following questions in the boxes provided, using the attached vocabulary. What was the medieval worldview? Great Chain of Being The Catholic Church The manorial system Medieval cities Guild System Chapter 11 Describe the crisis that began the disintegration of this worldview? Little Ice Age Famine The Black Death Spread of the Plague Reactions to the Plague Persecution of Jews Effects of the plague Labor shortage Conversion to rents Peasant revolts in France and England Jacquerie Wat Tyler and John Bell How can the change from medieval to modern be seen in the Hundred Year’s War? Causes of the Hundred Years’ War French army English army Decline of the cavalry Joan of Arc Cannons End of the War To what extent was the Catholic Church responsible for the crisis it was embroiled in during the 14th and 15th centuries Boniface VIII Unam Sanctam The Papacy at Avignon (13051377) Clement V Gregory XI The Great Schism 1378 - 1417 Just be sure you know that the following were in the late medieval period, and what the authors wrote and why people get excited about it. The Development of Vernacular Literature Dante Petrarch Boccaccio Chaucer New Inventions The Clock Eyeglasses and Paper Gunpowder and Cannons Chapter 12 Renaissance To what extent can the Renaissance be seen as a break for the old world and the birth of the modern world? Jakob Burkhardt Paul Oskar Kristeller Major changes Major traits Economic changes: trade, Industry and banking Describe the politics of Italy durring the Renaissance. Independent states Republic of Florence Papal States Kingdom of Naples Venice Milan Warfare in Italy Peace of Lodi Charles VIII of France Charles V of the HRE The sack of Rome 1527 The Birth of Modern Diplomacy Machiavelli and The Prince The Medici family What is Humanism, and how did it shape the intellectual life of the Renaissance? Italian Renaissance Humanism Petrarch The Humanities Humanism and Philosophy; Neoplatonism Renaissance Hermeticism Education in the Renaissance Castiglione and the book of the courtier Humanism and History The Impact of Printing What were the major changes that make Renaissance art stand out as the greatest period of artistic achievement in western history? Artistic advances and themes Perspective Human form Nature Secular themes Art in the Early Renaissance Giotto Masaccio Botticelli Donatello The Artistic High Renaissance Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael The Artist and Social Status The Northern Artistic Renaissance Van Eyck Durer Of the European states that grew in power during the renaissance, which was the most successful and does that foreshadow the growth of absolutism in the 16th century? Paths to power SPAMER France Louis the Spider Catherine de Medici England War of the Roses Henry VII Henry VIII Spain Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Reconquista Inquisition How do the issues of the Renaissance church foreshadow the reformation? Savonarola Lollardy and Hussites Papal goals Renaissance popes Julius II and Leo X Chapter 13 What role did the Northern/Christian humanists play in exposing the abuses of the Catholic Church on the eve of the reformation? Erasmus; In Praise of Folly Thomas More; Utopia Simony Pluralism Absenteeism Relics Indulgences Fasting Pilgrimages Religious orders To what extend was the reformation shaped by the personality and actions of Martin Luther? Martin Luther Wittenberg university Johann Tetzel The Indulgence Controversy Diet of Worms Justification by faith Bible as basis of authority 2 sacraments The Peasants’ War What conditions made Germany the ideal place for the beginning of the reformation? State churches Holy Roman Empire Charles V; France, the papacy and the Ottoman Turks Describe the fracture of theology in the Reformation. The Zwinglian Reformation in Switzerland Marburg colloquy John Calvin and Calvinism Absolute power of god Predestination Calvin’s Geneva The Anabaptists Democratic Simple life Menno Simons John of Leiden To what extent can it be said that the Reformation in England was a purely political animal? Henry VIII’s need for an heir Thomas Cramner Act of Supremacy Confiscation of church lands Edward VI “Bloody” Mary Phillip II / alliance with Spain Elizabethan settlement The Catholic response: reform or return to tradition? The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Educate, Propagate, Fight Pope Paul IV Index of forbidden books The Council of Trent Scripture and tradition Faith and good works Sacraments, transubstantiation and