Download Social Studies Grade 8

Shackelford Jr High
Curriculum Assessment 2 Review
Unit 1 – Unit 5
Key Dates
1607
1620
1776
1787
1803
Jamestown, Virginia, was the first permanent English settlement/colony founded in the
Americas.
A group of Pilgrims sailed to America landing in Plymouth establishing the first permanent
settlement in “New England.” They pledged themselves to self-government by signing the
Mayflower Compact.
Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by
delegates to the Second Continental Congress.
U.S. Constitution was written by delegates to the Constitutional Convention who met in
Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, but decided to draft a new plan of
government for the United States.
Louisiana Territory was purchased by President Thomas Jefferson from France, doubling the
size of the United States.
Exploration
Reasons for
Exploration
Growth of trade – Marco Polos adventure to China encouraged trade. Europe used
many Asian products and was looking for a new route between Europe and the East
Indies and China
Advances in technology – Innovations in ships (sails, rudders) and navigation allowed
European sailors to sail the open ocean instead of hugging the coastline
Emergence of powerful European Rulers – rulers hoped to extend their power and
influence
Desire for profits – new wealth was coming from investment and trade; hope to
increase this through exploration
Religious enthusiasm – duty to spread their religious beliefs since they believed them to
be superior to all others.
Colonization
New England
Colonies
Middle
Colonies
Southern
Colonies
Colonies –
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island
Main Reason for Establishment –
Religious freedom
Geographic / Economic Connection –
Rocky soil, short growing season = shipbuilding, fishing industry
Key Groups / People –
Pilgrims, Puritans, William Bradford, Roger Williams
Colonies –
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania
Main Reason for Establishment –
Economics
Geographic / Economic Connection –
Rich soil, mild winters = farming, metal works
Key Groups / People –
Quakers, William Penn (written constitution that limited the government, provided a
humane penal code, and guaranteed fundamental liberties)
Colonies –
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Main Reason for Establishment –
Economics
Geographic / Economic Connection –
1
Rich soil, longer growing season = plantations, cash crops
Key Groups / People –
John Smith, African slaves, James Oglethorpe
Revolutionary America
Key People
Abigail Adams – “Remember the ladies.”
John Adams – defended the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre arguing they acted
in self-defense and they were found innocent.
Wentworth Cheswell – considered to be first African American elected to public office in
America; did a midnight ride just like Paul Revere; fought at the Battle of Saratoga
Samuel Adams – Leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston; organized the Boston Tea
Party;
Mercy Otis Warren – wrote a series of pamphlets and satires against the English and
wrote the first history of the American Revolutionary War.
James Armistead – an African American slave who acted as a spy for General Lafayette
in the Battle of Yorktown; granted his freedom because of his war efforts
Benjamin Franklin – Leader in Philadelphia, representative in France for the Revolution,
important delegate to the Constitutional Convention
Bernardo de Galvez – a Spaniard that helped the Americans by providing supplies;
commanded troops in Louisiana/New Orleans and defeated British in Florida
Crispus Attucks – the first colonist killed during the Boston Massacre
King George III – King of England during the American Revolution
Haym Salomon – successful Jewish merchant and banker that gave loans to the new
government as well as key leaders.
Thomas Jefferson – Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, 3rd President of the
United States;
The Marquis de Lafayette – a French volunteer that helped train the soldiers of the
Continental Army
George Washington – Leader of the Continental Army during the Revolution, President
of the Constitutional Convention, 1st President of the United States
Thomas Paine – Wrote Common Sense (a pamphlet promoting the ideas of the American
Revolution); pushed for independence rather than reconciliation
John Paul Jones – first naval hero; victory at sea boosted morale
Patrick Henry – “Give me liberty or give me death!”
British Actions:
Issues Causing the
Revolution
Mercantilism – Parliament passed laws controlling the trade of the colonies in order to
benefit the “Mother Country”.
Navigation Acts – Required the colonies to trade only with England
French and Indian War – Resulted in massive debt which led to Britain tightening
control on the colonies
Proclamation of 1763 – Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian
Mountains
Taxes - Stamp Act – Tax on paper goods; Quartering Act – Required colonists to house
and supply British troops; Tea Act – Created a monopoly for the East India Company;
Intolerable Acts – Punishment for the Boston Tea Party
Colonial Actions:
“No taxation without representation.” – James Otis
John Locke – government was a social contract. The purpose of government
was to protect individual freedom and property. If a government failed to do this,
citizens have the right to overthrow it.
