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ICSE-X HISTORY & CIVILS 2011
PART—I (30 Marks)
(Attempt all questions from this Section)
Question 1.
(a) Name the main constituents of the Indian Parliament.
[1]
(b) Elections in India are held by secret ballot. Give a reason for the same.
[1]
(c) Mention any one circumstance when the Parliament can make laws on a state
subject.
[1]
(d) A Legislative Assembly has 230 members. How many members need to be
present in order to enable the House to transact its business ?
[1]
(e) Mention one circumstance when the President can appoint the Prime Minister
using his discretionary power.
[1]
(f) Why is an ordinance issued by a Governor regarded as a temporary measure
even though it has the same force as an Act of the State Legislature?
[1]
(g) Who can increase the number of Judges of the Supreme Court
[1]
(h) What is meant by the original Jurisdiction of the High Court ?
[1]
(i) Who administers the oath of office to the High Court Judges ?
[1]
(j) Mention one reason why the system of Lok Adalat has become popular. [1]
Answer 1.
(a) The main constituents of the Indian Parliament are :
(i) The President of the Union
(ii) The Rajya Sabha (i.e. the Upper House) or the Council of States.
(iii) The Lok Sabha (i.e. the Lower House) or the House of the Peoples.
(b) Eelections in India are held by secret ballot so that a voter may indicate his
choice in favour of any of the candidates without any fear.
(c) The Parliament can make laws on a State Subject during the Proclamation
of Emergency.
(d) The quorum to constitute a meeting of the House is l/10th of the total number
of members. This includes the Speaker or the person who presides over the
meeting. Therefore if there are 230 Members then it should be 23 Members.
(e) The President can appoint the Prime Minister using his discretionary power
in the case of no single party getting a clear majority, a coalition of parties
stake their claim to form the government. The President has to use his
individual judgement and invite such a leader to head the government as
P.M. who can provide a stable government to the country.
(f) An ordinance issued by a Governor is regarded as a temporary measure, even
though it has the same force as Act of the State Legislature because it ceases
to operate at the end of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature.
(g) The number of judges of the Supreme Court can be increased by the
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Parliament of India.
(h) Original jurisdiction implies that certain types of cases can be brought
directly to the High Court in the first instance; without having been heard in
subordinate courts. It has the authority to hear and decide these cases. For
example, the cases related to the violation of fundamental rights fall under
the original jurisdiction of High Court.
(i) The oath of office is administered to the High Court Judges by the
President.
(ii) Lok Adalat has become popular because it works in the spirit of
compromise and delivers speedy and inexpensive justice.
Question 2.
(a) There were various factors that promoted the growth of Nationalism in India
in the 19th century. Give the meaning of 'Nationalism' in this context.
[2]
(b) Mention any two factors that helped in the growth of nationalism.
[2]
(c) Mention two objectives of the Congress as enumerated by W.C. Bonnerjee.[2]
(d) Mention the popular 'watchwords' during the French Revolution which
influenced us Indians due to the introduction of Western Education in India.
[2]
(e) Mention any two achievements of the Moderates.
[2]
(f) When was Bengal partitioned ? Name the viceroy responsible for it.
[2]
(g) Mention two contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to India's freedom
struggle.
[2]
(h) State two underlying Principles of Fascism.
[2]
(i) What is meant by the term 'Veto Power' which is enjoyed by the permanent
members of the Security Council ?
[2]
(j) What are the basic principles of Non-Alignment or Panchsheel ?
[2]
Answer 2.
(a) Nationalism means patriotism. A person who is patriotic loves his country
and feels loyal towards it. The Nationalist Movement started as a revolt
against Racial discrimination and repressive policies of Lord Lytton and
Ilbert Bill controversy etc.
(b) Factors responsible for the growth of Nationalism in India :
(i) Impact of British Rule : British rule brought the whole country under
one government and this gave Indians a new sense of political unity.
The British established a strong Central Government and they
introduced a uniform system of law and administration in the country.
They set-up industries and trade which brought about an economic
unification.
(ii) Discovering India's Past: The researches of Europeans Scholars, such as
Sir William Jones, Charles Wilkins, Max Mueller, etc., into the glorious
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(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
past of India roused the feelings of self-respect, self-confidence,
patriotism and nationalism among the Indians. They helped in restoring
the rich heritage of ancient literature.