clerical celibacy Ultimately, who won the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century? The French Wars of Religion (15621598) Huguenots Ultra-Catholics Catherine de Medici Duke of Guise St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre War of the Three Henrys Henry of Navarre Edict of Nantes Phillip II The Revolt of the Netherlands United provinces of the Netherlands Spanish Netherlands How was England’s lack of major religious wars due to the work of Elizabeth I? Act of Supremacy Act of Unity Mary Queen of Scots Foreign policy The Spanish armada Naval Power Chapter 14 Portugal and the age of exploration; how did they gain the first world empire and then lose it? Exploration motivation, God, Gold and Glory Spices Prince Henry the navigator Navigational school Bartholomew Dias Vasco de Gama The Portuguese in India Alfonso d’Albuquerque Be able to tell the story of the European conquests and oppression in the Americas. Christopher Columbus Amerigo Vespuccci Ferdinand Magellan Treaty of Tordesillas Aztecs Pizzaro Inca Administration of the Spanish empire Encomienda Bartholome de las Casas The Slave Trade Origins of the Slave Trade Growth in the Slave Trade Effects the Slave Trade Where (in general) did the following countries have oversees possessions? Portugal Spain Netherlands England France How did World Exploration significantly change European economic life? Price revolution of the Sixteenth Century Commercial Capitalism Mercantilism Columbian exchange Chapter 15 The Age of Absolutism has been described as a reaction to a series of crisis in the 16th century. Are those crisis significant enough to justify absolute rule? Second Little Ice Age Witchcraft craze Reasons for The persecuted Economic contraction of the 16th century The Thirty Years’ War Issues Gustavas Adolphus France in the 30 yrs war Peace of Westphalia Military Revolution Rebellions Divine Right of Kings = God chooses and empowers rulers, so you’d better watch out. Was Louis XIV the greatest absolute monarch? Robert Bucholz’s theory of Louis XIV Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Maharini The Fronde Administration of the Government Religious Policy Revoked Edict of Nantes Financial Issues Colbert and Mercantilism Daily Life at the Court of Versailles The Wars of Louis XIV Of Spain, Brandenburg-Prussia and Austria, who was in the best position at the beginning of the 16th century to enjoy absolutism? (Please consider geography as well as political history) How well did it pan out for them as opposed to the others? The Decline of Spain Charles V and Phillip II Result of 30 yrs war? Carlos II War of Spanish succession Hohenzollern Dynasty Frederick William the great elector Army, bureaucracy and the cooperation of the Junkers Austria HRE and unity Conflict with ottoman Turks Treaty of Karlowitz War of Spanish succession What makes Russia significantly different from other European nations? Origins Orthodox Christianity Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great Army, navy, wars Nobles Westernization St Petersburg The Ottoman Empire is getting weaker. There, now you know. The Polish Monarchy is weak because they invite foreigners to rule and have a powerful Sjem. The Dutch Republic; rich, clean, small. But they do conquer a lot of the world. The art of crisis and Absolutism Mannerism El Greco Baroque Rubens Bernini Caravaggio Baroque architecture French Classicism Dutch Realism Rembrandt Vermeer Lyster England is the first European country to see the Emergence of a Constitutional Monarchy democratize. Is that because of bad rulers, a powerful merchant class, or the influence of amazingly enlightened philosophers? King James I and Parliament Charles I and the Move toward Revolution Civil War in England Cromwell and New Governments Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy William, Mary and A Glorious Revolution Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Chapter 16 How was the Renaissance in part responsible for the Scientific Revolution? Observations of the body and nature Math Renaissance magic New inventions Discovery and reaction; what was observed about the universe, how and why did religious authorities react to them? Copernicus Brahe Kepler Galileo Martin Luther The Inquisition Newton, gravity, laws of motion (you don’t need to know them) and his obsession with magic; you remember all that don’t you? Advances in Medicine and Chemistry; what did each of the following men do? Paracelsus Vesalius William Harvey