William Blackstone – defined the rights of individuals in English law, as well as
property rights that could not be violated even by the king.
Boston Massacre – Conflict between colonists and British troops in which five colonists
were killed
2
Boston Tea Party – Colonial protest of the Tea Act; major act of civil disobedience
(peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust)
Key Events of the
Revolution
Lexington / Concord, Massachusetts – (April 1775)– First battles of the Revolution;
scene of Paul Revere’s ride to warn colonial militia (Minutemen) about the arrival of British
troops; British troops sent to seize stores of gunpowder and capture J. Hancock and S.
Adams
Declaration of Independence – 1776 – Document written by Thomas Jefferson which
listed colonial grievances against King George III
Articles of Confederation – 1776 – colonists were afraid of creating a central
government that would be too powerful but needed a national government for the war.
Saratoga, New York – (1777) – American victory; turning point of the war; France came
to the aid of the colonists
Winter at Valley Forge – (1777-1778) - represented a major test for the Continental
Army; lack of food and proper clothing and supplies for troops
Yorktown, Virginia – (1781) – The Americans and French forced the surrender of the
British; Cornwallis surrendered to Washington, ending the war
Treaty of Paris – (1783) – Treaty that gave the Americans all of the land west to the
Mississippi River; Britain recognized American independence
Creation and ratification of the Constitution
Growth of Representative Government / Key Documents
Growth of
Representative
Institutions
Magna Carta
(1215)
English Bill of
Rights
Virginia House of Burgesses – (1619) - 1st representative government assembly in the
colonies
Mayflower Compact – (1620) – Document outlining principles of self-government for
colonists in Plymouth Colony; first written laws in the colonies.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – (1639) – Thomas Hooker Government is
based on the rights of individuals. Connecticut expanded idea of representative
government; one of the 1st written constitutions in the colonies
Signed in England, provided limits to the power of the king; included trial by jury,
protection of property rights and limits on taxation; no man is above the law
Passed in England; guaranteed English citizens certain rights and set a procedure for
electing representatives to Parliament
(1689)
Declaration of
Independence
1776
Articles of
Confederation
(1781)
Constitutional
Convention
of 1787
U.S. Constitution
1787
(ratified 1789)
Listed grievances against King George III and declared the American colonies separate
from England; “All men are created equal… endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights [including] life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
First written Constitution for the United States; wanted to preserve the sovereignty of the
states.
Strengths – limited government; all states have 1 vote; Northwest Ordinance 1787 (an
orderly plan for admitting states)
Weaknesses – unable to collect taxes (therefore cannot pay bills), no power to regulate
economy, No executive, no national court system, Shays’ Rebellion
A meeting of 55 delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation, but they wrote a new
Constitution for the United States of America. Encouraged civic virtue (putting the
common good above individual interests)
Key compromises include:
They could not agree on how states would be represented (size or evenly and whether
slaves should count as population).
Great Compromise – Established a House of Representatives based on population and a
Senate with equal representation (2 from each state)
3/5 Compromise – Agreement to count every 5 slaves as 3 free persons for purposes of
representation and taxation
Written plan of government for the new nation; created the framework for the
government; still in use today
James Madison – “The Father of the Constitution”
3
Federalists v.
Anti-Federalists
Bill of Rights
(1791)
Grievances against King
Addressed:
taxes without consent
all taxes approved through House of Reps
military superior to civil govt.
