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Electronic Supplementary Material
This is the Electonic Appendix for the article
GLOBAL PATTERNS IN MARINE DISPERSAL ESTIMATES: THE
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY, TAXONOMIC CATEGORY AND LIFE
HISTORY
by
Ian R. Bradbury, Benjamin Laurel, Paul V. R. Snelgrove, Paul Bentzen, and Steven E.
Campana
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Submitted to Proc. R. Soc. B. 2007
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Electronic Appendix:
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Review and Scales of Measurement of Dispersal in Marine Species:
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For each estimate of dispersal, spatial and temporal scale of measurement, mean latitude,
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and predominant habitat of the study were also considered. If not provided (i.e. latitude,
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and scale of study), spatial scale was obtained using details from the text and available
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maps (i.e. Google Earth) and was calculated as the maximum distance between sampled
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locations. Temporal scale was taken as the duration of a study, and given the temporal
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integration of long-term genetic approaches (see below) these studies were omitted for
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this category.
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Biogeographic Method. Biogeographic estimates of gene flow and dispersal have a long
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history (Darlington 1957, Nathan et al. 2003) and focuses primarily on dispersal between
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discrete habitats such as oceanic islands (e.g., Robertson 2001). In marine systems, this
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approach encompasses three types of data: information on species biogeography,
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occurrence of invasive species, and presence of recruits from a likely source into vacant
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areas (Appendix 1). Our review suggests these studies typically focus on moderate
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spatial scales (<100 km) over short temporal scales (< 1yr) and generate dispersal
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estimates that on average fall within < 40km.
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estimate by Scheltema (1971) of (teleplanic) gastropod larvae that cross ocean basin
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distances as much as 4500 km. Because this estimate greatly exceeded the nearest closest
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estimate (173 km), it was removed from further analysis.
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The main outlier in this group is an
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Eulerian Methods. Eulerian approaches usually involve the fixed-location collection and
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counting of tagged individuals following a period of redistribution. Logistically, Eulerian
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studies are often less challenging because they do not require tracking individuals.
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However, Eulerian methods require that the number of individuals tagged be sufficient to
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allow recaptures despite subsequent diffusion and dilution with space and time. Studies
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that utilize otolith tags, either artificial or natural, have achieved some of the only
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estimates of limited dispersal in reef and estuarine fish (Thresher 1999; Campana and
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Thorrold 2001). But the challenge here is tagging and surveying enough individuals to
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resolve the tail of the dispersal kernel. Furthermore, tag recovery most often necessitates
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lethal sampling and time consuming visual and (or) expensive chemical assays, both of
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which significantly limit the utility of this technique with respect to large marine
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populations over large spatial scales. To date, Eulerian approaches have been applied to
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fish species with limited dispersal ability (i.e. demersal eggs, or live bearers) and have
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yielded results of local recruitment or homing on the order of 50-70% at an average
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latitude of 19 degrees N or S. However, sampling in these studies usually fail to describe
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the entire dispersal kernel (see Thorrold et al. 2001 for an exception.), often restricting
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dispersal estimates to a single point.
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Lagrangian Approaches.
Lagrangian approaches follow individuals in space by
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characterizing movements over time, either visually or through simulation studies of
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transport (e.g., 3-d hydrodynamic models of ocean flow). Studies that visually track
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individuals are limited to short distance dispersers with large larvae (e.g., ascidians) and
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commonly yield dispersal estimates < 10km.
Modeling-based studies are more
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applicable to large scales, but often cannot account for behavior and mortality, thereby
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limiting their applicability (see Cowen et al. 2000, 2005 for exceptions). However, the
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utility in model-based approaches is that they may be parameterized for each species
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within a habitat and provide community-level resolution that is seldom attainable
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otherwise (Cowen et al. 2005).
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Short-scale Genetic Analysis. Short-term genetic analysis refers to estimates of recent
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dispersal, usually within a single generation, focusing primarily on successful dispersers
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(i.e. effective dispersal). Short-term genetic studies utilize either parentage analysis,
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where all possible parents in a population are genotyped (e.g., Jones et al, 2005) or
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assignment tests, which assign individuals to their population of origin (e.g., Berry et al.
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2004; Hauser et al. 2006). Parentage analysis is commonly used in terrestrial systems,
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but has recently been used to measure reef fish dispersal (Jones et al. 2005). Because a
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significant portion of all potential parents should be sampled in order for the approach to
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be effective, this technique is limited to small populations with easy access to possible
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parents. Assignment testing (e.g., Paetkau et al. 1999; Cornuet et al. 1999) has proven
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effective in measuring dispersal in situations with moderate to high genetic
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differentiation, and where a large number of loci have been sampled (Berry et al. 2004;
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Hauser et al. 2006). In these situations, assignment testing can provide estimates of
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dispersal on spatial scales unachievable with other methods. The limitation of this
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technique is that moderate differentiation is usually required for high probably
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assignment and at present these have rarely been applied to marine systems (but see
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Ruzzante et al. 2006 for a similar approach using genetic mixture analysis).
Estimates
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of dispersal based on short-term genetic approaches suggest distances that are < 70 km or
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about 32% homing to a point location.
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Long-term Genetic Approaches. Long-term genetic estimates of dispersal are usually
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achieved from spatial pattern in allelic variation and either Wright’s island model (Wright
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1931) or isolation-by-distance models (IBD, Slatkin 1993). These approaches do not
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distinguish between historical and recent dispersal and are subject to the usual limitations
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of applied models (e.g., Whitlock and McCauley 1999). As such, the distinction between
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long-term genetic approaches and correlates discussed below is not always clear. We
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have chosen to restrict this cateogory to genetic studies which actually estimate dispersal
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distances. Although this excludes a wealth of genetic studies on marine fish, many at high
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latitudes (see Fig. A1), it highlights the species and habitats in which these long-term
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genetic approaches to estimating dispersal are being applied. In situations with high gene
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flow and low discrimination using assignment tests, these methods, particularly isolation-
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by-distance, have proven useful (Bradbury and Bentzen 2007). Kinlan and Gaines (2003)
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used a simulation-based approach to estimate mean dispersal in marine invertebrates and
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fish and found estimates were generally < 200-300 km.
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parameterization of the stepping-stone model, the equilibrium status (Bradbury and
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Bentzen 2007), and the selection of species (Palumbi 2004) all contribute to uncertainty
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regarding interpretation of the results.