Robert Boyle How did these men view science and rationality as it applies to how we live, think and view God. Francis Bacon Descartes Spinoza Pascal France funded their Royal Scientific Society, England didn’t. Neither of them felt that women should be there, even though there were women discovering comets and classifying bugs on Surinam. Chapter 17 What did Locke and Newton do that made them the Godfathers of the enlightenment? Newtonian machine Blank slate/ tabula rasa Social contract What did each of the following add to the enlightenment? Please rate them in order of their importance, 1-7 Montesquieu and The Spirit of the Laws Voltaire, toleration and free speech Diderot and the Encyclopedia David Hume and relativity Rousseau Private property Social Contract General Will Emile Adam Smith Laissez-faire Caesar Beccaria, crime and punishment To what extent did women participate in the Enlightenment? “Enlightened” ideas of women Salons Mary Astell Mary Wollstonecraft How did the enlightenment thinkers contribute to the European shift for a religious to a secular society? Skepticism Deism Noble savage Paul d’Holbach Edward Gibbon and The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Define each type of music and give an example from each musician Baroque Music; Handle, Bach Classical music; Mozart and Haydn What major changes in art and architecture differentiate this period from the baroque? Rococo art and architecture Watteau Neoclassicism Jaques-louis David What can William Hogarth, carnival, Jewish Ghettos, Catholic Piety and Protestant Revivalism under John Wesley tell us about life in the 18th century? This is when people started writing novels, they started in England. 1st Semester Study Guide, part 2 AP Euro Name: Please answer the following questions in the boxes provided, using the attached vocabulary. Chapter 18 Absolute or Enlightened? In what ways were the following countries one, the other or both? Prussia Frederick William Army Bureaucracy Junkers Frederick II (the Great) Code of law Religious toleration Use of money Use of military Austria Multicultural empire Holy Roman Empire Maria Theresa Tax collection Provinces and districts Joseph II Abolishes serfdom Code of law National language Religious freedom Economic restraints Success? Russia Elizabeth Peter Catherine the Great New law? Charter of Nobility Military conquests Peasant revolts Why didn’t England or France have Enlightened Absolutism? France Louis XV Madame Pompadour England Hanoverians Bill of Rights Parliament Robert Walpole George III Why is 18th century warfare considered reasonable? New armies New tactics The War of Austrian Succession Pragmatic sanction Silesia France and England fighting Austrian succession in India and North America Treaty of Aix la Chapelle Diplomatic revolution of 1756 Seven years war Miracle of the house of Brandenburg France and England fighting in India and North America Peace of Huntsberg Poland gets eaten up by Prussia, Russia and Austria. Why? Because they could. Of the following 18th century changes, which had the biggest effect? Agricultural Revolution and Enclosure Population growth Cottage industry Poverty in cities British aristocrats lived in big country houses, and rich young men took The Grand Tour to finish up their education, should you care to know. Chapter 19 There was a big revolution in America, and that got everybody thinking To what extent was each of the following responsible for the French revolution? Louis XVI Marie Antoinette Affaire of the necklace Inequality in society First Estate Second Estate Third Estate Poverty Enlightenment ideas Financial crisis Poor harvests 1787 – 1788 French Revolution; Please define each of the following…. Calling of the Estates General Tennis Court Oath Attack on the Bastille Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Civil Constitution of the Clergy Women’s march to Versailles French Revolution continued…. Constitutional Monarchy and National Assembly Clergy and peasant reaction? Jacobins Declaration of Pillnitz Flight of the King National Convention Abolition of the monarchy (and monarch) Universal mobilization Reign of Terror Committee of Public Safety Republic of Virtue Revolutionary calendar Dechristianization Slavery and rebellion Execution of Robespierre Thermidorean reaction Directory Consulate Could Napoleon be seen as an Enlightened Absolute Monarch? (Continues on the next page) Napoleon Uprising against the directory / Whiff of grapeshot Army of Italy Invasion of