Commander-in-Chief is civilian
kept large standing army
Congress raises and supports the army
judges dependent on King’s will
Judges appointed for life
Federalists (for ratification): mostly merchants, large farmers and artisans
Led by John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton; believed a stronger government
was needed; wrote the Federalist Papers - Series of essays written to support
ratification of the Constitution
Anti-Federalists (against ratification): small farmers, often from rural areas
Led by George Mason, Patrick Henry; feared the new government would be too strong and
tyrannical and would endanger states’ rights
First ten amendments to the Constitution; added to calm Anti-Federalist fears that the
Constitution did not protect individual rights like those addressed in the Declaration of
Independence
1st: Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and to petition (King wouldn’t grant
permission to petition) allows citizenry to voice their concerns for the government
without fear of reprisal
2nd: to bear arms
3rd: no quartering of soldiers (King quartered his troops in homes without permission)
4th: no “unreasonable” searches and seizures
5th: Double jeopardy; no self-incrimination; grand jury
6th: Fair trial; trial by jury (King deprived some of trial by jury)
7th: Trial by jury in civil disputes
8th: No cruel and unusual punishment; punishment must fit the crime
9th: there are other rights not listed
10th: Other powers given to states or people
Principles of the Constitution
Limited Government
Federalism
Checks and Balances
Republicanism
Popular Sovereignty
Separation of Powers
Individual Rights
Idea that all citizens, including government leaders, must obey the law; powers limited to
only those given by the people (“consent of the governed”)
System of government where power is shared between the federal (national or central)
government and the states
Ability of each branch of government to exercise checks (or controls) over the other
branches
Idea that elected representatives, serving at the will of the people, make and enforce the
laws
Idea that a government gets its power from the people who express their ideas through
voting; the people decide or rule; “We the People”
Charles de Montesquieu: Idea that the power of the government is divided into three
branches: legislative, executive, and judicial
Rights guaranteed to individual citizens by the Bill of Rights and other Constitutional
amendments
Early Republic
Key People
Northwest
Ordinance (1787)
George Washington – 1st president, only served 2 terms; avoid foreign involvement and
political parties
John Adams – 2nd president, XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Pro British
Thomas Jefferson – 3rd president, Marbury v. Madison, Louisiana Purchase, Neutral
James Madison – 4th president, War of 1812
James Monroe – 5th president , Era of Good Feelings, Monroe Doctrine, McCulloch v.
Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Missouri Compromise
Established an orderly procedure for adding new territories and states to the U.S.
4
Development of
Political Parties
War of 1812
Key Supreme Court
Cases
Other Issues
Federalist Party – Believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution, strong central
government, protective tariffs, and a national bank, industry; Pro-British (Hamilton and J.
Adams)
Democratic-Republicans Party – Believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution,
strong state governments, and favored the common man, agriculture; Pro-French;
formerly Anti-Federalists (Jefferson and Madison)
Causes: War with Britain over British seizure of American ships and sailors
(impressments) and the arming of Indians in Ohio River area,
Effects: Proved the United States could defend itself, nationalism, Spurred growth in
manufacturing, weakened Native Americans
Important events:
Burning of Washington, DC; Battle of Fort McHenry and writing of National Anthem
(Francis Scott Key); Treaty of Ghent (1814), Battle of New Orleans (Andrew Jackson,
1815)
Marbury v. Madison – (1803) – First time the Supreme Court ruled a Congressional Act
unconstitutional. Established the idea of judicial review; Chief Justice John Marshall
McCulloch v. Maryland – (1819) - established the supremacy of federal law and the
ability of Congress to exercise powers needed to carry out its duties
Gibbons v. Ogden – (1824) - expanded the scope of Congress’ power to regulate
commerce between states
Washington’s Farewell Address – (1796) – Encouraged the U.S. to remain neutral
(form no entangling alliances) and avoid political parties
Monroe Doctrine – (1823) – U.S. policy that opposed any European interference in the
Western Hemisphere; peace and security of the United States
The Age of Jackson
Election of 1828
The Bank War
Indian Removal Act
(1830)
Worcester v.
Georgia
(1832)
Trail of Tears
Election of 1824 – decided by the House of Representatives, which selected John Quincy
Adams as President. Jackson accused Henry Clay and JQ Adams of making a “corrupt
bargain.”
Election of 1828 – development of two-party system; used new campaign techniques
including popular rallies, parades and nominating conventions; Jackson was supported by
the “common man” as the requirement that voters own land had been eliminated.
