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Download carbon compounds - Net Start Class
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CARBON COMPOUNDS Carbon atoms have four valence electrons and form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and also with elements including hydrogen(H), oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and sulfur(S). Carbon atoms can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms forming long chains and even rings. Macromolecules 1. Macromolecules are giant molecules made from thousands of smaller molecules. 2. These molecules form using a process called polymerization in which smaller molecules(monomers) are joined together to form larger molecules(polymers). 3. Macromolecules in living things include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates 1. made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and usually occur in a 1:2:1 ratio. ex) C6H12O6 = glucose 2. Main source of energy for living things! Simple sugars (Monosaccharides) Glucose Fructose Galactose Simple sugars (Disaccharides) Sucrose – Table sugar. Made up of 1 glucose and 1 fructose. Lactose – Form of sugar in milk. Made up of 1 glucose and one galactose. Maltose – Product of starch hydrolysis. Made up of 2 glucose. Complex sugars (Polysaccharides) Starch – major form of stored carbohydrates in plants. Cellulose – the major structural material in plants. Wood is mostly made up of cellulose. Glycogen – The stored form of glucose in animals. Glycogen is easily converted back to glucose for energy. Lipids 1. Large molecules made up from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains. Composed mainly of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms. 2. Used to store energy. 3. Make up cell membranes, steroids, and waterproof coverings. 4. Can be saturated (shortening) having only single bonds or unsaturated (liquids) having one or more double bonds. Nucleic acids 1. Macromolecules containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). 2. Made up from single units called nucleotides that are joined together using covalent bonds. A single nucleotide contains one sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. 3. Store and transmit hereditary information. 4. Include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) Nucleotide Amino acid structure Amino acids in DNA Adenine Thymine DNA Molecule Proteins 1. Macromolecules containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). 2. Made up of chains of amino acids joined by covalent bonds between the carboxyl group of one molecule and the amino group of the next molecule. 3. Proteins play specific roles such as controlling reaction rates, regulating cell processes, transporting substances, and fighting diseases. Structure of Macromolecules Lab Purpose: Students will use paper clips to represent the different types of macromolecules and their components. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Glucose - ____ ________________ paper clip Fructose - ____ _______________ paper clip Galactose - ___ _______________ paper clip Disaccharides Sucrose - ___ ________paper clip & ___ __________paper clip Lactose - ___ ________paper clip & ___ __________paper clip Maltose - ___ _________paper clip & __ ___________paper clip Polysaccharides Starch ______________ chain of paper clips arranged ___________________________________________________. Cellulose ______________ chain of paper clips arranged ___________________________________________________. Glycogen ______________ chain of paper clips arranged ___________________________________________________. Lipids Glycerol - ___ ______________ paper clips joined at the center. Fatty acids - ____ chains of hydrocarbons attached to the ______________ molecule. Nucleic Acids and Proteins Amino acids Adenine - ____ ____________ paper clip Thymine - ___ ____________ paper clip Cytosine - ___ ____________ paper clip Guanine - ___ ____________ paper clip Proteins – chains of amino acids Nucleotide The sugar is represented with ___ _____________ paper clip The phosphate is represented with ___ _________ paper clip The nitrogen base is represented with ___ ________ paper clip DNA Create section of a DNA molecule using the template below. In a DNA molecule the sides are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups and the nitrogen bases pair up. Adenine(A) always bonds to Thymine(T) and Cytosine(C) always bonds to Guanine(G). Your model will look like a ladder when you are through. In reality, the DNA model is twisted and becomes a double helix.