Two objectives of the Congress as enumerated by W.C. Bonnerjee are :
(i) To enable National Workers from all parts of India to become
personally known to each other.
(ii) To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudices and to promote a
feeling of National unity among all lovers of the country.
The popular watchwords during the French Revolution which influenced us
Indians due to the introduction of 'Western Education' in India are 'Equality'
and 'Liberty'.
Two achievements of the Moderates were :
(i) They infused National consciousness among various sections of public
life.
(ii) They promoted the ideas of democracy, fraternity, civil liberties and
representative institutions.
The partition of Bengal happened in 1905 and Lord Curzon was the
Governor General.
Two contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to India's freedom struggle are :
(i) He formed the INA which incited the armed forces to revolt against the
British Raj.
(ii) It was Netaji's and INA's struggle against the British which was an
important factor for their quitting India.
Two underlying Principles of Fascism are :
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Peace Treaties.
(ii) Economic factors, such as post war inflation, agrarian riots and strikes
in factories.
The Veto power is a negative power available to the five permanent members
of the Security Council by which anyone of them may reject the decision or
recommendations of the Security Council on any matter brought in for
consideration. If veto power is exercised by a permanent member the matter
stands undecided and withdrawn in the Security Council.
The basic principle of Non-Alignment or Panchsheel are :
(i) Abolition of Imperialism and Colonialism and end to Racism.
(ii) Maintenance of International Peace and disarmament.
PART—H (50 Marks)
SECTION-A
(Attempt any two questions from this Section)
Question 3.
Keeping in view the powers of the Union Parliament, answer the following
questions :
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(a) Mention three of its Legislative Powers
(b) Mention three of its Financial Powers
(c) Mention four of its Administrative or Executive Powers.
[3]
[3]
[4]
Answer 3.
(a) Three Legislative Powers of the Union Parliament are :
(i) It has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to matters mentioned
in the Union List and also in the Con-current List.
(ii) The Parliament can Legislate on subjects included in the State List
during emergency.
(iii) It has residuary powers which means that it can make laws with respect
to all these matters which are not mentioned in any of the three lists.
(b) Three Financial Powers of the Union Parliament are :
(i) It passes the Union Budget.
(ii) It can make Supplementary Grants if the amount authorized is
insufficient.
(iii) If the Budget is not Passed before April 1, then there would be no
money for the executive to spend. To provide money to the executive
for day to day expenditure till the passage of budget a "Vote on
Account" is passed. It is called Vote on Account.
(c) The four Administrative or Executive Powers of the Union Parliament are :
(i) Monetary Controls : The Parliament can move a cut motion when the
Union Budget is under consideration. The Parliamentary Committee
ensures that the public money is spent in accordance with Parliament's
decision.
(ii) Censure Motion and No confidence Motion : If the parliament
disapproves of some action or policy of the Union Council or any of its
members they can move a censure motion which would result in the
resignation of the government and against an individual would not have
that effect. They can also carry out a No confidence motion.
(iii) Adjournment Motion : The routine business of the Parliament can be
postponed by this and the House can discuss the government for its acts
of omission or commission.
(iv) Question Hour : Through this the parliament seeks information from the
government about its policies and performance. The first hour in both
Houses is allotted for this.
Question 4.
The Governor is a constitutional head of a state. In this context, explain :
(a) The manner of appointment and term of office of the Governor
(b) The 'Governor's Address'
(c) The Executive powers of the Governor with reference to :
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(i) Appointments
(ii) Right to be informed.
Answer 4.
(a) State Governor is appointed by the President of India. But practically this is
done on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Chief Minister should be taken
in confidence and consulted while appointing the Governor. The Governor
should also be from another State.
The term of the Governor is five years and since he holds his office "during
the pleasure of the President" he can be terminated even earlier by the
President.
(b) The Governor Addresses both the Houses or the Legislative Assembly
assembled at the commencement of the first session after each General
Election and a: the commencement of the first session each year. The
Governor's Address is a "Policy Statement" of the Government. It helps the
people know the way their Government is functioning. The debate on this
takes the form of thanking him for the speech. This Motion, called "Vote of
Thanks" is put to vote which is in reality a Motion of confidence in the
government.