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distances of < 200 km for most marine species that have been examined. Several
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promising new approaches have been presented in the last few years. Sotka and Palumbi
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(2006) introduce a novel approach to dispersal estimation using clines in multi-locus
While encouraging, the
IBD-based estimates of dispersal suggest
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genetic data, which suggests dispersal is usually <35% the clinal width in most species.
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In addition, coalescent-based approaches (i.e. MIGRATE, Beerli and Felsenstein 1999),
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which estimate dispersal and Ne simultaneously, are becoming common in terrestrial
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studies and allow the resolution of asymmetric gene flow. However published examples
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of the application of these approaches in marine species are still few.
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Correlates of dispersal – genetic differentiation and PLD
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Genetic differentiation. Estimates of genetic differentiation were included only from
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studies that had two or more subpopulations and utilized one of three types of genetic
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marker (i.e., mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), microsatellites, allozymes) and any studies
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displaying large phylogenetic breaks associated with contemporary or historical isolation
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were excluded. Allozyme studies also had to survey randomly-selected loci from 15 or
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more individuals per subpopulation in order to be included in the database. In addition,
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the studies had to either provide information on FST directly (e.g., global or pairwise FST)
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or indirectly (e.g., allele frequency table, expected and observed heterozygosities). FST
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estimates based on mtDNA were corrected following Kinlan and Gaines (2003) to allow
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comparison with markers possessing biparental inheritance and diploid gene flow
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assuming Wright’s island model and using the equation FST(diploid, biparental)=[1/(4*(2Nmmt)+1)]
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where Nmt=0.5*[(1/FST,mt)-1].
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A genetic database of 247 species was assembled using the above methods and
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criteria. To reduce bias associated with the overinclusion of well studied species,
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representative studies were chosen and attempts were made to limit multiple entries to
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differing marker types or when multiple values differed substaintially in which case we
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attempted to represent the range of values.
As non-signifcant FST values may be
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indicative of high gene flow and dispersal, these included with the exception of single
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locus (i.e mtDNA) estimates where low rates of mutation may reduce spatial variation
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and bias inferences of dispersal. The majority of included estimates were based on
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allozyme studies (58.1%) with 17.6% mtDNA and 24.5% microsatellite studies. Meta-
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analysis of genetic studies using different markers may be problematic given
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differences in heterozygosity among marker types. Correction for He based on Heddrick
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(2005) was not possible as He estimates are rarely given for mtDNA studies, and
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although the correction was attempted using haplotype diversity, corrected values were
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not comparable and differed significantly from all other estimates. To examine the
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hypothesis that a bias due to different marker usage in differing regions is present we
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used ANOVA to test for significant effects of marker type on latitude, and explored
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trends within each marker type as well as overall. Furthermore, to compare FST values
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among multiple species, it is necessary to account for differences in the scale of
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geographic sampling, which was done by calculating the maximum distance (Dx) between
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sampled subpopulations for each study. The relationship of Dx and FST values for each
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species were examined statistically using linear regression after log transformation, and
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the residuals were used in further analysis. Spatial distances were seldom reported in
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most studies, but geographic information was available either from maps of sampling
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locations and/or a list of lat/long positions.
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populations was calculated using Google Earth©. If a landmass separated populations,
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distance measurements were made around the barrier at ca. 5 km offshore. This approach
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assumes that gene flow is the predominant component represented in FST values.
The maximum distance separating
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Although other factors such as phylogeography may play a role, their influence should be
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study / species specific and, assuming no systematic bias, they will contribute primarily
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to variability rather than trend.
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overrepresentation of species of a given family trends were also examined using family
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averages.
Moreover, to account for any biass due to an
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Planktonic larval duration. For marine invertebrates (including algae and plants)
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estimates of PLD encompass the period between fertilization and settlement or
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metamorphosis, indicated visually either through actual settlement or morphological
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transition. In marine fish this transition is most often delineated in otolith microstructure
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that characterizes the habitat transition.
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potential associated with the egg stage. Although species-specific egg stage duration data
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is largely absent from the literature, we attempt to account for differences in dispersal
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associated with the egg stage through the examination of egg type. The use of published
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data on pelagic larval duration necessitates several generalizations and assumptions. For
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example, the influence of factors such as temperature, salinity, and prey density on larval
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duration can generally not be included as available information is insufficient. Moreover,
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data given on larval duration often represent a single estimate of what is really a range of
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possible values. Whenever possible, median duration values have been estimated for a
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given taxa. Given that the majority of published data on dispersal potential for fish
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species is from studies of otolith microstructure in settled juveniles or adults, it represents
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the time since hatch rather than from fertilization and therefore does not account for egg
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stage duration. Although egg stage duration may be very short (days) in tropical areas, it
However, this approach neglects dispersal
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may be on the order of weeks to months at higher latitudes. Currently, species-specific
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egg stage duration is largely absent from the literature. However, because of the potential
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importance of egg stage duration to dispersal potential, data was collected on egg type
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(i.e. pelagic or demersal) for fish species in the both the PLD and FST databases.
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Because this review examines trends and patterns in published data, it is subject to
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the limitations of species selection made for reasons related to specific studies. We have
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attempted to account for selection bias in several ways. First, the overall size of each
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database was maximized to ensure an accurate representation of the published literature.
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Second, comparison among the databases of larval duration data, egg type, and genetic
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pattern should allow for broad-scale patterns to be identified independent of database-
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specific biases which may exist. Third, the regression analysis included other factors
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associated with species selection such as size and depth. Moreover, the persistence of
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observed associations within marine fish species at the family level supports the absence
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of a phylogenetic or selection bias in the sampled species.
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Table A1. Estimates of dispersal distance or proportion local recruitment for marine species from the published literature.
Approach
Biogeography
Process
Measured
Study
Methodology
Robertson 2001
Biogeographic review
Effective dispersal
Reed et al. 1988
Sammarco and
Andrews 1989
Presence of Zoospores
Gerrottede 1981
Keough and Chernoff
1987
Taxa
Tempora Spatial
l Scale
Scale
Mean
Latitude
Habitat
Point
estimate or
distance
Estimate
(km)
reef fish
na
1000
-10
reef
point
Na
Dispersal
algae (3 sp)
1
4
33
coastal
distance
4
Presence / Absence
Dispersal
Corals (2sp)
1
4
18
reef
distance
1
Presence / Absence
Dispersal
Coral
1
1
32
coastal
distance
0.0001
Presence / Absence
Dispersal
Bryzoan
1
50
29
coastal
distance
0.1
Scheltema 1971
Presence / Absence
Knoepffler-Peguy et al.
