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Greece, Rome, and Religions Exam Study Guide Exam is Thursday November 29 (Writing) and Friday November 30 (Scantron) Be able to do the following -Compare/contrast governments in Greek city-states and Roman republic in detail. Sparta Oligarchy Ruled by two kings, in charge of the military Ephors Five men elected each year responsible for education of youth and conduct of citizens Council of Elders Two kings and 28 men over the age of 60 Decided on issues to be brought before a group of male citizens to be voted on Athens Began as oligarchy, ruled by tyrants and aristocrats Draco, Solon, Peisistratus. Cleisthenes takes over Creates council of 500 Composed of male citizens, pass laws(lays foundation for Athenian democracy) Athenian democracy under Pericles Every male citizen participates in government and votes Large body of officials runs government Ten elected generals direct policies. Ostracism – banning a member from the city for 10 years, if 6,000 members voted him as a threat Roman Republic Consuls Two consuls, chosen every year, lead the army and run the government Praetors In charge of civil laws, that applied to Roman citizens Roman Senate 300 patricians who served for life Advised government officials Gained power and was able to enforce laws Centuriate Assembly Elected consuls and praetors, passed laws Council of Plebs Power to protect plebians Soon gain power to pass laws for all Romans -Describe the Abrahamic Religions (origins, major founders/leaders, and important beliefs) – Judaism, Christianity, Islam o o Judaism First monotheistic religion Founded by Abraham in about 1800 BC Other important leaders Isaac Jacob Solomon David Moses Important beliefs One God – creator of everything Serve God by studying scripture and obeying its commandments All people created in image of God – must be treated with dignity and respect Covenant with God – God would bless Abraham and his descendants if they worshipped Him God will send a Messiah to save people, restore Israel to Jews, bring justice to Earth Christianity Based on teachings of Jesus Christ Founders were St. Peter and St. Paul (according to most historians) in 1st Century BC Important Beliefs Trinity – three distinct persons that make up one God o Father – God who created everything o Son – Jesus Christ, God in human form who came to save humanity o Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) – God’s power that is present and active within people Sin and Salvation o o o o Islam Original sin – we are all tempted to defy God’s will, therefore are separated from Him To reunite with humanity, God took human form and sacrificed himself to save the rest of humanity Jesus rose from the dead. By his resurrection, conquered sin and evil Founded by and based on teachings of Muhammad in 622 AD in Mecca Holy cities of Mecca and Medina Muhammad is the only true prophet, Allah spoke through him. These messages make up the Qur’an Five Pillars of Islam Allah is the only God. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. Almsgiving – give money to the poor Prayer – 5 times a day facing Mecca Fasting – month of Ramadan (holy month). Fast from sunrise to sunset Pilgrimage to Mecca if physically and financially possible at least once in a lifetime Be familiar with the following terms: Greek culture – independent – why was it so independent? – geography, isolated by water and mountains, no interaction Acropolis – fortified area at the top of a hill used for refuge during attack and as a religious center. Oligarchy – ruled by a few, the government in Sparta who had two kings. Tyrant – rulers who seized power by force Democracy – government by the people, or rule by the many Hoplite – heavily armed foot soldiers Battle of Thermopylae – 300 Spartans and several thousand other Greeks hold off the Persian army for a few days, but lose Pericles – Athenian ruler who brought direct democracy to Athens, oversaw the height of Athenian power and brilliance. Plato – “How do we know what is real?” Student of Socrates. Thought up the ideal state with three groups Socrates – taught by using a question and answer method that allowed students to find answers for themselves. Believed all real knowledge is already present in everyone. Sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Aristotle – student of Plato at his Academy, used observation and investigation. Believed in three types of gov’ts: Monarchy, Aristocracy and Constitutional government. Homer – Iliad and Odyssey – epic poems that try to tell Greek history and tell the story of the Trojan Horse and the story of Odysseus Alexander the Great – his empire, his death, his legacy(what happened once he died) – Alexander’s empire stretched from Macedonia to modern day India. Took power at 20 years old. Great military strategist. Built the city of Alexandria in Egypt. He died at age 32. His legacy was creating monarchies and spreading Hellenistic culture throughout his empire. Hellenistic – “to imitate Greeks” the combination of Greek and non Greek culture during Alexander’s time. Cliesthenes – Council of 500 – what was the result? – Created the basis for Athenian Direct democracy Jesus – Jewish teacher who spread his ideas and teachings. Became the basis for Christianity. Paul – apostle who spread the message of Jesus, a major figure in the start of Christianity Simon Peter(Peter) – leader of the apostles who helped to spread Christianity Constantine – One of the last Roman emperors, tried to save the empire with poltical and social reforms. Built Byzantium(now Istanbul) Diocletian – Roman emperor who tried to reform and save the empire, divided the empire up into four units when it got too big. Senate – group of 300 patricians with lifetime terms who advised government officials, but eventually gained more power in Rome 1st Triumvirate – Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus 2nd Triumvierate – Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Mark Antony Republic (Senate) – to Empire (Triumvirates then Emperors) Rome adopted art, gods, and an alphabet from what other civilization? - Greece Praetors – judges – in charge of civil law Julius Caesar – first dictator of Rome Octavian – Augustus – revered one – first emperor of Rome Consuls – highest elected office in Republic, appointed during Empire – 2 consuls each year – had veto power of Senate and other consul Pax Romana – approximately 200 year period of peace and prosperity under the 5 Good Emperors Edict of Milan – statement proclaiming tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empire Visigoths – Germanic invaders from the North – first invaders to sack Rome Muhammad – messenger of Allah – only true prophet according to Islam Qur’an – holy book of Islam Mecca – city of Muhammad’s birth – holiest city of Islam Muslim – follower of Islam 5 Pillars of Faith – 1.Belief that Allah is only God and Muhammad is his only true prophet 2. Alms giving 3.Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca 4.Pilgrimage to Mecca 5.fasting during holy month of Ramadan Monotheism/Polytheism – belief in one God/belief in many gods Bible – Holy text for both Judaism and Christianity – Jews and Christians have different versions Old Testament – Jewish version of the Bible – includes books before birth of Jesus Christ New Testament – books about the life of Jesus Christ and after – combined with Old Testament make up Christian Bible Torah – first 5 books of the Old Testament Abrahamic Religions – Judaism, Christianity, Islam – monotheistic religions that trace roots to Abraham Major Sects of each religion Judaism Orthodox Reform Conservative Reconstructionist Christianity Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Islam Sunni Shia