(c) (i) Executive Powers : As the head of the state executive, the Governor
exercises powers similar to those of the Union President. All executive
actions of the State are taken in the name of the Governor.
(1) The power to appoint the Council of Ministers : The Governor appoints
the Chief Minister, on whose advice the other Ministers are appointed.
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the State
Legislative Assembly. This means that the leader of a party which
commands majority in the Assembly should be invited to form the
Government. If there is no party commanding a clear majority, the
Governor shall make an assessment of the situation and act according to
his discretion.
(2) Appointment of High Officers of the State: The Governor appoints the
Advocate-General and the Members of the State Public Service
Commission. He is consulted by the President while making
appointments of Judges of the State High Court.
(ii) Right to be informed : It is the duty of the Chief Minister to
communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers
regarding the administration of the State. The Chief Minister is also
required to furnish such information as the Governor may call for. If a
Minister has taken a decision on some matter which has not been
considered by the Council of Ministers. The Governor may ask the
Chief Minister to submit that matter for the consideration of the Council
of Ministers.
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Question 5.
The Supreme Court is the apex court of our country. In this context, explain the
following:
(a) The composition of the Supreme Court of India
[3]
(b) The meaning of independence of the judiciary and the need to do so
(c) The manner in which the constitution seeks to maintain the independence of
the judiciary.
Answer 5.
Composition of the Supreme Court:
(a) The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 25 other judges or as
decided by the Parliament. The judges of Supreme Court are appointed by the
President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such
judges of Supreme Court and High Courts as he deems necessary. Every
judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office till he attains the age of 65
years. During his office, a judge may be removed by the Parliament or resign
from his office by submitting his resignation to the President. The Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court with the prior consent of the President may
appoint adhoc judges for the time being, if quorum of judges is not available
to hold the sessions of the court.
The qualifications required to become a Supreme Court Judge are :
(i) He must be a citizen of India.
(ii) He should have worked as a judge of High Court continuously for at
least five years.
Or
He should have been for 10 years an advocate of two or more High
Courts.
Or
He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
(b) The Meaning of Judiciary : By Independence of Judiciary means its
independence from the control of the executive and the legislature. This also
means a fair, impartial, fearless and honest judiciary. An Independent
Judiciary alone can do Justice. The Supreme Court and the High Courts
administer justice not only between citizen's but between 'Citizens' and
'State'. Thus the independence of Judges is essential for the functioning of a
democratic constitution.
(c) The Independence of the Judges of the Supreme Court is ensured by the
Constitution in following ways:
(i) Security of Service; The judges of Supreme Court cannot be removed
from office until they complete 65 years of age or they have been
removed by the Parliament.
(ii) Emoluments not Subject to Reduction: Emoluments of judges cannot be
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reduced during their tenure until there is a financial emergency in the
country.
(iii) No discussion in Legislature on the Conduct of Judge: This discussion
is held only when the house wants to remove the judge, otherwise the
discussion about the conduct of any judge cannot be held in any
legislature.
(iv) Freedom to Announce Decisions and Decrees : The judges have
freedom to decide cases without any danger to their person, property or
fame.
SECTION—B
(Attempt any three questions from this Section)
Question 6.
The First War of Independence of 1857 was a culmination of people's
dissatisfaction with the British rule. In this context enumerate the following
causes:
(a) Military causes
(b) Economic causes
(c) Political causes.
Answer 6.
(a) The Military causes that led to the First War of Independence of 1857 were :
(i) Low Salary and Poor Prospects of Promotion as all high ranks in the
army were reserved for the British only. The Native Sepoys could not
rise above the rank of Risaldar or Subedar.
(ii) Faulty distribution of Troops as key places like Delhi and Allahabad had
British armies.
(iii) Loss of Prestige in Afghan War.
(iv) Discontent and disaffection in the Bengal army.
(v) Social distance between British Officers and Indian Soldiers
(vi) The immediate cause was the introduction of the Enfield Rifles which
had cartridges greased with cow and pigs fat.
(b) Economic causes:
(i) The ruin of trade and handicrafts because Indian textiles had become so
popular in England that an Act had been passed in 1720 which
prohibited the use of Indian silks and Calicoes in England.
(ii) Impoverishment of the cultivators as the British revenue officers were
strict in revenue collection and almost half of the net produce was
claimed as land revenue. Bad Monsoons and famines increased the
poverty of the peasants.