1985
Spread of invasive species
Zechman and
Mathieson 1985
Presence / Absence
Dispersal
Mollusk
1
5000
0
coastal
distance
4500
Dispersal
Algae
na
na
43
coastal
distance
50
Dispersal
Algae
1
20
43
coastal
distance
35
Meinesz et al. 1993
Spread of invasive species
Dispersal
Algae
na
na
43
coastal
distance
0.5
Davis and Butler 1989
Direct Observations
Dispersal
Ascidian
1
295
-34
coastal
distance
0.0025
Grosholz and Ruiz 1995 Spread of invasive species
Dispersal
Crustacean
na
na
48
coastal
distance
173
Luczak et al. 1993
Dispersal
Mollusk
na
na
51
coastal
distance
111
Average
1
196.3
26.9
Spread of invasive species
37.4
Eulerian
Jones et al. 2005
Oxytetracycline tagging
Dispersal
Reef fish
2
10
-5
reef
point
15.9-31.5
%
Reviews:
Campana and Thorrold
2001
Miller et al. 2005
Microchemical
Dispersal
Rockfish
1
500
44
coastal
point
64%
Thorrold et al. 2001
Microchemical
Dispersal
Weakfish
3
1500
35
Estuarine
point
60-81%
Levin 1990
Jones et al. 1999
Oxytetracycline tagging
Dispersal
Reef fish
1
10
-14
reef
point
15-60%
Orth et al. 1994
Presence / Absence
Dispersal
Sea Grass
3
5
38
coastal
point
80% or 5m
Swearer et al. 1999
Microchemical
Dispersal
Reef fish
1
50
17
reef
point
70%
Average
1.83
345.83
19.17
55.0 %
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Lagrangian
Short-term genetic
analysis
Bode and et al. (2006) Hydrographic modelling
Hydrographic modelling and
Arnold et al. 2005
Tracking
Effective Dispersal
Olson 1985
Direct Observations
Marsh et al. 2001
Hydrographic modeling
Stoner 1992
Worcester 1994
Jones et al. 2005
Gilg and Hilbish 2003
Coleman and Brawely
2005
Grosberg 1987
Reef fish
40
230
-16
reef
distance
200
Bivalve
1
10
28
lagoon
distance
4
Dispersal
Ascidian
1
5
-14
reef
distance
1
Dispersal
Polychaete
1
200
9
vent
distance
100
Direct Observations
Dispersal
Ascidian
1
10
19
reef
distance
0.02
Direct Observations
Dispersal
coastal
Distance
Dispersal
Ascidian
2
0.05
38
Average
7.67
75.8
10.67
1
51.00
Paternity analysis
Hybrid zone and recruit
genotyping
Effective Dispersal
Reef fish
1 yr
1
-5
reef
Point
31.5%
Effective Dispersal
Bivalve
3
200
50
coastal
distance
64
Assignment
Effective Dispersal
Algae
1
60
44
coastal
distance
0.01
Assignment
Effective Dispersal
Ascidian
1
5
42
coastal
distance
0.01
Average
1.5
66.5
32.75
16.08
Long-term genetic
analysis
Reviews:
Palumbi 2003
Bradbury and Bentzen
2007
Miller et al. 2005
Gomez-Uchida and
Banks 2005
Buonaccorsi et al.
2004
Microsatellite
Effective Dispersal
Rockfish
na
500
44
coastal
point
64%
Microsatellite
Effective Dispersal
Rockfish
na
1000
44
coastal
distance
111
Microsatellite
Effective Dispersal
Rockfish
na
1400
38
coastal
distance
10
Microsatellite
Effective Dispersal
Rockfish
Na
2200
37
Coastal
Distance
10
various
na
na
distance
Hellberg et al. 2002
Buonaccorsi et al.
2005
Kinlan and Gaines 2003 various
Effective Dispersal
Average
na
na
1275
39.6
327.3
24.4
Various
43.66 km
54 % and
Overall Average
2.98
39.8 km
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Table A2. Database of marine invertebrate planktonic larval duration references.
Group
Species
Reference
Phaeophyta
Alaria marginata
Kusumo and Druehl 2000
Chlorophyta
Enteromorpha sp.
Jones and Babb 1968
Phaeophyceae
Various seaweeds
Laminaria hyperborea
Various
Kain 1964
Porifera
Halichondria magniconulosa
Maldonado & Young (1996)
Porifera
Halichondria panicea
Amano(1986)
Porifera
Haliclona tubifera
Maldonado & Young (1996)
Porifera
Sigmadocia caerulea
Maldonado & Young (1996)
Porifera
Tedania ignis
Maldonado & Young (1996)
Cnidaria
Acropora hyacinthus
Harrison et al (1984)
Cnidaria
Favia fragum
Carlon & Olson (1993)
Cnidaria
Catyophyllia smithi
Tranter et al 1982
Cnidaria
Cribrinopsis fernaldi
Seibert & Spaulding( 1976)
Cnidaria
Cyphastrea serailia
Williams & Harrison (1998)
Cnidaria
Agaricia agaricites
Carlon & Olson (1993)
Cnidaria
Heteroxenia fuscenscens
Zaslow and Benayahu (1996)
Cnidaria
Metridium senile
Chia (1976); Hoffmann (1987)
Cnidaria
Urtricina crassicornis
Chia & Spaulding (1972)
Cnidaria
Stomphia didemon
Seibert (1973)
Cnidaria
Stylatula elongata
Morris et al (1980)
Polychaeta
Crucigera zygophora
Strathmann (1987)
Polychaeta
Protula pacifica
Parker & Tunnicliffe(1994)
Polychaeta
Phylloddoce maculata
Parker & Tunnicliffe(1994)
Polychaeta
Nereis procera
Strathmann (1987)
Polychaeta
Serpula vermicularis
Morris et al (1980)
Polychaeta
Lumbrineris inflata
Chia (1976); Strathmann (1987)
Polychaeta
cirratulid sp.