Issue: Second Bank of US due for re-charter; Clay, Webster in favor
Jackson opposed: is it constitutional? Threat to democracy; vetoed re-charter bill;
removed funds from bank and put in state banks to kill bank
Results: with no money, charter expires; increase in number of state banks and paper
money in circulation leads to Panic of 1837
Allowed the federal government to move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River
IMPORTANCE: Only way for Indians to maintain culture and identity while curbing
Jackson’s fears of an Indian alliance with foreign invaders while also opening up new land
for settlement
Cherokee Nation was a “distinct” community and that only federal government had the
authority to deal with Indians (not take Indian lands unlawfully or create Indians’ laws);
Jackson ignores Chief Justice Marshall’s decision.
Forced march of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory
(1838-1839)
Nullification Crisis
(1832)
Industrialization
(Early 1800’s)
Issue: sectional differences on Protective tariffs (North in favor –South opposed), states’
rights
South Carolina’s belief that a state could reject a federal law it considered unconstitutional;
South Carolina threatened to secede if the federal government tried to collect the disputed
tariffs; led by John C. Calhoun
Factory System - U.S. began to build factories and industries (mostly in the North and
Northeast); led to the rise of cities (urbanization) and new inventions, transportation, and
growth; changed life in America by creating more, cheaper, and better products for trade
and consumption
Transportation: new roads, railroads, and canals (easier trade and travel)
5
Communication: mail service and invention of telegraph (instant communication with
entire nation)
Free Enterprise System: protected property rights and featured minimal government
regulation or taxation (reflecting ideas in Declaration of Independence); competition, profit
motive
Key inventions: interchangeable parts (allowed faster production), the steamboat
(allowed for transportation against the current opening up trade abilities), cotton gin
(increased need for slaves), and the Erie Canal, National Road, and early railroads
6
Shackelford Jr High
Curriculum Assessment 2 Review
Unit 1 – Unit 5
_______
________
_______
1787
1803
Reasons for
Exploration
Key Dates
_________________, Virginia, was the first permanent English
settlement/colony founded in the Americas.
A group of ___________ sailed to America landing in Plymouth
establishing the first permanent settlement in “New England.”
They pledged themselves to self-government by signing the
Mayflower Compact.
___________________ ___ _________________ was signed
on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by delegates to
the Second Continental Congress.
U.S. ________________________ was written by delegates to
the Constitutional Convention who met in Philadelphia to
______________ the Articles of Confederation, but decided to
draft a new plan of government for the United States.
________________ Territory was purchased by President
Thomas Jefferson from France, doubling the size of the United
States.
Exploration
Growth of __________ – Marco Polos adventure to China
encouraged trade. Europe used many Asian products and was
looking for a new route between Europe and the East Indies
and China
Advances in ________________ – Innovations in ships
(sails, rudders) and navigation allowed European sailors to sail
the open ocean instead of hugging the coastline
Emergence of powerful European Rulers – rulers hoped
to extend their __________ and influence
Desire for profits – new wealth was coming from investment
and trade; hope to increase this through exploration
_______________ – duty to spread their religious beliefs
since they believed them to be superior to all others.
Colonization
_______
Colonies –
7
___________
Colonies
____________
Colonies
___________
Colonies
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, ________
_________
Main Reason for Establishment –
__________________ _______________
Geographic / Economic Connection –
____________ soil, short growing season = shipbuilding,
fishing industry
Key Groups / People –
Pilgrims, ______________, William Bradford, Roger Williams
Colonies –
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, _____________________
Main Reason for Establishment –
_______________
Geographic / Economic Connection –
________ soil, mild winters = farming, metal works
Key Groups / People –
Quakers, _____________ _________ (written constitution
that limited the government, provided a humane penal code,
and guaranteed fundamental liberties)
Colonies –
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
______________
Main Reason for Establishment –
_______________
Geographic / Economic Connection –
_________ soil, longer growing season = plantations,
_________ __________
Key Groups / People –
__________ __________, African slaves, James Oglethorpe
Revolutionary America
_________________ ___________ – “Remember the
ladies.”
Key People
____________ _____________ – defended the soldiers
involved in the Boston Massacre arguing they acted in selfdefense and they were found innocent.
__________________ _________________ –
considered to be first African American elected to public office
8
in America; did a midnight ride just like Paul Revere; fought
at the Battle of Saratoga
Samuel Adams – Leader of the ________ ____
____________ in Boston; organized the Boston Tea Party;
___________ _________ _____________ – wrote a
series of pamphlets and satires against the English and wrote
the first history of the American Revolutionary War.