Egypt The Consulate The Empire Domestic policies Code Napoleon The Grand Empire Spread of revolutionary ideas? Great Britain Trafalgar Continental system Invasion of Russia War of liberation 100 days Waterloo Chapter 20 Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Agricultural revolution Supply of Capital Transportation Mineral Resources Role of Government /culture of money Markets To what extent did the technological changes make difficult factory conditions necessary? The Cotton Industry Flying shuttle Spinning Jenny Powerloom The Steam Engine The Iron Industry Puddling Trains The Industrial Factory Change of work patterns Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851 was done to show just how wealthy they were. Given the differences between England and the continent, where would you have preferred to be an entrepreneur during the industrial revolution? Continental limitations to Industrialization Transportation Customs duties War Business habits Spurs to Industrialization Borrowing Techniques and Practices from Great Britain Government support Joint-Stock Investment Banks Europe was very careful to limit the spread of Industrialization to the Nonindustrialized World, because they needed those colonies for raw materials. What were the worst excesses of the Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution? Population Growth The Irish Potato Famine Emigration The Growth of Cities Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution Motivations of Urban Reformers Workers in the Industrial Age Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class Child labor Support for child labor The Industrial Middle Class gets wealthier and more powerful, challenging the old aristocracy. What was done to try to clean up the worst excesses of the social impact of the Industrial revolution? The Trade Union Movement Luddites Chartism Reform act of 1832 Repeal of the Corn Laws The Poor law of 1834 Factory act of 1833 Chapter 21 What was the purpose of the congress of Vienna, and how successful were their delegates in achieving those goals? Congress of Vienna 1815 Metternich The Principle of Legitimacy A New Balance of Power The Ideology of Conservatism Edmund Burke The Concert of Europe The Principle of Intervention Revolts in Spain and Italy The Revolt of Latin America The Greek Revolt How was conservatism expressed in Great Britain? Tories and Whigs Corn Law of 1815 Peterloo massacre Opposition to the Principle of Intervention The Burschenschaften were a nationalistic student group, repressed by Metternich and the Karlsbad decrees How was conservatism expressed in Russia? Alexander I 1801 – 1825 Northern Union Decembrist revolt Nicholas I Intervention in Europe Yes, there are probably going to be some maps on the final. Liberalism; To what extend would a modern liberal find fraternity with a 19th century liberal? Economic Liberalism Laissez faire Malthus A Modest Proposal David Ricardo Political Liberalism Civil liberties Religious toleration Constitutional monarchies Ministerial responsibility What are the main tenants of Nationalism and how is it expressed by Johann Gottfried Herder Describe early Socialism and how it was expressed in Utopian experiments. Fourier Owen 1830 saw revolutions in France, Belgium, Poland, and Italy. Belgium is now free to be invaded. Why did the French have so many revolutions? Louis XVIII Ultra-royalists French revolution property exchange Charles X Ministerial responsibility July Ordinances July 1830 Louise Philippe and constitutional monarchy Depression of 1846 February 1848 National workshops Second Republic Louis Napoleon Dr. Jonathan Steinberg Describe the pattern of success and failure of the Revolutions of 1848. Germany Frankfurt Assembly Grossdeutch Kleindeutsch Frederick William of Prussia The Austrian Empire Demands of ethnic groups Nicholas I Italian Risorgimento Giuseppe Mazzini Failure Reasons for the Failures of 1848 Police are invented. This is to keep populations from going nuts and overthrowing the government. How can the following be seen as an expression of cultural alienation, nationalism, and reaction to the Industrial age? The Characteristics of Romanticism Romantic and Gothic literature The Sisters Bronte Henrik Ibsen Mary Shelley Romantic history The Brothers Grimm Romantic religion Francois René de chateaubriand Pope Pious IX Protestant revivalism Neo-Gothic architecture Romantic Poets Byron Shelley Wordsworth Romanticism in Art Friedrich Turner Delacroix Pre-Raphaelites Done.