Morris et al (1980); Strathmann (1987)
Polychaeta
Plexauara kuna
Lasker & Kim (1996)
Crustacea
harpacticoid copepod
Hicks & Coull (1983)
Crustacea
Chorilia longipes
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Oregonia gracilis
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Cancridae
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Grapsidae
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Majidae
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Ocypodidae
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Pinnotheridae
Hines (1986)
Santelices (1990)
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Crustacea
Portunidae
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Xanthidae
Hines (1986)
Crustacea
Chionoecetes opilio
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Hyas araneus
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Hyas coarctatus
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Cancer irroratus
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Homarus americanus
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Pandalus borealis
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Lebbeus polaris
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Lebbeus groenlandicus
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Sclerocrangon boreas
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Eualus pusiolus
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Eualus gaimardi
Squires (1996)
Crustacea
Eualus fabricii
Squires (1996)
Mollusca
Anachis avara
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Anachis translirata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Aporrhais occidentalis
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Archidoris montereyensis
Morris et al (1980)
Mollusca
Architectonica nobilis
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
A. peracuta
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Bittium varium
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Bittium virginicum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Bursa thomae
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Caecum cooperi
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Caecum pulchellum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Calliostoma annulatum
Mollusca
Callistoma ligatum
Hadfield & Strathmann (1990); Strathmann
(1987)
Holyoak (1988)
Mollusca
Cerithiopsis greeni
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Cerithiopsis subulata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. floridanum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Cheilea equestris
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Cirsoterma dalli
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Conus sozoni
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Coralliophila deburghiae
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Crassodoma gigantea
Morris et al (1980)
Mollusca
Crepidula fornicata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. plana
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Cymatium cynocephalum
Scheltema (1989)
14
Mollusca
C. gracile
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. labiosum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. martinianum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. parthenopeum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Cypraea cervus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. spurca acicularis
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
C. zebra
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Cypraecassis testiculus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Distorsio clathrata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
D. constricta mcgintyi
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Epitonium krebsii
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
E. rupicolumn
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Erato maugeriae
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Eudolium crosseanum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Kurtziella limonitella
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Littorina irrorata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Lunatia heros
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Macoma balthica
Gilbert (1978)
Mollusca
Mitrella lunata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Mitra nodulosa
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Modulus modulus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Moliolus modiolus
deSchweinitz & Lutz (1976)
Mollusca
Nassarius ambiguus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
N. obsoletus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
N. trivittatus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
N. vibex
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Natica canrena
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Neosimna acicularis
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
N. uniplicata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Phalium granulatum
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Philippia krebsi
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Polinices lacteus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Polinices duplicatus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Rissoina decussata
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Seila adamsi
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Strombus alatus
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Thais haemastoma
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Tonna galea
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Torina bisculata
Scheltema (1989)
15
Mollusca
Triphora nigocincta
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Trivia candidula
Scheltema (1989)
Mollusca
Petricola pholadiformis
Mackie (1984)
Mollusca
Sinonovacula constricta
Wang & Xu (1997)
Mollusca
solemyid sp.
Gustafson (1985)
Brachiopoda
Laqueus californianus
Valentine and Jablonski (1983)
Brachiopoda
Terebratulina sp.
Valentine and Jablonski (1983)
Brachiopoda
Platidia hornii
Rudwick (1970)
Bryozoa
Bugula stolonifera
Woollaott et al (1989)
Bryozoa
Bicrisia edwardsiana
Bryozoa
Crisia occidentalis
Bryozoa
Filacrisia franciscana
Bryozoa
Rhamphostomella spinigera
Nielsen (1970); Woollacott & Zimmer
(1978)
Nielsen (1970); Woollacott & Zimmer
(1978)
Nielsen (1970); Woollacott & Zimmer
(1978)
Woollacott & Zimmer (1978)
Bryozoa
Borgiola pustulosa
Woollacott & Zimmer (1978)
Bryozoa
Bugula sp.
Bryozoa
Lyrula sp.
Nielsen (1970); Woollacott & Zimmer
(1978); Wollacott et al (1989)
Woolacott & Zimmer (1978)
Sipuncula
Phascolosoma agassizi
Rice (1967); Strathmann (1987)
Echinodermata
Pycnopdia helianthoides
Echinodermata
Crossaster papposus
Greer (1962); Lambert(1981); Morris et al
(1980); Strathmann (1978)
Lambert (1981); Strathmann (1987)
Echinodermata
Hippasterias spinosa
Lambert (1981)
Echinodermata
Florometra serratissima
Echinodermata
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
Mladenov & Chia (1983);
Strathmann(1978)
Morris et al (1980); Strathmann(1978);
Strathmann (1987)
Table A3. Database of marine fish planktonic larval duration references.
