Download Video Store Membership - Decision Table

YR 12 – HSC - 2007
Information Processes & Technology
Assessment
Task 3 – Major Project
Group, Pair & Individual tasks
Source: civicvideo.com
Introduction to Major Project
The major project in Information Processes and Technology for 2006 has been designed as a
series of related sub-projects based around a Video Store. It covers the following major
components:

Project Work

Databases

Communications

Transaction Processing, and

Multimedia
We will undertake sub-projects throughout the course of the year.
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Video Store Background
The year is circa. 1970. The initial scenario is a non-computer based video store business trading
as Jim’s Video Store. Jim Slavos runs a small video store renting videos and selling second hand
videos and a range confectionary products.
After a period of operation Jim is advised by a friend that he should get a computer to help run
the business. He buys and early model Personal Computer and some spreadsheet software called
Lotus 1-2-3 and a word processing package called WordStar.
Ten years later Jim has grown his video rental business and moved into new larger premises. He
has also established new stores in various locations but has kept Purchasing and Accounting
functions at his main store. He has also renamed the business to Very Best Videos. Jim decides to
establish a local area network and is advised to install an IBM OS/2-based Token-Ring
Networking System. The system is designed with a series of PC-based cash registers plus three
PCs in the back-office running a proprietary accounting system called VideoSales from a thirdparty software vendor. He also has decided to install Token-Ring LANs with Cash Receipting
PCs in each of his other stores.
In the early 1990s Jim’s business has expanded four-fold. He has purchased larger premises next
door. He is unable to find a better accounting package than VideoSales. However, the video
suppliers can now supply video details and promotional material in a prescribed format. The
software they require Jim to install in Windows-based. Jim has also heard about the Internet and
that most businesses today are installing Ethernet-base LANS. Jim decides to install a new LAN
but decides to keep the VideoSales running on the OS/2-based Token Ring Network.
In 2000 Jim also decides to install his own web-server to host his promotional materials and to
provide an online service for his customers using the nearby Pizza Factory delivery drivers. He
also invests in a mobile DVD store to service elderly and disabled customers.
In early 2010 Jim’s DVD ForALL is in a quandary. Over the past decade the DVD his DVD
rental business has been assailed by a host of alternate methods to deliver rich multimedia
content into the home theatre. Which direction should he go? What information technology and
systems should he be thinking of? Throughout the course of the year our major project will look
at Jim’s business from an Information Systems perspective.
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Major Project
PROJECT WORK (10%)
Circa 1970 – Jim’s Video Store
Jim runs a local video rental shop and rents out videos, mostly overnight but also weekly to the
people of Beach Town. The store also sells some videos, drinks and snacks.
Videos are purchased from the distributors for $80 each and are rented out for $4 per night, with
weeklies at $7. The shop has over 4000 video titles (up to 20 copies of some titles) and around
800 regular customers. Each video has a barcode to identify it (individually and for the title) and
each customer has a membership card which also contains a barcode.
Five years ago when the store first opened, Jim could not afford a computer and he did not
understand computerised information processing, so he set up a manual card file system to
process the data/information.
This manual system worked in the following way:
1. The new customer details were filled in on a customer record card (see diagram 1)
2. Each customer was given a membership card which contained a barcode (diagram 2).
3. When Jim purchased a video he attached a sticker to it with its title and a reference number
(diagram 3).
4. A video card (diagram 4a) was created and put in a pocket on the video case.
5. When a video was rented, the video card was taken from the pocket, the renter’s
membership number and the date were written on it and the card was put in the file box for
loaned videos (diagram 4b).
6. The number of the video and the rental date were added to the customer card (diagram 4c).
7. When the customer returned the video, the video card was put back in the pocket and the
video was put back on the shelves. The return date was checked off the customer card.
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Diagram 1: Customer Record Card
Name
I.D. No
Address
Phone
M. Delli Pizzi
1546
23 Hamilton Rd Beach Town
1234 5678
Date
Video #
Returned
Diagram 2: Customer ID Card
Membership Card
Terry’s Video Store
432 Hamilton Rd Beach Town
Phone 1223 4456
M Delli Pizzi
Membership No - 1546
Diagram 3: Video Label
Title:War Games
Number: V23435A
Diagram 4a: Video CardDiagram 4b: Rental Cards
Diagram 4c: Customer Card
with loan recorded
Information
War Game s
V23435A
Date Out
6/8/8 9
Custome r #
1546
Card
Name
I.D. No
Ad dress
Ph one
Date
6/8/8 9
M. Delli Pizzi
1546
23 Ham ilto n Rd Bea chT own
1234 5678
Video #
V23435A
Retu rned
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If a customer rang up to find out the availability of a particular video, Jim looked up the
number and checked through the box of loan cards for videos currently out.
A tally was kept of the number of videos rented in a day to check the balance of the till. Any
customer more than two days overdue in returning a video received a short, typed letter
requesting the return of the video and indicating that a fine was being imposed of $4 per day.
Jim spent hours per day putting the cards back in order in each card box, and sorting the
videos on the shelves to see the more and less popular ones. At busy times casual workers
were employed. They often lost track of the number of videos being rented because of the
number of customers.
DELIVERABLE
1.1 PROJECT WORK: Information Systems – 1
DUE DATE: Week 5 Term 4, 2005
Weighting: 10%
A. PROJECT WORK (Individual Tasks)
a. Produce a System Environment Diagram (or table) for a Jim’s Video Store
System (2%)
b. Produce a Context Diagram of Jim’s Video Store System (2%)
c. Produce a Data Flow Diagram of Jim’s Video Store System (2%)
NOTE: For information technology, identify the ‘hardware’ (non-computer-based
elements) that Jim used.
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Survey Questionnaire
A survey is a method of collecting sample characteristics, attitudes, behaviours and opinions
about something. A survey questionnaire can be delivered by mail, face-to-face or online.
Surveys are usually completed for a number of people and the responses obtained are analysed to
reveal trends.
DELIVERABLE
1.2 PROJECT WORK – Survey questionnaire: Video Rentals
DUE DATE: Week 8 Term 4, 2005
Weighting: 4%
B, SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Pairs Task)
In pairs, develop, deliver, collect and analyse a survey questionnaire about
people’s preferences in relation to video rentals.
Your survey questionnaire should collect the following data:
Respondent details: such as gender; location; age group; language spoken at home.
Current video rental patterns: number videos rented per week or month; average “spend” per
week/month; preferred categories of videos; seasonal variations in rental pattern.
Fine history: determine the average annual fines paid by the customer; what are the main
reasons for fines.
Video stores: in order of preference, ‘top three’ preferred video rental store including name of
store; location; reason for preference.
Alternate video rental models: identify and document alternative video rental models such as
Netflix Inc’s Supply Chain (www.netflix.com) (www.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/200403-225.pdf); Blockbuster Online (www.blockbuster.com) find an Australian equivalent service
and include details of this in your survey
Note: Review you survey design with the teacher prior to implementing the survey.
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PROJECT PLAN
Project Name: IPT Major Project
Overview
The IPT Major Project is a set of inter-related sub-projects, based around a video store
information system.
Aim & Objectives
The IPT Major Project is designed to cover, in a practical way, the majority of the theory
embodied in the IPT HSC course.
Direction
Using a Video Store Information System students will explore a series of tasks related to the
main theory components of the course. They will use a range of computer and non-computer
based tools to design an information system for the store as well as consider a range of social
and ethical and technical issues associated with the information system.
Deliverables
Students will produce a range of deliverables related to the project. These deliverables will be
assessed as part of the formal school assessment for the course. The deliverables of the
project may include:
PROJECT WORK