James Armistead – an African American slave who acted as
a __________ for General Lafayette in the Battle of
Yorktown; granted his freedom because of his war efforts
_____________ _____________ – Leader in
Philadelphia, representative in France for the Revolution,
important delegate to the Constitutional Convention
Bernardo de Galvez – a _____________ that helped the
Americans by providing supplies; commanded troops in
Louisiana/New Orleans and defeated British in Florida
Crispus Attucks – the first colonist killed during the
____________ ____________
King ____________ ____ – King of England during the
American Revolution
Haym Salomon – successful Jewish merchant and banker
that gave ___________ to the new government as well as
key leaders.
________________ _________________ – Wrote the
Declaration of Independence in 1776, 3rd President of the
United States;
The Marquis de Lafayette – a __________ volunteer that
helped train the soldiers of the Continental Army
_______________ _______________ – Leader of the
Continental Army during the Revolution, President of the
Constitutional Convention, 1st President of the United States
Thomas Paine – Wrote _______________ _____________
(a pamphlet promoting the ideas of the American Revolution);
pushed for independence rather than reconciliation
________ ________ _________ – first naval hero;
victory at sea boosted morale
____________ ___________ – “Give me liberty or give
me death!”
Issues Causing
British Actions:
9
the
Revolution
___________________ – Parliament passed laws
controlling the trade of the colonies in order to benefit the
“Mother Country”.
Navigation Acts – Required the colonies to trade only with
____________
French and Indian War – Resulted in massive _________
which led to Britain tightening control on the colonies
Proclamation of 1763 – Prohibited colonists from settling
west of the ___________________ Mountains
Taxes - ____________ Act – Tax on paper goods;
______________ Act – Required colonists to house and
supply British troops; _______ Act – Created a monopoly for
the East India Company; Intolerable Acts –
___________________ for the Boston Tea Party
Colonial Actions:
“No taxation without ____________________” –
James Otis
__________ ____________ – government was a
social contract. The purpose of government was to
___________ individual freedom and property. If a
government failed to do this, citizens have the right to
overthrow it.
William Blackstone – defined the rights of individuals
in English law, as well as property rights that could not
be violated even by the _______.
____________ _______________ – Conflict between
colonists and British troops in which five colonists were killed
___________ _____ ___________ – Colonial protest of
the Tea Act; major act of civil disobedience (peacefully
refusing to obey laws one considers unjust)
______________ / Concord, Massachusetts – (April
1775)– ______ battles of the Revolution; scene of Paul
Revere’s ride to warn colonial militia (Minutemen) about the
Key Events of the arrival of British troops; British troops sent to seize stores of
Revolution
gunpowder and capture ______ ___________ and S. Adams
Declaration of Independence – 1776 – Document written
by Thomas Jefferson which listed colonial
____________________ against King George III
10
___________ __ _____________ – 1776 – colonists
were afraid of creating a central government that would be
too powerful but needed a national government for the war.
Saratoga, New York – (1777) – American victory;
___________ point of the war; ___________ came to the aid
of the colonists
___________ ___ ________ _______ – (1777-1778) represented a major test for the Continental Army; lack of
food and proper clothing and supplies for troops
Yorktown, Virginia – (1781) – The Americans and French
forced the surrender of the British; _________________
surrendered to Washington, ____________ the war
Treaty of ___________ – (________) – Treaty that gave
the Americans all of the land west to the
_______________________ ____________; Britain
recognized American independence
Creation and ratification of the Constitution
Growth of Representative Government / Key Documents
Virginia House of Burgesses – (1619) - 1st
____________________ government assembly in the colonies
Mayflower Compact – (1620) – Document outlining
principles of self-government for colonists in Plymouth
Growth of
Colony; first written _________ in the colonies.