Class
Order
Family
Species
Antherinopsidae
Menidia peninsulae
Reference
Houde(1989)
Clupeidae
Clupea harengus
Houde (1989)
Clupeiformes
Engraulidae
Anchoa lamprotaenia
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Engraulidae
Anchoa mitchilli
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Engraulidae
Engraulis mordax
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Gadus morhua
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Theragra chalcogramma
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Merlucciidae
merluccius productus
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii
Antheriniformes
Clupeiformes
Actinopterygii
16
Actinopterygii
Gonorynchiformes Chanidae
Chanos chanos
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus bahianus
Rocha et al.2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus chirurgus
Rocha et al.2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus coeruleus
Rocha et al.2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Anampses twistii
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Bodianus axillaries
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Bodianus diplotaenia
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Bodianus mesothorax
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cheilinus bimaculatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cheilinus chlorourus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cheilinus fasciatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cheilinus trilobatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cheilio inermis
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Choerodon anchorago
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Clepticus parrae
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Coris flavovittata
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Coris gaimard
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Coris variegata
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres argus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres biocellatus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres chierchiae
Victor 1986
Victor 1986; Victor &
Wellington 2000; Wellington
& Robertson 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres chloropterus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres chrysus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres discolor
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres dispilus
Victor & Wellington 2000
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington & Robertson 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres hortulanus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres insularis
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres margaritaceus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres marginatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres melanotis
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres melanurus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres nebulosus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres nicholsi
Victor 1986
Victor 1986; Wellington &
Robertson 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres ornatissimus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres pictus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres poeyi
Victor 1986
Victor 1986; Wellington &
Robertson 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres prosopeion
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres richmondi
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres scapularis
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres trimaculatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Hemigymnus fasciatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Hemigymnus melapterus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labrichthys unilineatus
Victor 1986
17
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labroides bicolor
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labroides dimidiatus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labroides pectoralis
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labroides phthirophagus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labropsis micronesica
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labropsis xanthonota
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Lachnolaimus maximus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Macropharyngodon geoffroy
Macropharyngodon
meleagris
Macropharyngodon
negrosensis
Novaculichthys
macrolepidotus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Novaculichthys taeniourus
Victor 1986
Victor 1986; Victor &
Wellington
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pseudocheilinus evanidus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pseudocheilinus octotaenia
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pseudojuloides cerasinus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pteragogus cryptus
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Pteragogus guttatus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Stethojulis bandanensis
Victor 1986
Victor 1986; Victor &
Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Stethojulis strigiventer
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma amblycephalum Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma grammaticum
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma hardwicke
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma jansenii
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma lucasanum
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma lunare
Victor 1986
Victor 1986; Victor &
Wellington 2000
Victor 1986; Wilson &
McCormick 1999
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma purpureum
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma quinquevittatum Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma trilobatum
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Xyrichtys splendens
Victor 1986
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus kasmira
Lester and Ruttenberg 2005
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Hoplopagrus guentherii
Zapata & Herrón 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus argentiventris
Zapata & Herrón 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus guttatus
Zapata & Herrón 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus novemfasciatus
Zapata & Herrón 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus viridis
Zapata & Herrón 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Apolemichthys trimaculatus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge bicolor
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge bispinosus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge flavissimus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge heraldi
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge loriculus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge multifasciatus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Victor 1986
Victor 1986
18
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge nox
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge potteri
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge tibicen
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge vrolikii
Chaetodontoplus
mesoleucus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus annularis
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus imperator
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus navarchus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus semicirculatus Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthus sexstriatus
Pomacanthus
xanthometopon
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacanthidae
Pygoplites diacanthus
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf concolor
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf declivifrons
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf troschelii
Victor & Wellington 2000
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington & Robertson 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis alta
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis atrilobata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis limbaughi
Victor & Wellington 2000
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington & Victor 1989
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Microspathodon bairdii
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Microspathodon dorsalis
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes acapulcoensis
Victor & Wellington 2000
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington &
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes arcifrons
Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes baldwini
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes flavilatus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes leucorus beebei
Victor & Wellington 2000
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington & Robertson 2001
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington & Victor 1989
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes leucorus leucorus Victor & Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes rectifraenum
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes redemptus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf abdominalis
Victor & Wellington 2000
Victor & Wellington 2000;
Wellington & Victor 1989
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf concolor
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf saxatilis
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf sexfasciatus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf sordidus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf taurus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf troschelii
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Abudefduf vaigiensis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis agilis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis alpha
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis alta
Victor and Wellington 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis atrilobata
Victor and Wellington 2000
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Thresher & Brothers 1985
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis atripes
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis caudalis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis cyanea
Wellington & Victor (1989)
19
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis delta
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis hanui
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis insolata
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis lepidolepis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis limbaughi
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis lineata
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis margaritifer
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis multilineata
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis punctipinnis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis retrofasciata
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis ternatensis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis vanderbilti
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis virdis
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis weberi
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis xanthura
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera biocellata
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera cyanea
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera glauca
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera leucopoma
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera oxycephala
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera rex
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chrysiptera traceyi
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Microspathodon chrysurus
Wellington & Victor 1989
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Naso sp.
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Ammodytidae
Ammodytes americanus
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae
Apogon cyanosoma
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae
Apogon doederlieni
Cheilodipterus
quinqeulineata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Blenniidae
Petroscirtes fallax
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Blenniidae
Petroscirtes mitratus
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon plebius
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon rainfordi
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Chaetodontidae
Chelmon rostratus
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Amblygobius rainfordi
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus nicholsi
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Gobiodon sp.
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Lythripnus dalli
Paragobiodon
enchinocephalus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Paragobiodon lacunicola
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Paragobiodon melanosoma
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Haemulidae
Haemulon flavolineatum
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Kyphosidae
Medialuna californiensis
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Cirrhilabrus temminki
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Citharichthys sordidus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Citharichthys stigmaeus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Coris variegata
Brothers et al (1983)
Brothers et al (1983)
Brothers et al (1983)
20
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres hoeveni
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Halichoeres semicinctus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Labroides dimidatus
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Oxyjulis californica
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Semicossyphus pulcher
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Thalassoma lunare
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus nebulosus
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Moronidae
Dicentrarchus labrax
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Moronidae
Morone americana
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Moronidae
Morone saxatalis
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis dubiosus
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amblyglyphidodon aureus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amblyglyphidodon curacao
Amblyglyphidodon
leucogaster
Amblyglyphidodon
ternatensis
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion chrysopterus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion clarkii
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion melanopus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion perideraion
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus albisella
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus aranus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus melanurus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus reticulatus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus trimaculatus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus chrysopoecilus Wellington & Victor (1989)
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Dischistodus melanotus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Actinopterygii
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Pomacentridae
Dischistodus perspicillatus
Dischistodus
pseudochrysopoecilus
Hemiglyphidodon
plagiometopon
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Heterostichus rostratus
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Hypsypops rubicunda
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Hypsypops rubicundus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Microspathodon dorsalis
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Neopomacentrus nemurus
Victor & Wellington 2000
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Paraglyphidodon nigoris
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Paraglyphidodon melas
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Plectroglyphidodon dickii
Plectroglyphidodon
imparipennis
Plectroglyphidodon
lacrymatus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Plectroglyphidodon sindonis Wellington & Victor 1989
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes leucostictus
Wellington & Victor 1989
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Atractoscion noblis
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Cynoscion nebulosus
Emmett et al. 1991
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Scomber japonicus
Houde(1989)
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Wellington & Victor (1989)
Wellington & Victor 1989
Wellington & Victor 1989
21
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Scomber scombrus
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Paralabrax clathratus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Paralabrax maculatofasciatus Shanks et al. 2003
Houde(1989)
Archosargus rhomboidalis
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Pagrus major
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Sparus aurata
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Achiridae
Achrius lineatus
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae
Paralichthys californicus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae
Paralichthys dentatus
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Pleuronectidae
Eopsetta jordani
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Pleuronectidae
Pleuronectes americanus
Pearcy et al. 1977
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Sciaenidae
Sciaenops ocellatus
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae
Scophthalmus maximus
Froese & Pauly 2006
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes Soleidae
Solea solea
Houde(1989)
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Cottidae
Oligocottus maculosus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes aurora
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes carnatus
Sebastes flavidus
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes inermis
Mizusawa et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes melanops
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes melanostomus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes mystinus
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes paucispinis
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae
Sebastes serranoides
Shanks et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Tetradontiformes Monacanthidae
Monacanthus chinensis
Brothers et al (1983)
Actinopterygii
Tetradontiformes Monacanthidae
Paraluteres prionurus
Brothers et al (1983)
Shanks et al. 2003
Table A4. Database of marine invertebrate genetic study references used in the analysis
of correlates of dispersal.