System environment diagram (or table) for a Video Store Information System

Context diagram; Data dictionary for the information system and Data Flow Diagram

Survey and interviews
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND DATBASES

Flat-file database for the information system (Excel)

Normalised database schema

Relational database for the information system (Access)
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communications network diagram (using Network Notepad)

Communications Wiki
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

System Flow Chart, Decision Table and Decision Tree

Video rental and returns sub-system (VBA)

Disaster recovery plan for the information system (including back-up plan)
MULTIMEDIA

Project Plan

Storyboard and Web site for the business (FrontPage)

Interactive multimedia information “kiosk” (PowerPoint)

Storyboard and promotional ‘video’ for the business (MovieMaker)
PROJECT RESOURCES
The major project includes individual, pair and small group tasks as well as a number of
class exercises and activities.
People
The project includes individual, group and/or pair work. Group or Pairs composition will
be advised by the teacher where required.
Time
The Major Project is designed to be completed throughout the year. Individual subprojects and tasks all have identified completion dates.
Time will be provided during class time to work on many aspects of the major project,
however, some tasks may need to be completed outside of class time.
Money
It is not anticipated that there will be any financial costs associated with any of the major
project tasks.
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Resources
The tasks have been designed to be completed using the hardware, software and
communications available within the HP-Academy Senior Computing Laboratory
(M261).
NOTE: Specific details of sub-projects may vary slightly depending on current
circumstances.
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Planned Deliverables
PROJECT WORK (10%)
%
Task
DUE
Code
DATE
6
A
Wk 5 T4/05
4
B
Wk 8 T4/05
Flat-file database
3
C
Wk 2 T1/06
Normalised database schema
4
D
Wk 5 T1/06
Relational database
3
E
Wk 5 T1/06
Communications network diagram
6
F
Wk 8 T1/06
Communications Wiki
5
G
W 2 T2/06
Decision Table and Decision Tree
4
H
Wk 3 T2/06
System Flow Chart
4
I
Wk 5 T2/06
File Backup & Recovery
4
J
Wk 7 T2/06
Project Plan
3
K
Wk 8 T2/06
Storyboard and Web site for the business
3
L
Wk 10 T2/06
Interactive multimedia information “kiosk”
3
M
Wk 1 T3.06
Storyboard and promotional ‘video’
3
N
Wk 2 T3/06
System environment diagram (or table); Context
Diagram; Data Dictionary & Data Flow
Diagrams
Survey and interviews (Pairs)
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND DATBASES (10%)
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (Pairs) (11%)
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
(Class/group activity)(12%)
MULTIMEDIA (Group Project) (12%)
Total
55
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MAJOR PROJECT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS & DATABASES (10%)
Part One
“Let’s get a computer – it will make life better!!”
Circa 1980 – Jim’s Video Store
After a period of operation Jim is advised by a friend that he should get a computer to help run
the business. He buys and early model IBM Personal Computer running an early version of MS
DOS (Microsoft Disc Operating System) and some spreadsheet software called Lotus 1-2-3 and a
word processing package called WordStar. Jim’s friend sets up the spreadsheet so that Jim can
keep track of his customers and rentals. They plan to use the word processing software to send
late fine letters to customers. They are hoping they can find a way to integrate the data from the
spreadsheet into the letters. (By the way – the COPY and PASTE command was not available in
MS DOS. Gates didn’t provide this until Windows was released).
Flat-file Database
Jim’s Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet was very similar to today’s MS Excel spreadsheet. Such
software can also be used as a flat-file database. A database is defined as an organised
collection of data. Typically the way that data is organised in a database is as a ‘table’. A set of
rows and columns. A flat-file database is a database that organises data into a single table.
Jim’s friend read the manual that came with Lotus 1-2-3 and asked Jim which way they should
store the data. Jim’s view was that the most logical way would be to create a record for each
video. Later on they can enter the details about who rented the video and when.
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DELIVERABLE
2.1 INFORMATION SYSTEMS & DATABASES – Flat-file database
DUE DATE: Week 2 Term 1 2006
C. FLAT-FILE DATABASE (Individual Task) (3%)
Use MS Excel to create a flat-file database for Jim’s Video Store using the movie title
as the basis for each record. Set up your database using the field names (u to an
including “Format”) in the Data Dictionary provided . Obtain 20 - 30 videos and
DVDs to populate your flat file database. Enter your own details as the customer.
Assign a range of rental periods and charges to various of the videos.
When you have finished put your file in the DropBox with a file name of XXX Videos
(where XXX represent your initials).
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Data Dictionary – Jim’s Video Store System
Field_Name
Type
Size
Video_ID
Text
5
Description
Unique identifier for each video. Use your initials plus a
Example
TPF001
sequentially allocated three-digit number.
Distributor
Text
20
Name of distributor
Village Roadshow
Title
Text
30
Title of movie
Wag the Dog
Producer
Text
20
Name of producer
Barry Levinson
Stars
Text
30
Names of stars
Dustin Hoffman
and Robert De Niro
Rating
Text
5
Censorship classification
M 15+
Rating
Text
30
Censorship meaning
Mature audience
only – 15 and
Guide
above years
Running
Number
2
97 minutes
Number
7
Number given by distributor to video
101138
Text
15
Shelf Category
e.g COM =
time
Distributor’s
ID
Category
Comedy; THRIL =
Thriller etc
Description
Text
250
Synopsis of movie
“Hating Alison
Ashley is a coming
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of age story
about…
Format
Text
5
VHS of DVD
VHS
Number
2
Used if you have more than one copy of the same video
1
Number
15
Universal Product Code (barcode)
9 398710 113822
Date
8
Date of rental
30 August 2005
Days Rental
Number
2
Period of rental
3 days
Return Date
Date
8
Calculated date
= Issues date + days
Copy
Number
UPC
Issue Date
rental
Fee Charged
Currency
10
Rental fee
$5.00
Membership
Number
5
Members number – use your own initials plus a numeric
TF001
#
Family
number
Text
35
Surname
Washville
Given Name
Text
35
First Name
Frank
Address
Text
100
Full details of address
73 Colwell Close,
name
Rushcutters Bay,
2118
Telephone
Number
8
Contact Number
8784 7865
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ASSESSMENT TASK 3 - MAJOR PROJECT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS & DATABASES (10%)
Part 2
DELIVERABLE
INFORMATION SYSTEMS & DATABASES
DUE DATE: Week 5 Term 1 2006
Design and produce a relational database using MS Access for Jin’s Video Store
D. DESIGNING A DATABASE SCHEMAS (Individual Task) – 4 %
Create normalised data base schema for Jim’s Video Store System:
i). Three Data Dictionaries including appropriate Primary and
Foreign Keys for Members, Movies and Videos tables.
ii). Entity Relationship Diagram for Members, Movies and
Video tables using MS Access.
E. RELATIONAL DATABASE (Individual Task) – 3%
Create a MS Access Relational Database for Jim’s Video Store.
Using the database WIZARD facility, produce and submit a database FORM,
REPORT and QUERY displaying data from the database:
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Analysis of Jim’s Video Store Information System
The external entities in Jim’s Video store system are distributors, staff and customers.
The logical data entities in this system include:

Movie Titles

Videos

Customer details
Note: We could also consider an ‘address’ as an entity as there may be many customers
residing at the one address.
There can be many video copies of a single movie title e.g. copies 1 to say 20 of Star Wars
One customer can have many movie titles on rental at any one time.
There can only be one customer associated with an individual video at any time.
Expressed another way (relationships):
o Many to one (Videos to Movie Title) (Many customers to one address)
o One to many (Customers to Titles)
o One to one (Customer to a specific Video copy)
It may be possible to simplify the approach adopted in the non-computer based system. For
instance a computer-based system might require less data stores. The way Jim set up his
system up was probably for speed in addressing customer enquiries. It is not unusual to
duplicate data if it can make processing that data faster. In a manual system, the card
system could become a bottleneck (only one person able to access the data at a time).
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
Each student is to speak to the class for three minutes addressing the following questions.
How well does a flat-file database work as the basis to run Jim’s Video Store? Is there a
better way to structure the data? Can you suggest another way we could use the
spreadsheet software to produce a better system?
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CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
Redesign the Data Flow Diagram for Jim’s Video Store so that it uses just THREE
data stores.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
Using the revised DFD you created for Jim’s Video Store, MS Excel and the data in
Jim’s Videos.xls, create a MS Excel Database that could be used as the basis for
running Jim’s video rental business.
Note: Your Excel database should contain three data worksheets (Title, Customers
and Video Rentals). You could also use a fourth worksheet as the User Interface to
the system and to do cross-sheet lookups.
Read MS Help on how to use the “LOOKUP” function for cross-sheet lookups.
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Relational Databases
A relational database organises data using a series of related tables. Relationships are built
between the tables to provide a flexible way of manipulating and combining data. Forms are
used to view, enter and change data in the tables and reports are used to display information
from the database.
The design and organisation of data in a relational database is planned using a database
schema.
Database schema
A ‘schema’ is the data definition for a database. It is an organised plan of the entire database
showing how and where the data is stored, descriptions of the data and the logical relationships
between the data. In a relational database, the schema defines the entities, attributes and
relationships.
Look at the following database:
URLS
User-ID
User_Name
Company_
Name
Address
URL
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
Joe
Joe
Sam
Sam
Jill
Jill
Jill
Tony
Tony
Tony
Tony
ABC Ltd
ABC Ltd
ABC Ltd
ABC Ltd
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
1 Work Lane
1 Work Lane
1 Work Lane
1 Work Lane
I Job Street
I Job Street
1 Job Street
I Job Street
I Job Street
I Job Street
I Job Street
abc.com
xyz.com
abc.com
xyz.com
abc.com
xyz.com
ebuy.com
abc.com
xyz.com
ebuy.com
gaggle.com
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Entities
An entity is a specific thing about which data is collected and stored. In the URLS database we
could identify the following entities:
o User
o Company
o Urls
Attributes
An attribute is a defined property of an entity. For example the attributes can identify for the
various entities are:
o USER: User_ID; User_Name e.g. 1, Joe
o .COMPANY: Company_Name; Address e.g. ABC Ltd, 1 Work Lane
o URLS: Url_detail e.g. gaggle.com
Relationships 1
Now we need to establish the relationships between the various entities using a series of
primary and foreign keys.
There can be many users at each company. There appears to be a one to one relationship
between a company and an address. One user can have many urls.
Expressed another way (relationships):
o Many to one (Users to Companies)
o One to many (User to Urls)
o One to one (Company_name to Address)
1
One to one (1:1) relationships are only used in a RDMS system in special circumstances such as when there are
more fields in the entity table than the RDMS can handle. Similarly, Many to many (M;M) relationships cannot be
modelled in most RDMS – an intermediary table (1:M and M:1) is used to model M;M relationships. Source:
http://r937.com/relational.html
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Every field in a relational database can be used as a ‘key’ field. A database ‘key’ is simply
a field that is used to sort or retrieve information. A key field can either be a single field
(such as ‘Compnay_Name”) or composite key comprising two or more fields (an example
could be a combination of “User_Name + Company_Name). Such keys (either single or
composite) are also known as ‘secondary keys’.
However, in a relational database we need to use two special keys to create the relationship
between the entity tables.
The primary key of a table must have a value (that is it cannot be empty or null) and that
the actual value of the key must be unique. This means that something like a name is not a
very good choice as a primary key as there can be many entries (records) for people with
the same name). However, a composite key such as Given_Name+Surname+
Address+Date_of_Birth might work as even if there were two John Smiths living at the
same address their different date of births would mean each composite key would contain a
unique value. To make life easier, most database management systems (DBMS) provide a
special field called an ‘auto-generated’ number as a field that can be used for the primary
key for any table entity. This field is incremented by one every time a new record is added
to the table.
The way the relationship is created in a relational database is by using the primary key
from one table as the Foreign Key of another table. This means that you need to duplicate
the attribute data from one table in the second table. By doing so, the DBMS knows you
wish to establish a relationship between the two tables.
We could create a relational database schema for our URL flat-file database as follows:
UserID
1
2
3
4
Primary
USERS
User_Name
Joe
Sam
Jill
Tony
Secondary
Key Type
Company_ID
1
1
2
2
Foreign
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Company_ID
1
2
Primary
COMPANIES
Company_Name
ABC Ltd
XYZ Co.
Secondary
Key Type
Address
1 Work Lane
I Job Street
Secondary
URLS
URL_ID
1
2
3
4
Primary
URL
abc.com
xyz.com
ebuy.com
gaggle.com
Secondary
Key Type
Relations_ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Primary
URL_RELATIONS
User_ID
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
Foreign
Key Type
Url_ID
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
Foreign
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Note the use of the URL_RELATIONS entity table. The reason for this is as a ‘rule of thumb’
of thumb you should avoid a table that his multiple similar attributes where some fields are
unlikely to be used by some USERS. In this database it is likely that a USER would want to
store many URLs. However, one user may want to store many more URLs than another user.
How many URL attribute fields should you provide? Some URL fields won’t be needed by
some USERS. What happens when a user has used all the available URL fields?
In this database tThe use of the URL_RELATIONS entity overcomes these practical problems.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
Use MS Access to create a database suitable for the users of a company to store their
URLs. Your database should include details for ten users at four different companies
and fifty URLs. One USER should have just one URL. Another two and so on so that
no users have stored the dame number of URLs.
