Download Greece, Rome, and Religions Exam Study Guide Exam is Thursday

Greece, Rome, and Religions Exam Study Guide
Exam is Thursday November 29 (Writing) and Friday November 30 (Scantron)
Be able to do the following
-Compare/contrast governments in Greek city-states and Roman republic in detail.
 Sparta
 Oligarchy

Ruled by two kings, in charge of the military
 Ephors

Five men elected each year responsible for education of youth and conduct of citizens
 Council of Elders
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Two kings and 28 men over the age of 60

Decided on issues to be brought before a group of male citizens to be voted on
 Athens
 Began as oligarchy, ruled by tyrants and aristocrats

Draco, Solon, Peisistratus.
 Cleisthenes takes over

Creates council of 500

Composed of male citizens, pass laws(lays foundation for Athenian democracy)
 Athenian democracy under Pericles

Every male citizen participates in government and votes

Large body of officials runs government

Ten elected generals direct policies.

Ostracism – banning a member from the city for 10 years, if 6,000 members voted him as a threat
 Roman Republic
 Consuls

Two consuls, chosen every year, lead the army and run the government
 Praetors

In charge of civil laws, that applied to Roman citizens
 Roman Senate

300 patricians who served for life

Advised government officials

Gained power and was able to enforce laws
 Centuriate Assembly

Elected consuls and praetors, passed laws
 Council of Plebs

Power to protect plebians

Soon gain power to pass laws for all Romans
-Describe the Abrahamic Religions (origins, major founders/leaders, and important beliefs) –
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
o
o
Judaism
 First monotheistic religion
 Founded by Abraham in about 1800 BC
 Other important leaders
 Isaac
 Jacob
 Solomon
 David
 Moses
 Important beliefs
 One God – creator of everything
 Serve God by studying scripture and obeying its commandments
 All people created in image of God – must be treated with dignity and respect
 Covenant with God – God would bless Abraham and his descendants if they worshipped
Him
 God will send a Messiah to save people, restore Israel to Jews, bring justice to Earth
Christianity
 Based on teachings of Jesus Christ
 Founders were St. Peter and St. Paul (according to most historians) in 1st Century BC
 Important Beliefs
 Trinity – three distinct persons that make up one God
o Father – God who created everything
o Son – Jesus Christ, God in human form who came to save humanity
o Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) – God’s power that is present and active within people
 Sin and Salvation
o
o
o
o
Islam



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Original sin – we are all tempted to defy God’s will, therefore are separated
from Him
To reunite with humanity, God took human form and sacrificed himself to save
the rest of humanity
Jesus rose from the dead. By his resurrection, conquered sin and evil
Founded by and based on teachings of Muhammad in 622 AD in Mecca
Holy cities of Mecca and Medina
Muhammad is the only true prophet, Allah spoke through him. These messages make up the
Qur’an
Five Pillars of Islam
 Allah is the only God. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.
 Almsgiving – give money to the poor
 Prayer – 5 times a day facing Mecca
 Fasting – month of Ramadan (holy month). Fast from sunrise to sunset
 Pilgrimage to Mecca if physically and financially possible at least once in a lifetime
Be familiar with the following terms:
Greek culture – independent – why was it so independent? – geography, isolated by water and mountains, no interaction
Acropolis – fortified area at the top of a hill used for refuge during attack and as a religious center.
Oligarchy – ruled by a few, the government in Sparta who had two kings.
Tyrant – rulers who seized power by force
Democracy – government by the people, or rule by the many
Hoplite – heavily armed foot soldiers
Battle of Thermopylae – 300 Spartans and several thousand other Greeks hold off the Persian army for a few days, but lose
Pericles – Athenian ruler who brought direct democracy to Athens, oversaw the height of Athenian power and brilliance.
Plato – “How do we know what is real?” Student of Socrates. Thought up the ideal state with three groups
Socrates – taught by using a question and answer method that allowed students to find answers for themselves. Believed all real
knowledge is already present in everyone. Sentenced to death by drinking hemlock.
Aristotle – student of Plato at his Academy, used observation and investigation. Believed in three types of gov’ts: Monarchy,
Aristocracy and Constitutional government.
Homer – Iliad and Odyssey – epic poems that try to tell Greek history and tell the story of the Trojan Horse and the story of
Odysseus
Alexander the Great – his empire, his death, his legacy(what happened once he died) – Alexander’s empire stretched from
Macedonia to modern day India. Took power at 20 years old. Great military strategist. Built the city of Alexandria in Egypt. He
died at age 32. His legacy was creating monarchies and spreading Hellenistic culture throughout his empire.
Hellenistic – “to imitate Greeks” the combination of Greek and non Greek culture during Alexander’s time.
Cliesthenes – Council of 500 – what was the result? – Created the basis for Athenian Direct democracy
Jesus – Jewish teacher who spread his ideas and teachings. Became the basis for Christianity.
Paul – apostle who spread the message of Jesus, a major figure in the start of Christianity
Simon Peter(Peter) – leader of the apostles who helped to spread Christianity
Constantine – One of the last Roman emperors, tried to save the empire with poltical and social reforms. Built Byzantium(now
Istanbul)
Diocletian – Roman emperor who tried to reform and save the empire, divided the empire up into four units when it got too big.
Senate – group of 300 patricians with lifetime terms who advised government officials, but eventually gained more power in
Rome
1st Triumvirate – Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus
2nd Triumvierate – Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Mark Antony
Republic (Senate) – to Empire (Triumvirates then Emperors)
Rome adopted art, gods, and an alphabet from what other civilization? - Greece
Praetors – judges – in charge of civil law
Julius Caesar – first dictator of Rome
Octavian – Augustus – revered one – first emperor of Rome
Consuls – highest elected office in Republic, appointed during Empire – 2 consuls each year – had veto power of Senate and other
consul
Pax Romana – approximately 200 year period of peace and prosperity under the 5 Good Emperors
Edict of Milan – statement proclaiming tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empire
Visigoths – Germanic invaders from the North – first invaders to sack Rome
Muhammad – messenger of Allah – only true prophet according to Islam
Qur’an – holy book of Islam
Mecca – city of Muhammad’s birth – holiest city of Islam
Muslim – follower of Islam
5 Pillars of Faith –
1.Belief that Allah is only God and Muhammad is his only true prophet
2. Alms giving
3.Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
4.Pilgrimage to Mecca
5.fasting during holy month of Ramadan
Monotheism/Polytheism – belief in one God/belief in many gods
Bible – Holy text for both Judaism and Christianity – Jews and Christians have different versions
Old Testament – Jewish version of the Bible – includes books before birth of Jesus Christ
New Testament – books about the life of Jesus Christ and after – combined with Old Testament make up Christian Bible
Torah – first 5 books of the Old Testament
Abrahamic Religions – Judaism, Christianity, Islam – monotheistic religions that trace roots to Abraham
Major Sects of each religion
Judaism
Orthodox
Reform
Conservative
Reconstructionist
Christianity
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Protestant
Islam
Sunni
Shia