Group
Species
Reference
Angiosperm
Kandella candel
Sun et al. 1998
Angiosperm
Thalassia testudinum
Schlueter and Guttman 1998
Angiosperm
Zostera marina
Reusch et al. 2000
Angiosperm
Zostera marina
Muniz-Salazar 2005
Angiosperm
Zostera noltii
Diekmann et al. 2005
Angiosperm
Cymodocea nodosa
Alberto et al. 2006
Rhodophyta
Caloglossa leprieurii
Zuccarello et al. 2000
Rhodophyta
Delisea pulchra
Wright et al. 2000
Rhodophyta
Gelidium canariensis
Sosa et al. 1998
Rhodophyta
Gelidium arbuscula.
Sosa et al. 1998
Rhodophyta
Lithothrix aspergillum
Pearson and Murray 1997
Rhodophyta
Fucus distichus
Coleman and Brawely 2005
Phaeophyta
Alaria marginata
Kusumo and Druehl 2000
Phaeophyta
Sargassum polyceratium
Engelen et al. 2001
22
Chlorophyta
Caulerpa racemosa
Benzie et al. 1997
Chlorophyta
Caulerpa serrulata
Benzie et al. 1997
Chlorophyta
Caulerpa taxifolia
Benzie et al. 1997
Chlorophyta
Caulerpa cupressoides
Benzie et al. 1997
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
Cryptosula pallasiana
Watts and Thorpe 2006
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
Schizoporella Unicornis
Watts and Thorpe 2006
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
Electra pilosa
Watts and Thorpe 2006
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
Membranipora membranacea
Watts and Thorpe 2006
Cnidaria
Acropora cuneata
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Cnidaria
Acropora cytherea
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Cnidaria
Acropora hyacinthus
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Cnidaria
Acropora palifera
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Cnidaria
Balanophyllia elegans
Hellberg 1994,
Cnidaria
Pocillopora damicornis
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Cnidaria
Stylophora pistillata
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Cnidaria
Antipathes fiordensis
Miller 1997
Cnidaria
Pocillopora damicornis
Whitaker 2006
Cnidaria
Pocillopora meandrina
Magalon et al. 2005
Cnidaria
Seriatopora hystrix
Maier et al. 2005
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Chthamalus montagui
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Chthamalus montagui
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Chthamalus stellatus
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Chthamalus stellatus
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Crustacea:Decapoda
Synalpheus brooksi
Duffy 1993
Crustacea:Decapoda
Synalpheus pectiniger
Duffy 1993
Crustacea:Decapoda
Homarus americanus
Crivello et al. 2005
Crustacea:Decapoda
Nephrops norvegicus
Maltagilati et al. 1998
Crustacea:Decapoda
Callichirus islagrande
Bilodeau et al. 2005
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Acanthaster planci
Nishida and Lucas 1988
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Echinometra lucunter
McCartney et al. 2000
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Echinometra viridis
McCartney et al. 2000
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Coscinasterias muricata
Skold et al. 2003
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Asterina gibbosa
Baus et al. 2005
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
Echinometra mathaei
Palumbi 1997,
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
Echinometra oblonga
Palumbi 1997,
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
Heliocidaris erythrogramma
McMillan et al. 1992
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
Diadema antillarum
Lessios et al. 2001
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
Diadema paucispinum
Lessios et al. 2001
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
Diadema savigny
Lessios et al. 2001
Echinodermata:holothuroidea
Holothuria scabra
Uthickle and Benzie 2001
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Cerastoderma glaucum
Mariani et al. 2002
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Donax deltoides
Murray-Jones and Ayre 1997
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Pecten jacobaeus
Ríos et al. 2002
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Pecten maximus
Ríos et al. 2002
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Tridacna maxima
Benzie and Williams 1997
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Venus antiqua
Gallardo et al. 1998
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Nuculoma similis
Etter et al. 2005
23
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Deminuncula atacellana
Etter et al. 2005
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Haliotis roei
Hancock 2000
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Austrocochlea constricta
Parsons 1996
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Bembicium vittatum
Parsons 1996
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Bedeva hanleyi
Hoskin 1997
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Morula marginalba
Hoskin 1997
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Cominella lineolata
Hoskin 1997
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Concholepas concholepas
Gallardo and Carrasco 1996
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Hydrobia ventrosa
Wilke and Davis 2000
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Littoraria cingulata
Johnson and Black 1998
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Littorina striata
De Wolf et al. 1998
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Littorina subrotundata
Kyle and Boulding 2000
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Littorina plena
Kyle and Boulding 2000
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Drupella cornus
Jonhson and Black 1993
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Nucella lapillus
Colson and Hughes 2004
Mollusca:Opisthobranchia
Adalaria proxima
Todd et al. 1998
Polychaeta
Glycera dibranchiata
Bristow and Vadas 1991
Polychaeta
Hediste diversicolor
Abbiati and Maltagliati 1996
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Carterospongia flabellifera
Benzie 1994
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Phyllospongia alcicornis
Benzie 1994
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Collospongia auris
Benzie 1994
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Phyllospongia lamellose
Benzie 1994
Table A5. Database of marine fish genetic study references used in the analysis of
correlates of dispersal.
Class
Order
Family
Species
Reference
Actinopterygii
Atherinformes
Atherinopsidae
Menidia menidia
Johnson 1975
Actinopterygii
Atherinformes
Atherinopsidae
Menidia peninsulae
Johnson 1975
Actinopterygii
Atherinformes
Atherinopsidae
Merluccius capensis
Grant et al 1987
Actinopterygii
Atherinformes
Atherinopsidae
Odontesthes argentinensis
Beheregaray & Sunnucks 2001
Actinopterygii
Aulopiformes
Synodontidae
Saurida elongata
Yamaoka et al 1989
Actinopterygii
Aulopiformes
Synodontidae
Saurida nov. sp.