Using the database WIZARD facility Produce a database FORM and REPORT by
USER showing company details and the URLs the user has stored.
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 NORMALISATION
Normalisation is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes creating tables
and establishing relationships between those tables according to rules designed both to
protect the data and to make the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and
inconsistent dependency.
Redundant data is data that is duplicated in a database. Every relational database will have
some redundant data. For example, we use a duplicate of a primary key field in another table
as a foreign key to establish the relationship between the two tables. But what you want to
avoid is say having the same address stored more than once in the database. If the address
changes you would need to change all instances of it. Far better to have the details stored
once.
Redundant data wastes disk space and creates maintenance problems. If data that exists in
more than one place must be changed, the data must be changed in exactly the same way in
all locations. A customer address change is much easier to implement if that data is stored
only in the Customers table and nowhere else in the database.
What is an "inconsistent dependency"? While it is intuitive for a user to look in the
Customers table for the address of a particular customer, it may not make sense to look there
for the salary of the employee who calls on that customer. The employee's salary is related
to, or dependent on, the employee and thus should be moved to the Employees table.
Inconsistent dependencies can make data difficult to access because the path to find the data
may be missing or broken.
There are a few rules for database normalization. Each rule is called a "normal form." If the
first rule is observed, the database is said to be in "first normal form." If the first three rules
are observed, the database is considered to be in "third normal form." Although other levels
of normalization are possible, third normal form is considered the highest level necessary for
most applications.
As with many formal rules and specifications, real world scenarios do not always allow for
perfect compliance. In general, normalization requires additional tables and some customers
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find this cumbersome. If you decide to violate one of the first three rules of normalization,
make sure that your application anticipates any problems that could occur, such as redundant
data and inconsistent dependencies.
Practical Normalisation Example
Let’s say we wanted to create a database of Urls the people in different companies store for
the web browsing.
URLS
User-ID
User_Name
Company_Name
Address
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
Joe
Joe
Sam
Sam
Jill
Jill
Jill
Tony
Tony
Tony
Tony
ABC Ltd
ABC Ltd
ABC Ltd
ABC Ltd
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
XYZ Co.
1 Work Lane
1 Work Lane
1 Work Lane
1 Work Lane
I Job Street
I Job Street
1 Job Street
I Job Street
I Job Street
I Job Street
I Job Street
URL
abc.com
xyz.com
abc.com
xyz.com
abc.com
xyz.com
ebuy.com
abc.com
xyz.com
ebuy.com
gaggle.com
A database ‘entity’ is a specific thing in a database about which information is collected.
Look at the above database. Identify the ‘entities’ and (attributes) it contains:
o People (User_ID, User_Name – e.g. 1,Joe)
o Companies (Company_Name- e.g. ABC Ltd)
o Locations (Address – e.g. 1 Work Lane)
o URLs (URL – e.g. abc.com)
Think about the relationships that could occur in the database. There could be many people
working at the one company (many to one); one company seems to have one address (1:1
relationship); one person could have many urls (one to many).
If there is a one to one relationship between entities the details (attributes) of the entities can
be stored in a single table. So for the above example we could consider creating three tables:
o Person
o Company
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
o Url
If we are creating a relation database we need to have a primary key for each table that is
unqiue. So are tables might look like:
USERS (entity)
User_ID (Primary key), Person_Name (attributes)
USERS
User_ID
1
2
3
4
Name
Joe
Sam
Jill
Tony
COMPANY (entity)
Company_ID (Primary Key), Company_Name, Company_Address (attributes)
COMPANY
Company_ID
1
Company_Name
ABC
2
XYZ
Address
1 Work
Lane
I Job Street
URL (entity)
Url_ID (Primary Key), Url_detail (attributes)
URLS
Url_ID
Url_details
1
abc.com
2
xyz.com
To link the tables the rule is that we need to use the Primary Key from one table as the
Foreign Key in another table to create the relationship between the tables.
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USERS
Primary
Key
User_ID
1
2
3
4
Foreign Key
User_Name
Joe
Sam
Jill
Tony
Company_ID
1
1
2
2
COMPANY
Primary Key
Company_ID
1
2
Company_Name
ABC
XYZ
Address
1 Work Lane
I Job Street
However, the problem we face in trying to link the URLs to the USERS is that there can be
many Urls for each User.
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URLS
Url_ID
1
2
Url_details
abc.com
xyz.com
User1_ID
1
1
User2_ID
2
2
UserX_ID
X
x
When we encounter this situation in a relational database design we need to create a linking
table so that the relationship between entities becomes 1:1. In this case we will call our
linking table URL_RELATIONS. This table will consist of a Primary Key we will call
Relation_ID
URL_RELATIONS
Primary Key
Relation_ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Foreign
Key
Url_ID
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Foreign
Key
User_ID
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
This way we avoid the problem of not knowing how many attribute columns to provide in
our database. Database software is designed to allow us to easily add a new record (row).
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Normalization Theory
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables in order to improve
storage efficiency, data integrity and scalability. This improvement is balanced against an
increase in complexity and potential performance losses from the joining of the normalized
tables at query-time. Well normalized data makes programming (relatively) easy, and works very
well in multi-platform, enterprise wide environments. Non-normalized data leads to heartbreak.
There are five sets of rules relating to normalization of a database. In practice, most database
designers normalize their database schema only to the second or third set of rules.
The first three normal forms (rules)
Let’s start with the following database.
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Another way this table may have been set up in say a “spreadsheet” could have been in a “threedimensional” way such as:
INVOICE
Invoice#
Cust#
Name
Addr
1001
43
Jones
121 1st
1002
1003
55
43
Smith
Jones
222 2nd
121 1st
Quant
Part
Amt
200
300
Screw
Nut
2.00
2.25
100
Washr
0.75
1
Motor
52.00
5
Brace
44.44
10
Saw
121.00
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First Normal Form (1NF): No repeating groups (attributes).
To make a table comply with the 1NF rules you need to:
 Eliminate repeating groups (attributes) in the table
 Create a separate table for each set of related data
 Identify each set of data with a primary key
As an example, it might be tempting to make an invoice table with columns for the first, second,
and third line item (see above). This violates the first normal form, and would result in large
rows, wasted space (where an invoice had less than the maximum number of line items), and
*horrible* SQL statements with a separate join for each repetition of the column.
First form normalization requires you make a separate line item table, with it's own primary key
(in this case the combination of invoice number and line number) (See below).
Primary Key
is a
composite
key of
Invoice# +
Line#
Second Normal Form (2NF): Eliminate redundant data
To make a table comply with 2NF you need to:

Create separate tables for sets of values that apply to multiple records

Relate these tables with a foreign key
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As an example, the customer information could be put in the line item table (see above). The
trouble with that is that the customer goes with the invoice, not with each line on the invoice.
Putting customer information in the line item table will cause redundant data, with it's inherent
overhead and difficult modifications. Second form normalization requires you place the customer
information in the invoice table (see below).
Third Normal Form (3NF): Eliminate data not dependent on the key
As an example, the customer address could go in the invoice table (see above), but this would
cause data redundancy if several invoices were for the same customer. It would also cause an
update nightmare when the customer changes his address, and would require extensive
programming to insert the address every time an existing customer gets a new invoice. Third
form normalization requires the customer address go in a separate customer table with its own
key (customer), with only the customer identifier in the invoice table (see below).
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
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REFERENCES
Litt S, 1996, Normalization, http://www.troubleshooters.com/littstip/ltnorm.html
Hillyer M, 1995, An Introduction to Database Normalization, http://dev.mysql.com/techresources/articles/intro-to-normalization.html
Microsoft, 2004, ACC: Database Normalization Basics,
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;100139
Wilson C, 2002, Understanding Normalisation, IPT The HSC Course, Teacher’s CD-ROM,
Cambridge University Press
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Entity
TITLE
Attributes
Field_Name
Type
Size
Title_ID
Auto-
5
(PK) 2
Description
PRIMARY
generate
KEY:
number
Unique
Example
00001
identifier for
each video.
Use your
initials plus a
sequentially
allocated
three-digit
number.
Distributor
Title
Text
Text
20
30
Name of
Village
distributor
Roadshow
Title of
Wag the Dog
movie
Producer
Text
20
Name of
Barry Levinson
producer
Stars
Text
30
Names of
Dustin Hoffman
stars
and Robert De
Niro
Rating
Text
5
Censorship
M 15+
classification
Rating
Text
30
Guide
Censorship
Mature audience
meaning
only – 15 and
above years
Running
Number
2
Number
7
97 minutes
time
Distributor’s
2
Number
101138
An alternate Primary Key for the Titles table could have been a
Distributor_Code+Distributors’_ID.
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ID
given by
distributor to
video
Category
Text
15
Shelf
e.g COM =
Category
Comedy; THRIL
= Thriller etc
Description
Text
250
Synopsis of
“Hating Alison
movie
Ashley is a
coming of age
story about…
Format
Text
5
VHS of
VHS
DVD
Entity
VIDEO RENTAL
Attributes
Field_Name
Type
Size
VideoCopy_ID
Auto-
7
(PK)3
generated
Description
PRIMARY
Example
1
KEY: Autogenerated
numebr
Copy Number
Number
2
Used if you
1
have more
than one
copy of the
same video
UPC
Number
15
Universal
9 398710
Product
113822
Code
(barcode)
Issue Date
Days Rental
3
Date
Number
8
2
Date of
30 August
rental
2005
Period of
3 days
An alternate primary key for the Video Rental table could have been UPC+Copy_Number
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
rental
Return Date
Date
8
Calculated
= Issues date +
date
days rental
Fee Charged
Currency
10
Rental fee
$5.00
Title_ID (FK)
Number
5
FOREIGN
00001
KEY being
the primary
key of the
TITLES
table
Entity
CUSTOMER
Attributes
Field_Name
Type
Size
Description
Membership_#
Auto-
5
PRIMARY KEY:
1
(PK)
Example
generated
Family name
Text
35
Surname
Washville
Given Name
Text
35
First Name
Frank
Address
Text
100
Full details of
73 Colwell
address
Close,
Rushcutters
Bay, 2118
Telephone
Number
8
Contact Number
8784 7865
VideoCopy_ID
Number
7
FOEIGN KEY
1
(FK)
being the Primary
Key of the
VIDEO_RENTAL
table
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Part 3: Communications Systems (11%)
Very Best Videos
Ten years later Jim has grown his video rental business and moved into new larger premises. He
has also established new stores in various locations but has kept Purchasing and Accounting
functions at his main store. He has also renamed the business to Very Best Videos. Jim decides to
establish a local area network and is advised to install an IBM OS/2-based Token-Ring
Networking System. The system is designed with a series of PC-based cash registers plus three
PCs in the back-office running a proprietary accounting system called VideoSales from a thirdparty software vendor. He also has decided to install Token-Ring LANs with Cash Receipting
PCs in each of his other stores.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
Use Network Notepad to draw a network diagram representing the network that Jim has
installed for his business now known as Very Best Videos..
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How to use Network Notepad
The Network Notepad is software that allows you to draw network diagrams.
Open Network Notepad from the desktop
You will see the following screen:
Select OPTIONS and tick Gridlines to display the gridlines
In this case we need to draw two token-ring LANS – one for the main store and one as an
example of a secondary store. A token-ring LAN is represented by a circle.
Select the OBJECT LIBRARIES icon:
Then select LIBRARY 2
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You will see a variety of shapes that are available for you to use. Highlight the TOKEN-RING
OBJECT:
then minimise the Object Library window.
You can then place the Token-Ring object anywhere on the grid sheet by ‘right-clicking’. If
you only need to place one instance of an object, simply press ESC break out.
Your diagram should now look like the following:
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Right click on the Token-Ring Object to bring up it’s Properties.
Then select PROPERTIES to bring up the Properties window for the object:
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
This window allows you to do a number of things including changing the size of the object
using the SCALE option and the name of the object.
In this example I have deleted the name of the object and made it twice as big.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
To MOVE the object around the grid sheet, simply hold down the SHIFT key, select the object
and move it to where you want it.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Now, let’s add the three Cash Registers. Follow a similar process to select a PC icon you can use
