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Genetics 2010
Semester 1 Final Exam Review Sheet
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Cells and Cancer
Reproduction and Development
DNA Structure and Genomics
Proteins
Gene Expression and Mutation
Unit 1: Cells go through a natural progression of events to
produce new cells.
Review Questions:
1. What is the function of the following cell structures?
Structure
Function
Role in protein production (not all
may relate directly to this)
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Cilia and flagella
Unit 2: Organisms progress through a series of stages as
they grow and develop.
Review Questions:
1. What trimester are the effects of a teratogen most likely to cause harm to the
embryo?
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2. Can a teratogen be found in the diet of a mother?
3. What are some examples of teratogens?
4. Would maternal stress be considered teratogenic to a baby?
5. Fill out the following chart.
Exposure source
Symptoms in developing fetus at 20 weeks
Cigarette smoke
Cocaine
Alcohol
herpes
6. What factor greatly increases the risk of an abnormal chromosome number in the
fetus?
7. Compare the two types of cell division.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Occurs in body cells
Occurs in sex cells
Results in 2 identical cells
Results in 4 non-identical cells
Tetrads form
Sperm form
Haploid cells result
Results in diploid cells
Crossing over occurs
8. Draw the cell cycle and label the following. G1, G2, S, Interphase, prophase,
metaphase, telophase, anaphase, M phase
Circle the stages in which the volume of DNA would be doubled.
9. List the differences between a cancer cell and a normal cell.
10. Draw an animal cell with 8 chromosomes as it moves through the phases of mitosis.
11. What is the difference between a pluripotent cell and a totipotent cell?
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12. What is the difference between a germ cell and a somatic cell?
13. What is the difference between a fetus and an embryo?
14. What are the structures and functions of the male reproductive system?
Structure
Function
Testes
Seminiferous
tubules
Vas deferens
epidiymus
15. What are the structures and functions of the female reproductive system?
Structure
Function
Fallopian
tube/oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Follicle
16. How many different combinations of chromosomes can be packaged in gametes
made by an organism with a diploid number of 16 (2n=16)?
17. Fill in the following chart for diploid and haploid number of chromosomes.
Diploid # of chromosomes
Haploid # of chromosomes
40
16
23
78
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18. Fill in the following chart on development.
Stage
Time Period
Principal Events
Fertilized ovum
Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst
gastrula
Development of Primitive
Streak
Neural tube development
Unit 3: Traits in living things are encoded in molecules of
DNA.
Review Questions:
1. What are the building blocks of DNA?
2. What makes up a nucleotide?
3. Explain how DNA can be separated and analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis.
4. Draw a picture of the electrophoresis chamber with a gel inside the chamber.
Identify and state the role of the following in your diagram.
negative and positive electrode
wells in the gel
fragments of DNA
power source
draw an arrow indicating the path that DNA will follow as it flows through the gel
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5. In gel electrophoresis what is the relationship between the size of the fragments and
the distance they will travel in the gel?
6. What is a restriction enzyme?
7. What is the role of restriction enzymes in gel electrophoresis?
8. What is the role of restriction enzymes in making plasmids?
9. How many carbons are in deoxyribose?
10. How many carbons are found in a pyrmidine nucleotide? A Purine nucleotide?
11. If a mutation occurred in which Aspartic Acid was substituted for Alanine (which is
normally found in the protein) what type of mutation was this? What base was
specifically changed in Aspartic Acid?
12. If 22% of the bases in DNA were Adenine, basing your answer on Chargaff’s rules,
what would be the percentages of the other bases in DNA?
a. Thymine =
b. Cytosine =
c. Guanine =
13. What is the role of each of the following in DNA replication?
a. Helicase
b. Single-strand binding protein
c. Primase
d. DNA polymerase
e. Ligase
Unit 4: Proteins are synthesized from genes and have a specific
structure and function in organisms.
Review Questions:
1. Explain what is meant by the “central dogma” of DNA and Protein Synthesis.
2. What are the roles of the players in this idea? i.e. cell, DNA, protein
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3. Look at the following diagram and label the following. Explain what each step is in
protein synthesis.
DNA, codon, amino acid, polypeptide, mRNA, transcription, translation
4. How many nucleotides make up a codon?
5. How many codons code for an amino acid?
6. Fill in the flow chart using the following terms. Then answer the questions that
follow.
Terms: DNA, RNA, polypeptides, enzymes, cell parts
Questions: What part of the flowchart would take place in the nucleus?
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What part of that flowchart would take place in the cytoplasm?
Where would you place DNA replication in this diagram?
Where is transcription and translation occurring?
7. The following is a sequence of mRNA codons.
UUU-CGA-GGA-CGU-AAA
a. What is the DNA sequence this was coded from?
b. What is the anticodon sequence that will be made from this strand?
c. What is the amino acid sequence that will be made from this strand?
d.
7. Predict what affect a mutation would have on gene expression if there was a mutation in
gene cluster 2?
8. Draw a protein that shows 4 levels of conformation.
9. What is the difference between an alpha sheet and a beta sheet?
10. Describe the differences between DNA separated by gel electrophoresis and protein
separated by gel electrophoresis by filling in the chart below.
DNA gel electrophoresis
Protein electrophoresis
What is being separated
Purpose or Uses for technology
Type of gel used
Appearance of end product
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11. In a gel electrophoresis, which fragments travel the farthest on the gel? What is the
reason for this?
Unit 5: A cell transcribes and translates only a subset of its genome.
1. What is the difference between a hydrophillic amino acid and a hydrophobic amino acid?
2. What affect would a mutation have that changes a hydrophobic amino acid to be replaced
by a hydrophillic amino acid?
3. What are some factors that will affect gene expression?
4. Explain how gene expression is affected by acetylation and methylation. How do these
lead to differential gene expression in cell lines?
5. Describe how RNAi can be used to regulate gene expression.
6. What is a tandem mutation?
7. What is a transposon an give an example of one in humans.
8. What happens in excision repair?
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9. Fill out the chart below regarding mutation types. In the “sequence change” column give an
example of how the mutation might show up in the mRNA sequence. The following is the “normal”
mRNA sequence.
AUG- AAG-CCC – GGC – AAA (Normal, no mutation)
Type of mutation
Sequence change
Explanation
Insertion
AUG-AAG-CCC-CCC-GGC-AAA
A complete codon was inserted into
sequence causing an additional
amino acid to be added
Point mutationsubstitution
Point mutation –
insertion
Point mutationdeletion
Frameshift mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Transitional mutation
Transversion
mutation
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Answer the following 5 questions using the diagram of the Lac operon above.
10. What role does the regulator gene “F” play in gene expression?
11. What is the role of the repressor protein, “J”?
12. What does RNA polymerase, “G” play in gene expression?
13. If lactose WAS present in this environment how would this diagram be
different?
14. What is the reason for expressing (transcribing) the genes of the Lac operon?
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