Representative
Fundamental Orders of ___________________ –
Institutions
(1639) – Thomas Hooker Government is based on the rights
of individuals. Connecticut expanded idea of representative
government; one of the 1st written __________________ in
the colonies
_________
Signed in England, provided limits to the ___________ of the
__________
king; included trial by jury, protection of property rights and
(1215)
limits on taxation; no man is __________ the law
______________ Passed in England; guaranteed English citizens certain rights
Bill of Rights
and set a procedure for electing representatives to Parliament
(1689)
Listed grievances against King George III and declared the
Declaration of
American colonies separate from England; “All men are
Independence
created equal… endowed by their Creator with certain
1776
unalienable rights [including] life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.”
11
Articles of
Confederation
(1781)
Constitutional
Convention
of 1787
First written Constitution for the United States; wanted to
preserve the sovereignty of the states.
Strengths – ______________ government; all states have 1
vote; Northwest Ordinance 1787 (an orderly plan for
admitting states)
Weaknesses – unable to collect ___________ (therefore
cannot pay bills), no power to regulate economy, No
executive, no national court system, __________ Rebellion
A meeting of 55 delegates to _____________ the Articles of
Confederation, but they wrote a new Constitution for the
United States of America. Encouraged ________ _________
(putting the common good above individual interests)
Key compromises include:
They could not agree on how states would be represented
(size or evenly and whether slaves should count as
population).
Great Compromise – Established a House of
Representatives based on _________________ and a Senate
with __________ representation (2 from each state)
_______ Compromise – Agreement to count every 5 slaves
as 3 free persons for purposes of _____________________
and taxation
Written plan of government for the new nation; created the
framework for the government; still in use today
_________ _______________ – “The Father of the
Constitution”
U.S. Constitution Grievances against King
Addressed:
1787
taxes without consent
all taxes approved
(ratified 1789)
through House of Reps
military superior to civil govt.
Commander-inChief is civilian
kept large standing army
Congress raises
and supports the army
judges dependent on King’s will
Judges appointed
for life
Federalists (for ________________): mostly merchants,
Federalists v.
large farmers and artisans
Anti-Federalists
Led by John Jay, James Madison, _______________
12
______ ____
_____________
(1791)
______________; believed a ___________ government was
needed; wrote the Federalist Papers - Series of
___________ written to support ratification of the
Constitution
Anti-Federalists (against ________________): small
farmers, often from _________ areas
Led by George Mason, Patrick Henry; feared the new
government would be too strong and tyrannical and would
endanger __________ rights
First ten _____________________ to the Constitution; added
to calm Anti-Federalist fears that the Constitution did not
protect individual rights like those addressed in the
Declaration of Independence
1st: Freedom of speech, ___________, religion, assembly, and
to petition (King wouldn’t grant permission to petition) allows
citizenry to voice their concerns for the government
without fear of reprisal
2nd: to bear __________
3rd: no _______________ of soldiers (King quartered his
troops in homes without permission)
4th: no “_____________________” searches and seizures
5th: Double jeopardy; no self-incrimination; grand jury
6th: ___________ trial; trial by jury (King deprived some of
trial by jury)
7th: Trial by jury in __________ disputes
8th: No cruel and unusual _________________; punishment
must fit the crime
9th: there are other rights not listed
10th: Other powers given to ____________ or people
Principles of the Constitution
Idea that all citizens, including government leaders,
__________
must ________ the law; powers limited to only those
__________________
given by the people (“consent of the governed”)
System of government where power is
_____________
_______________ between the federal (national or
central) government and the states
Ability of each branch of government to exercise
Checks and Balances
_____________ (or controls) over the other branches
13
__________________
Popular Sovereignty
Separation of
___________
____________
_____________
Key People
Northwest
Ordinance
(1787)
Idea that elected representatives, serving at the will of
the people, make and enforce the laws
Idea that a government gets its power from the people
who express their ideas through voting; the people
decide or ____________; “We the People”
Charles de Montesquieu: Idea that the power of the
government is ______________ into three branches:
legislative, _______________, and judicial
Rights guaranteed to individual citizens by the Bill of
Rights and other Constitutional amendments
Early Republic
George Washington – 1st president, only served 2 terms;
____________ foreign involvement and _______________
___________
_________ __________ – 2nd president, XYZ Affair, Alien
and Sedition Acts, Pro British
Thomas Jefferson – 3rd president, Marbury v. Madison,
Louisiana Purchase, Neutral
James Madison – 4th president, War of ____________
_______ __________ – 5th president , Era of Good
Feelings, Monroe Doctrine, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v.