Yamaoka et al 1989
Actinopterygii
Aulopiformes
Synodontidae
Saurida undosquamis
Yamaoka et al 1989
Actinopterygii
Beryciformes
Trachichthyidae
Hoplostethus atlanticus
Smith 1986
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Clupeidae
Clupea pallasii
Grant 1986
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Clupeidae
Sardina pilchardus
Laurent et al. 2007
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Clupeidae
Sardinops sagax caerulea
Hedgecock et al 1989
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Engraulidae
Engraulis capensis
Grant 1985
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Engraulidae
Engraulis mordax
Ward et al. 1994
Actinopterygii
Clupeiformes
Engraulidae
Stolephorus heterolobus
Daly and Richardson 1981
Actinopterygii
Cyprinodontiformes
Cyprinodontidae
Floridichthys carpio
Duggins et al. 1983
Actinopterygii
Cyprinodontiformes
Cyprinodontidae
Floridichthys polyommus
Duggins et al. 1983
Actinopterygii
cyprinodontiformes
Fundulidae
Fundulus heterclitus
Ropson et al. 1990
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Gadus macrocephalus
Grant et al 1987
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Gadus morhua
Grant and Stahl 1988
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Gadus morhua
Knutsen et al 2003
24
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Micromesistius poutassou
Ryan et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Gadidae
Theragra chalcogramma
O'reilly et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Merlucciidae
Macruronus novaezelanidae
Milton and Shaklee 1987
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Merlucciidae
Merluccius merluccius
Grant et al 1987
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Merlucciidae
Merluccius paradoxus
Lundy et al 2000
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Merlucciidae
Merluccius productus
Grant et al 1987
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Merlucciidae
Micromesistius australis
Iwamoto et al 2004
Actinopterygii
Gadiformes
Phycidae
Urophycis tenuis
Authors unpublished data.
Actinopterygii
Gasterosteiformes
Gasterosteidae
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Makinen et al. 2006
Actinopterygii
Gonorynchiformes
Chanidae
Chanos chanos
Winans 1980
Actinopterygii
Gsmeriformes
Osmeridae
Mallotus villosus
Mork and Fris-Sorenson 1983
Actinopterygii
Lophiformes
Lophidae
Lophius piscatorius
Crozier 1987
Actinopterygii
osmeriformes
Osmeridae
Mallotus villosus
Roed et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus bahianus
Rocha et al 2002
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus chirurgus
Rocha et al 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus coeruleus
Rocha et al 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus triostegus
Planes and Fauvelot 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae
Apogon doederleini
Gerlach et al. 2007
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae
Pterapogon kauderni
Hoffman et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Blennidae
Hypsoblennius jenkinsi
Present 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Carangidae
Decapterus russelli
Perrin and Borsa 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Centrolophidae
Hyperoglyphe antarctica
Ward et al 1994
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon citrinellus
Fauvelot and Planes 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon quadrimaculatus
Fauvelot and Planes 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Chaetodontidae
Forcipiger flavissmus
Fauvelot and Planes 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Cheilodactylidae
Nemadactylus macropterus
Ward et al 1994
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Clupeidae
Clupea harengus
Jorgensen et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Embiotocidae
Embiotoca jacksoni
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobidae
Elacatinus evelynae
Taylor and Hellberg 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobidae
Gobius niger
Benharrat et al. 1981
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobidae
Ophioblennius atlanticus
Muss et al. 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobidae
Ophioblennius steindachneri
Muss et al. 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobidae
Pomatoschistus microps
Gysels et al 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobidae
Pomatoschistus minutus
Pampoulie et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Gobiidae
Lythrypnus dalli
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Istiophoridae
Tetraturus albidus
Graves and McDowell 2006
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Kyphosidae
Girella nigricans
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labridae
Semicossyphus pulcher
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Labrisomidae
Alloclinus holderi
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Latidae
Lates calcarifer
Chenoweth et al. 1998
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lethrinidae
Lethrinus miniatus
Herwerden et al 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus campechanus
Heist and Gold 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus erythropterus
Salini et al. 2006
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus malabaricus
Salini et al. 2006
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Lutjanidae
Pristipomoides multidens
Ovenden et al 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Moronidae
Dicentrarchus labrax
Lemaire et al 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Moronidae
Dicentrarchus labrax
Garcia De Leon et al 1997
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Moronidae
Eupomacentrus partitus
Castilho and McAndrew 1998
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Mullidae
Mullus barbatus
Garoia et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Mullidae
Mullus barbatus
Garoia et al. 2004
25
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Mullidae
Mullus surmuletus
Mamuris et al 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Nototheniidae
Dissostichus eleginoides
Shaw et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Nototheniidae
Dissostichus eleginoides
Smith and McVeagh 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Nototheniidae
Dissostichus eleginoides
Smith and McVeagh 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Nototheniidae
Dissostichus eleginoides
Shaw et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Polynemidae
Polynemus sheridani
Chenoweth and Hughes 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Polyprionidae
Polyprion amercanus
Ball et al 2000
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Acanthochromis polyacanthus
Doherty et al. 1995
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Acanthochromis polyacanthus
Gerlach et al. 2007
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion clarkii
bell et al 1982
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis atripectoralis
Doherty et al. 1995
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Chromis chromis
Domingues et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus aruanus
Fauvelot and Planes 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Dascyllus trimaculatus
Bernardi et al. 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Eupomacentrus partitus
Lacson et al 1989
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus coelestis
Gerlach et al. 2007
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus moluccensis
Doherty et al. 1995
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Pomacentrus pavo
Fauvelot and Planes 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomacentridae
Stegastes nigricans
Doherty et al. 1995
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scaridae
Sparisoma viride
Geerjes et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Cynoscion nebulosus
Gold and Richardson 1998
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Cynoscion nebulosus
Ramsey and Wakeman 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Genyonemus lineatus
Beckwitt 1983