(iii) India reduced to an Agricultural Colony of the British so that they could
provide raw materials like cotton and oilseeds for their industries.
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(iv) Inhuman Treatment meted out to the Indigo cultivators as they were
forced to cultivate nothing but indigo and if they grew something else
their crops and houses were burnt and cattle carried off.
(v) Annexation of Rent free lands and other estates from the aristocracies
reducing them to beggary and severitude.
(c) Political Causes :
(i) The doctrine of Lapse by Dalhouse by which the State of a dependent
ruler passed back to the English Company if he died without a Natural
heir.
(ii) Discourtsey to the Mughal Emperor as the successor of Bahadur Shah
Zafar would have to leave the imperial palace and was not allowed to
use the title of king.
(iii) Treatment meted out to Nana Saheb as he was the adopted son of
Peshawa Baji Rao II and was refused pension as he was sending
emissorces to different parts of the country and travelling himself
togather support for the revolt.
(iv) Annexation of Awadh on grounds that Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was not
managing it properly
(v) Unpopular Administration as the British officials were not easily
approachable and the language used was English. The British officials
also had great contempt for Indians.
Question 7.
The Civil Disobedience Movement was significant in the History of the National
Movement. In this context write briefly on the following points :
(a) The circumstances leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement
[3]
(b) The Second Round Table Conference
[3]
(c) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
[4]
Answer 7.
(a) In May, 1929, the British Labour Government declared that it would consider
dominion status for India. It also decided to hold Round Table Conference in
London to examine the Simon Commission's report on India. But the
Government did not keep its promise. In the meantime the Indian National
Congress held a historic session at Lahore in Dec., 1929, where resolution of
complete Independence "Poorna Swaraj" was passed.
Gandhiji wrote a letter to Viceroy Irwin as an ultimatum that if his eleven
points were not implemented by the government then he would start a
massive non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement. The Viceroy did not
respond positively, so Gandhiji was forced by circumstances to launch the
Civil Disobedience Movement by undertaking Dandi March on 12th March,
1930.
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(b) The Second Round Table Conference, 1931:
(i) The Second Round Table Conference was held in London from 7th
September to 1st December 1931.
(ii) Gandhi was the sole representative of the Congress.
(iii) The Sikh, Muslim and Christian representatives wanted to safeguard
their interests. The conference devoted most of its time to the communal
question and the representation of minorities in the legislatures.
Gandhiji was disgusted to find that most leaders seemed concerned only
about seats in the legislatures for their respective communities.
(iv) Gandhiji demanded a responsible Government and independence for
India but no attention was paid to it.
(v) Nothing could be achieved from the 2nd Round Table Conference.
Gandhiji was disappointed, he came back empty handed and restarted
the civil disobedience movement.
(c) Gandhi-Irwin, Pact, 1931 : In order to pacify the situation, the Government
wanted to reach an agreement with the people. Lord Irwin released Gandhiji.
A Pact was signed between them which is called the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
According to the pact, the government agreed:
(i) To release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence.
(ii) To withdraw ordinances against Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iii) To give back the confiscated properties of the Congress leaders.
(iv) To allow peaceful picketing of liquor shops and foreign cloth shops.
(v) To allow people living in the coastal areas to prepare salt without
paying tax.
Gandhiji also agreed to join the Second Round Table Conference and
withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Question 8.
(a) Identify The event in the above picture. Name the Lady seen in the given
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picture. Mention the year when the event took place.
[3]
(b) What were the main provisions of the Indian Independence Act ?
[3]
(c) Mention the reasons that made the Congress accept the Partition Proposals.
[4]
Answer 8.
(a) The event in the given picture is the swearing in ceremony of Jawahar Lal
Nehru as the Prime Minister of Independent India. The lady seen in the
picture is Lady Mountbaton the wife of the first Governor General of India
Lord Mountbaton and the year is 1947.
(b) The main provisions of the Indian Independence Act were :
(i) Two new dominions to be known as India and Pakistan came into
existence. Pakistan was to include East Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh,
Baluchistan, North West Frontier Province and district of Sylhet in
Assam and India the remaining territorties of British India
(ii) Each Dominion to have a Governor General who would act as a
Constitutional Head
(iii) Division of the Indian Army and sharing of Assets between the two
dominions.