Ogden, Missouri Compromise
Established an orderly procedure for adding new territories
and ______________ to the U.S.
Federalist Party – Believed in ____________ interpretation
of the Constitution, __________ central government,
protective tariffs, and a _________ ________, industry; ProDevelopment of British (Hamilton and J. Adams)
Political Parties Democratic-Republicans Party – Believed in ________
interpretation of the Constitution, strong __________
governments, and favored the _________ man, agriculture;
Pro-French; formerly Anti-Federalists (Jefferson and Madison)
Causes: War with Britain over British seizure of American
ships and sailors (____________________) and the arming of
War of 1812
Indians in Ohio River area,
Effects: Proved the United States could defend itself,
_______________, Spurred growth in manufacturing,
14
Key Supreme
Court Cases
Other Issues
weakened Native Americans
Important events:
Burning of Washington, DC; Battle of Fort McHenry and
writing of National Anthem (Francis Scott Key); Treaty of
Ghent (1814), Battle of New Orleans (Andrew Jackson, 1815)
Marbury v. Madison – (1803) – First time the Supreme
Court ruled a Congressional Act unconstitutional. Established
the idea of ______________ _________; Chief Justice John
Marshall
McCulloch v. Maryland – (1819) - established the
supremacy of federal law and the ability of Congress to
exercise powers needed to carry out its duties
Gibbons v. Ogden – (1824) - expanded the scope of
Congress’ power to regulate commerce between states
Washington’s Farewell Address – (1796) – Encouraged
the U.S. to remain neutral (form no entangling alliances) and
avoid political parties
____________ Doctrine – (1823) – U.S. policy that
opposed any European interference in the Western
Hemisphere; peace and security of the United States
The Age of Jackson
Election of 1824 – decided by the House of Representatives,
which selected John Quincy Adams as President. Jackson
accused Henry Clay and JQ Adams of making a “corrupt
bargain.”
Election of 1828 Election of 1828 – development of two-party system; used
new campaign techniques including popular rallies, parades
and nominating conventions; Jackson was supported by the
“___________ ________” as the requirement that voters own
_______ had been eliminated.
Issue: Second Bank of US due for re-charter; Clay, Webster
in favor
Jackson opposed: is it constitutional? Threat to democracy;
The _______
vetoed re-charter bill; _____________ funds from bank and
War
put in state banks to kill bank
Results: with no money, charter expires; increase in number
of state banks and paper money in circulation leads to Panic of
1837
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Indian
____________
Act
(1830)
Worcester v.
Georgia
(1832)
______ _____
__________
(1838-1839)
Allowed the federal government to move Native Americans
west of the ______________ _______
IMPORTANCE: Only way for Indians to maintain culture and
identity while curbing Jackson’s fears of an Indian alliance with
foreign invaders while also opening up new land for
settlement
Cherokee Nation was a “distinct” community and that only
____________ government had the authority to deal with
Indians (not take Indian lands unlawfully or create Indians’
laws); Jackson ignores Chief Justice _________________
decision.
Forced march of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian
Territory
Issue: sectional differences on _______________
_________ (North in favor –South opposed), states’ rights
_____________
South Carolina’s belief that a state could _________ a federal
Crisis
law it considered unconstitutional; South Carolina threatened
(1832)
to _____________ if the federal government tried to collect
the disputed tariffs; led by ________ ____ ___________
____________ System - U.S. began to build
____________ and industries (mostly in the North and
Northeast); led to the rise of cities (______________) and
new inventions, transportation, and growth; changed life in
America by creating more, cheaper, and better products for
trade and consumption
Transportation: new roads, __________________, and
canals (easier trade and travel)
Communication: mail service and invention of
Industrialization
______________ (instant communication with entire nation)
(Early 1800’s)
Free Enterprise System: protected property rights and
featured minimal government regulation or taxation (reflecting
ideas in Declaration of Independence); competition,
___________ _____________
Key inventions: ________________ __ __________
(allowed faster production), the steamboat (allowed for
transportation against the current opening up trade abilities),
___________ _______ (increased need for __________), and
the ______ Canal, National Road, and early railroads
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