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Nibea albiflora
Menezes et al. 1990
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Pennahia argentata
Menezes et al. 1990
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Sciaenops ocellatus
Chapman et al 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Sciaenops ocellatus
Gold et al. 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
Seriphus politus
Beckwitt 1983
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Sarda sarda
Pujolar et al. 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Scomber scombrus
Zardoya et al 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Thunnus alalunga
Takagi et al 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Thunnus albacares
Appleyard et al 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Scombridae
Carlsson et al. 2004
Perciformes
Sebastidae
Thunnus thynnus thynnus
Helicolenus dactylopterus
dactylopterus
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Epinephelus coioides
Antoro et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Epinephelus marginatus
De Innocentiis et al 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Epinephelus quernus
Rivera et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Paralabrax clathratus
Beckwitt 1983
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Acanthopagrus butcheri
Actinopterygii
Aboim et al. 2005
Perciformes
Sparidae
Acanthopagrus schlegeli
Burridge et al. 2004
Sumantadinata and Taniguchi
1982
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Acanthopagrus schlegeli
Jeong et al 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
chrysophrys auratus
Smith et al. 1978
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Diplodus sargus
Lenfant and Planes 1996
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Diplodus vulgaris
Arculeo et al. 2003
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Pagrus pagrus
Ball et al. 2007
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Sparidae
Spaurus aurata
De Innocentiis et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Tripterygiidae
Axoclinus nigricaudus
Riginos & 2001
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Tripterygiidae
Malacoctenus hubbis
Riginos & Victor 2002
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Tripterygiidae
Tripterygion delaisi
Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2006
Actinopterygii
26
Actinopterygii
Perciformes:
Malacanthidae
Caulolatilus princeps
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Perciformes:
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion melanopus
Doherty et al. 1995
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Paralichthyidae
Paralichthys californicus
Hedgecock and Bartley 1988
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Paralichthyidae
Paralichthys olivaceus
Sekino and Hara 2001
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Paralichthyidae
Paralicthys lethostigma
Blandon et al 2001
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
Fairbairn 1981b
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Fevolden and Haug 1988
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Reid et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
hippoglossus stenolepis
Grant et al. 1984
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Limanda aspera
Grant et al 1983
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Platichthys flesus
Borsa et al. 1997
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Pleuronectes flesus flesus
Galleguillos and Ward 1982
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Pleuronectes platessa
Hoarau et al 2002
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Pleuronectes platessa
Ward and Beardmore 1977
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Pseudopleuronectes americanus Crivello et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
Fairbairn 1981a
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Scopthalmus maximus
Coughlan et al. 1998
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Scopthalmus maximus
Blanquer et al. 1992
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Pleuronectidae
Solea vulgaris
Kotoulus et al. 1995
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Sebastidae
Sebaste Mystinus
Cope et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Soleidae
Solea lascuris
Pinheiro et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii
Pleuronectiformes
Soleidae
Solea vulgaris
Guarniero et al. 2002
Scorpaeniformes
Cottidae
Clinocottus analis
Waples 1987
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Cottidae
Oligocottus snyeri
Yoshiyama and Sassaman 1987
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Hexagrammidae
Oxylebius pictus
Davis et al. 1981
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes alutus
Seeb and Gunderson 1988
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes auriculatus
Buonaccorsi et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes borealis
Matala et al 2004
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes caurinus
Bournaccorsi et al 2002
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes crameri
Gomez-Uchida and Banks 2005
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes helvomaculatus
Rocha-Olivares and Vetter 1999
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes macdonaldi
Rocha-Olivares et al 2003
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes melanops
Miller et al. 2005
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes mentella
Roques et al. 2002
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes mystinus
Cope et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Scorpaeniformes
Sebastidae
Sebastes rastrelliger
Buonaccorsi et al. 2004
Actinopterygii
Syngnathiformes
Syngnathidae
Hippocampus capensis
Teske et al 2003
Actinopterygii
Zeiformes
Oreosomatidae
Allocyttus niger
Ward et al. 1998
Actinopterygii
Zeiformes
Oreosomatidae
Allocyttus verrucosus
Ward et al. 1998
Actinopterygii
Zeiformes
Oreosomatidae
Ammodytes personatus
Okamoto 1989
Actinopterygii
Zeiformes
Oreosomatidae
Neocyttus rhomboidalis
Elliott et al. 1998
Actinopterygii
Zeiformes
Oreosomatidae
Pseudocyttus maculatus
Ward et al. 1998
27
Table A6. Backward regression results from comparison of planktonic larval duration
and FST with latitude, depth, and size for marine fish.
Partial
Coefficients
P-value
Planktonic larval
duration
Latitude
Depth
Size
0.431
0.240
0.043
0.000
0.000
0.158
Planktonic larval
duration
Latitude
Depth
0.449
0.247
0.000
0.000
0.35
Planktonic larval
duration
Latitude
0.000
0.30
Planktonic larval
duration
Depth
0.000
0.19
0.26
Dependent Variable
Effect
R2
0.36
Latitude
Depth
Size
-0.266
-0.009
-0.336
0.001
0.918
0.002
FST (Standardized)
Latitude
Size
-0.273
-0.348
0.000
0.000
0.27
FST (Standardized)
Latitude
0.000
0.17
FST (Standardized)
Size
0.000
0.22
FST (Standardized)
28
Table A7. Regression results from family-level comparisons of planktonic larval
duration and FST with latitude, depth, and body size.
Dependent Variable
Effect
P-value
R2
Planktonic larval duration
Latitude
0.000
0.36
Planktonic larval duration
Depth
0.005
0.20
Planktonic larval duration
Size
0.183
0.05
FST (Standardized)
Latitude
0.018
0.13
FST (Standardized)
Depth
0.043
0.08
FST (Standardized)
Size
0.000
0.27
29
FST
PLD
(A)
(B)
0.14
0.5
0.12
0.4
0.10
0.08
0.3
0.06
0.2
0.04
0.1
0.02
0.0
0.00
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
(C)
latitude
0.35
0.30
0.5
20
40
(D)
60
80
latitude
0.4
Frequency
0.25
0.3
0.20
0.15
0.2
0.10
0.1
0.05
0.00
0.0
0
0.4
(E)
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
0
50
100
150
200
250
adult body size (cm)
adult body size (cm)
(F)
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
depth (m)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
depth (m)
Figure A1. Frequency distributions of latitude (A,B), body size (C,D) and water
depth (E,F) analyzed in relation to genetic differentiation (A,C,E) and planktonic
larval duration (B,D,F). See methods for details regarding data collection and
Tables A3 and A5 for references.
30
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