(iv) Princely states would become independent.
(v) Constituent Assemblies would serve as Central Legislatures and make
the constitution
(vi) Safeguarding the interests of Existing Officers.
(c) The main reasons that made the Congress accept the partition proposals were:
(i) Communal riots had taken a serious turn as a result of the 'Direct
Action' of the Muslim League.
(ii) The League had joined the interim government to obstruct and not to
cooperate and made it difficult for any Congress Minister to function
effectively.
(iii) The only alternative to partition was a Federation with a Weak Centre
but a smaller India with a strong Central Authority was better.
(iv) The leaders felt that partition would rid the constitution of separate
electorates and other undemocratic procedures.
(v) The leaders felt that further delay in the transfer of power could find
India in the midst of Civil War.
Question 9.
With reference to the First World War answer the following questions :
(a) Explain any three causes of the First World War
[3]
(b) Mention three points under the Treaty of Versailles, which affected Germany
[3]
(c) What were the objectives of the League of Nations ? Name the organization
formed in October, 1945 with objectives similar to those of the League of
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Nations.
[4]
Answer 9.
(a) Three causes of the First World War were :
(i) No effective International Organization for the Preservation of Peace.
(ii) The split of Europe into two armed camps—Triple Alliance and Triple
Entente. England, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente and
Germany. Austria—Hungary, Italy and Turkey formed the Triple
Alliance which was a Major step towards World War first.
(iii) Sarajewo crisis was the immediate cause for the War.
(b) Three points under the Treaty of Versailles which affected Germany were :
(i) War Indemnity : Germany was declared guilty of aggression and had to
pay a very heavy sum estimated at 33 billion dollars as war Indemnity to
the Allies and evacuate places she had captured
(ii) The Rhine Valley : The area on either banks of the Rhine could not be
maintained by Germany nor any fortification on either side could be
done and all existing forts were to be destroyed.
(iii) Alasec-Lorraine and the Saar Basin : France got back Alasec Lorraine
and got ownership of the rich coal mines in Saar basin for a period of 15
years as a compensation for the deliberate destruction of her Coal
Mines.
(c) The objectives of League of Nations were:
(i) The chief objective of the League of Nations was to promote
international cooperation and to achieve international peace and
security.
(ii) Maintenance of status quo by the parties of the World War I, that is. the
situation that existed as a result of peace conference.
(iii) The protection of national minorities.
(iv) The proper operation of mandate system.
(v) Dealing with the problems of health, and social and economic problems
of the world.
On 24 October, 1945, United Nations Organisation (UNO) was formed with
the following objectives :
(i) To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.
(ii) To maintain international peace and security and to take effective measures
for removal of threat to the peace.
(iii) To develop friendly relations among nations and to achieve
international cooperation in solving socio-economic problems.
(iv) To establish conditions under which respect for international law and
treaties is maintained.
(v) To create faith in Human right and in the dignity and worth of the
human person.
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(vi) To promote social progress and better standards of life.
(vii) To harmonise and coordinate the actions of nations to achieve
these objectives.
Question 10.
State how each of the following factors were the causes of the Second World
War:
(a) The failure of the League of Nations
[3]
(b) The Aggressive Nationalism of Germany
[3]
(c) The Policy of Appeasement.
[4]
Answer 10.
(a) The failure of the League of Nations was one of the main causes of the
Second World War. When weaker nations appealed to the League to take action
against the aggressor the only weapon it had was economic sanctions which
proved to be ineffective. If collective action had been taken against Italy's
aggression of Ethopia or Japan's invasion of Manchuria, the war could have
been spared. This also encouraged Germany to attack Poland and occupy
Austria.
(b) There was an economic crisis in the various nations of the world after the 1st
World War and there was large scale food shortage, inflation and
unemployment. The democratic governments of Europe were not able to face
it effectively and people suffered a lot of hardships. The dictators took
advantage of this and offered a programme of aggressive nationalism to
build up support for their respective parties.
(c) The Policy of Appeasement means "acceding to hostile demands in order to
gain peace". The reasons behind this were that Britain and France believed
that the Treaty of Versailles had been two severe to the defeated powers,
especially Germany and they thought that if genuine grievances of Germany
were removed, she would be satisfied and would not disturb the peace of the
world.
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