to represent a cash register then change it’s name.
Before we link the Cash Registers to the Token Ring LAN we will need to create a 4MB TokenRing Link type (we will assume for the moment that is the speed of the LAN).
To create a new link line type in Network Notepad, simply select FORMAT then LINK STYLES
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
This will bring up the following window:
Select “NEW LINK TYPE” and enter the name for your new link type (4MB Token Ring) then
press OK.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
In this case I have selected a purple “dash-dot-dot” line type with a width value of “4”.
Now to use the your new line type to connect the Cash Registers to the Token-Ring LAN select
the LINK icon.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Place the new square cursor above the first object you want to link (Cash Register) and LEFT
CLICK then extend the line to the second object you want to link to and LEFT CLICK to
complete the link.
Now complete your diagram:
Use the INSERT, INSERT TEXT option for captions.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Very Best Videos 1990-2000
In the early 1990s Jim’s business has expanded four-fold. He has purchased larger premises next
door. He is unable to find a better accounting package than VideoSales. However, the video
suppliers can now supply video details and promotional material in a prescribed format. The
software they require Jim to install is Windows-based. Jim has also heard about the Internet and
that most businesses today are installing Ethernet-base LANS. Jim decides to install a new LAN
but decides to keep the VideoSales running on the OS/2-based Token Ring Network.
The advice Jim receives from his network consultant is as follows:
1. Establish a new Ethernet-based Local Area Network running TCP/IP.
2. Set this up as a virtual-bus network in a STAR topology.
3. Install a 4-port network switch in each building. Set up Windows-based Cash
Registers/Rental system in the new building.
4. Set up a windows-based Cataloguing system in the old building which will continue to house
the accounts department.
5. Use a bridge to control the IP traffic between the rental System and the Video Cataloguing
system.
6. Use hubs connected to the switch in the new building to provide connectivity for a total of
seven PC-based Cash Registers ; a Rentals Server and a network printer.
7. The Cataloguing system will need three PCs , a server and a network printer.
8. Use a Gateway (TSI-IP/TR) from Total Systems Integration to connect the old token-ring
LAN running VideoSales to the new LAN.
In 2000 Jim also decides to install his own web-server to host his promotional materials
and to provide an online service for his customers using the nearby Pizza Factory
delivery drivers. He also invests in a mobile DVD stores to service elderly and disabled
customers.
Include all necessary connection and security devices to allow connection of the LAN
to the Internet.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
DELIVERABLE
3.1 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM – Network Diagram
DUE DATE: Week 8 Term 1 2006
F. NETWORK DIAGRAM (Individual Task)
Use the Network Notepad to create a network diagram representing Jim’s Very Best
Videos System in the year 2000.
Your diagram should include:
o A schematic representation of the LANs in Head Office
o A typical windows-based LAN for branch operations
o Representation of a mobile DVD store
You will need to draw on what you have learnt during your homework and lectures
about communication technologies.
You must include a key that clearly shows the TYPE of connection media (twistedpair; coaxial; fibre-optic; microwave; satellite or radio) plus the typical BANDWITH
for each connection (64 kbps; 4Mbps; 10/100 Mbps etc).
DELIVERABLE
3.2 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM – Network Diagram
DUE DATE: Week 8 Term 1 2006
G. Wiki (Group Task)
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Part 4: Transaction Processing Systems
Very Best Video - Membership Rules

To become a member of Very Best Videos you must join the store that is closest to
where you live.

Membership is by family

An additional three membership cards will be issued per family

You must have a valid credit card

Your credit card must have available credit

You must not be a previously cancelled member
DELIVERABLE
4.1 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Decision Table and Decision Tree
DUE DATE: Week 3 Term 2 2006
H. DECISINS DECISIONS (Individual Task)
Design a Decision Table and Decision Tree to cater for the membership rules of Very
Best Video
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Very Best Video – System Flowchart
Jim was getting tired of never really getting the system he expected to get. So He decided he
would write down his requirements. To check that he was going along the right track, Jim
conceived a simple cash receipting program. He wrote down what he wanted the system to do.
He then provided this information to a systems analyst/programmer he knew and asked her to
draw a system flowchart of Jim’s proposed system.
Jim’s Cash Receipting System
A supervisor uses a cash register to logon on using their supervisor ID and password. The ID and
password is checked against an ID & password database. If the supervisor inputs incorrect details
they are given the opportunity to re-enter their details. If after three attempts the supervisor has
not successfully logged in the cash register is locked-down. Upon a successful supervisor login
the Cash Receipting System made available to the supervisor.
The Cash Receipting System has two modules: Products Update and Sales.
Products Update allows a supervisor to add/change/delete product details on the Product Master
File.
Sales is a sales processing/receipting system used by a Cashier. If Sales is selected a cashier can
then logon. Similar checking as for the supervisor logon takes place.
Upon successful cashier login a Customer Receipt Screen is returned.
The Customer Receipt Screen allows the cashier to input a product code either directly or using a
barcode reader plus the number of items being sold. When the “LookUp Product” button is
clicked, the system will check against the Product master File to see that a valid product code (in
the range 120 -125) has been entered. If an incorrect code is entered the system returns the
following error message : “InCorrect Product Code –Please enter a correct code”.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
If a correct code has been entered the system should do the following:

Return the product ID; # units: Product Description; Unit Cost and Total Cost (#
units x Unit cost)

Increment the Receipt TOTAL COST by the line item total cost
This sequence can be completed for as many items as required.
When all items have been handled and the customer has made payment a receipt can be printed
by pressing the Print Receipt.
Note: All line item details as well as being written to the temporary receipt file must also be
written out to a Transaction File.
The Transaction File should consist of a header record with the following information: Cashier
Number and Date. The transaction records should consist of the following information:
Transaction Number (receipt number); Product ID; # Units; Product Description; Unit Cost;
Total Cost (= # Units x Unit Cost).
When a cashier is intending to log-off, they must first perform a Transaction Consolidation. This
process ‘cleans-up” the Transaction File to make it available for further processing by other
application.
After completing a Transaction Consolidation the cashier is presented with the option to LogOff.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
DELIVERABLE
4.2 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
System Flow Chart
DUE DATE: Week 5 Term 2 2006
I. SYSTEM FLOW CHART (Individual Task)
Construct a System Flowchart based on the information provided for Jim’s Cash
receipting System
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Very Best Video
File Back-up & Recovery
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
Develop a Data Flow Diagram for the Very Best Video’s Cash Receipting System
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
DELIVERABLE
4.3 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
File backup and recovery system
DUE DATE: Week 7 Term 2 2006
J. BACKUP & RECOVERY (Pairs Task)
Using the diagram on page 128 of Powers as a rough guide, construct a Data Flow
Diagram of a file backup and recovery system for the Very Best Videos Cash
Receipting System.
To keep this DFD manageable:
1. Show both supervisors and cashiers as a single external entity called “Users’.
2. Do not show the “Print Receipt” process.
3. Show all four datastores.
4. Use similar data flow description on all related segments of the diagram. For
instance, use the terminology “Product details” for all data flows associated
with the Products master File.
5. Show separate backup processes for each of the relevant datastores. Indicate in
the backup process name how often it is recommended backup occurs.
Consider if a backup is required for each datastore. If you decide not to backup
a particular datastore add an annotated note to your DFD giving the reason that
the datastore does not need to be backed up.
6. Use a single process called “Perform Recovery’ to restore all backup files to
their relevant live file.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Please also consider the following information:
o New users such as supervisors or cashiers are infrequently added to
system. Usually at least a month goes by where there is no new user
added.
o New products are added to the system weekly.
o A supervisor/cashier is required to perform daily consolidation of
transaction.
NOTE: It is highly recommended that you review draft of your DFD with the teacher before
submission.
.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
DVDs ForAll
The future of multimedia – a debate
In early 2010 Jim’s DVDs ForALL is in a quandary. Over the past decade his DVD rental
business has been assailed by a host of alternate methods to deliver rich multimedia content into
the home theatre. Which direction should the business go? What information technology and
systems should he be thinking of?
DELIVERABLE
4.4 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
File backup and recovery system
DUE DATE: Week 7 Term 2 2006
K. PROJECT PLAN (Group Task)
Using the diagram on
DELIVERABLE
4.5 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
File backup and recovery system
DUE DATE: Week 7 Term 2 2006
L. STORYBOARD & WEB-SITE (Group Task)
Using the diagram on
DELIVERABLE
4.6 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
File backup and recovery system
DUE DATE: Week 7 Term 2 2006
M. INFORMATION KIOSK (GroupTask)
Using the diagram on
DELIVERABLE
4.7 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
File backup and recovery system
DUE DATE: Week 7 Term 2 2006
N. STORYBOARD & VIDEO (GroupTask)
Using the diagram on
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Flat-file or Relational Database ?
 A flat file is ‘a type of database where all of the data is contained in one file (or
table)’.
 A relational database is ‘a database in which data is organised in a series of
relationships, or two-dimensional tables, where the columns (attributes) represent
data fields, and the rows (tuples) represent records. Linking of data between records
in different files is done by means of a key field’.
The relational database system itself is typically made up of:
 A database management system (DBMS): ‘the software that builds, maintains and
provides access to a database. It also provides data dictionary facilities, file
protection and security against unauthorised use’
 A database: ‘an organised collection of data items which can be accessed by a
database management system. The database may consist of several linked files (or
tables).’
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Database tables (entities) have certain properties:
 Each entry in the table represents one data item.
 The table holds data types in columns, i.e. in a given attribute all items are of the
same data type such as text or integer.
 Each column or attribute has a unique name in that table e.g. Surname.
 Duplicate rows are not allowed. Each row is identifiable by a unique key.
 Rows and columns can be viewed in any sequence at any time without affecting the
table contents i.e. sorted or rearranged.
The processes of normalisation is used to avoid problems in the database tables such as:
 Data redundancy such as multiple repetition of the same data
 Data integrity where new data is inserted in a different form to old data or old data is
only partially deleted leaving part of a record
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
ENVIRONMENT
Jim’s Video Store System
Purpose: To rent videos and sell some videos, drinks and snacks
INFORMATION PROCESSES
Establishment Phase
Collect and store customer details
Collect and store video details
Organise Customer Record Cards and Video Cards
Rental Phase
Collect and store video details, membership number and date
Analyse number of daily video rentals, balance of till and overdue videos
Collect fine details
Transmit typed overdue letter to customer
Organise Customer Record Cards and Video Cards into order
Enquiry Phase
Retrieve video details and analyse availability
Return Phase
Retrieve Customer record Card and Video Card and collect return date
Analyse overdue fine details
PEOPLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Participants:
Store owner and staff (collect and store customer and video rental details)
Users:
Customers (Membership Number)
Store owner and staff (rental and return details)
Others:
Video suppliers
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
DATA & INFORMATION
Data:
Membership Number and details
Video Number and Name
Rental Date
Overdue fine amount
Information:
Overdue letter sent to customer
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Hardware:
Cardboard for membership and video cards
Typewriter
Software:
Not applicable
Communications:
Telephone (availability enquiries)
Postal service
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
JIM’S VIDEO STORE SYSTEM
Context Diagram
Video
Video
Distri
store
butors
staff
Video ID
Vi
Rental
de
o
Video
store
custom
ers
Rent
Date
Videos
de
Cus
Price/cha
&
tai
tom
rge
Sell
ls
er
R
Det
ec
ails
ei
products
pt
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Proce
Distributors
Video
I
D
Title
#
Purch
Vidoe
Title
ID#
ID #
Custom
Overdu
e
e letter
d
Customer
Card
a
Record
e
r ID
Due
Date
Details
Regis
Card
Video
ID
er
ter
Membe
Date
Mem
r ID
bers
Date
Video Details
Video
Data Flow Diagram
e
u
t
s
Jim’s Video Store
availabl
D ry
Video
Membe
Customers
Date
Enqui
Details
ase
Title
ss
&
Proce
Proce
Custom
ss
ss
er
Renta
Overd
ls
D
a
Membe
t
r ID
e
ues
Address
Phone#
Details
Membe
r ID
Name
Members
hip
Card
Employees
`
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Analysis of Jim’s Video Store Information System
The external entities are distributors, staff and customers.
The logical data entities in this system include:

Movie Titles

Videos

Customer details
There can be many video copies of a single movie title e.g. copies 1 to X of Star Wars
One customer can have many movie titles on rental at any one time.
There can only be one customer associated with an individual video at any time.
Expressed another way (relationships):
o Many to one (Videos to Movie Title)
o One to many (Customers to Titles
o One to one (Customer to a specific Video copy)
It may be possible to simplify the approach adopted in the non-computer based system. For
instance a computer-based system might require less data stores. The way Jim set his
system up was probably for speed in addressing customer enquiries. It is not unusual to
duplicate data if it can make processing that data faster. In a manual system, the card
system could become a bottleneck (only one person able to access the data at a time).
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Movie Title Details
Distributor: Village Roadshow
Title: Wag the Dog
Producer: Barry Levinson
Stars: Dustin Hoffman and Robert De Niro
Rating: M 15+
Running time: 97 minutes
Distributor’s ID: 101138
Format: VHS
UPC: 9 398710 113822
Member Details
Membership Number: 45887
Family name: Washville
Given Name: Frank
Address: 73 Colwell Close, Rushcutters Bay, 2118
Telephone: 8784 7865
Card 1: Frank (45887-1)
Card 2: Mary (45887-2)
Card 3: Tom (45887-3)
Card 4:
Video Details
Copy Number: 1
UPC: 9 398710 113822
Issue Date: 30 August 2005
Days Rental : 3 days
Return Date: 1st September 2005
Fee Charged:
Customer ID:
A spreadsheet called ‘Jim’s Video Store” can be used to run this business
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Data Dictionary – Jim’s Video Store System
Table
Movie Title Details
Name:
Field_Name
Type
Size
Distributor
Text
20
Title
Text
30
Description
Example
Name of
Village
distributor
Roadshow
Title of
Wag the Dog
movie
Producer
Text
20
Name of
Barry Levinson
producer
Stars
Text
30
Names of
Dustin Hoffman
stars
and Robert De
Niro
Rating
Text
5
Censorship
M 15+
classification
Running
Number
2
97 minutes
Number
7
101138
Text
5
VHS
Number
15
9 398710
time
Distributor’s
ID
Format
UPC
113822
Table
Member Details
Name:
Field_Name
Type
Size
Membership
Number
10
#
Family
Description
Members
Example
45887
number
Text
35
Surname
Washville
Given Name
Text
35
First Name
Frank
Address
Text
100
Full details
73 Colwell
name
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
of address
Close,
Rushcutters Bay,
2118
Telephone
Number
8
Contact
8784 7865
Number
Card 1
Number
10
Card number
Frank (45887-1)
Card 2
Number
10
Card number
Mary (45887-2)
Card 3
Number
10
Card number
Tom (45887-3
Card 4
Number
10
Card number
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Table
Video Details
Name:
Field_Name
Copy
Type
Size
Number
2
Number
UPC
Description
Number of
Example
1
copy
Number
15
Universal
9 398710
Product
113822
Code
(barcode)
Issue Date
Date
8
Date of
30 August 2005
rental
Days Rental
Number
2
Period of
3 days
rental
Return Date
Fee Charged
Date
Currency
8
10
Calculated
= Issues date +
date
days rental
Rental fee
$5.00
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Proc
Distributors
Title
ess
I
de
D
o
De
Purc
tail
hase
s
Vido
Title
ID#
es
Title
#
ID #
Mem
d
Rental
a
Card
Custo
mer
Details
Overdu
Date
e
Mem
D
Proc
Details
Rent
&
ster
Membe
r ID
ess
Video
Regi
e letter
t
ber
Titles
Store
le
e
Video
Due
Jim’s Video
availab
Diry
u
ID
Movie
Customers
Date
Enqu
Vi
als
bers
a
Addres
t
Proc
Cus
e
ess
tom
Over
er
D
a
Membe
t
r ID
e
dues
Name
s
Member
Phone
#
Det
Membe
ship
r ID ails
Card
Employees
Simplified
Data Flow
Diagram
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Very Best Videos
Very Best Videos (VBV) is a video store chain that buys existing video stores and then converts
them to the VBV winning formula. VBV recently purchased MovieTime Video and is in the
process of converting to the VBV formula.
MovieTime Video used a simple flat-file database system (Video Database), however, VBV’s
winning formula is to use a Transaction Processing System based on a relational database model.
The VBV model is based on two elements: Members of the video store can ‘self check-out”
videos and games. However, all product sales of confectionary and second hand videos must be
taken to a VBV cashier.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Very Best Videos – Decision Tree
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
No more
Y
Cards
< 3 cards?
N Is
Y
s
Family a
Y
Member
N
?
Valid
Clos
Credit
est
Card?
Store
?
N
Advise
closest
store
N
Y
u
Declin
e
e
c
applica
a
tion
Default
r
Member ?
d
Decline
application
Y
Decline
N
N
application
In Credit ?
Y
Issue
membership
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Video Store Membership - Decision Table
Decision Table
Conditions
Rules
Closest store?
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
cards?
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Valid credit card
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
member?
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
In credit?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
application
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Issue new card
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Family a
member?
Less than 3
Defualted
Actions
Advise closest
store
Advise no more
cards
Decline
Issue new
membership
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Self-destructing DVDs to go on sale
Los Angeles
September 9, 2003
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/09/1062902027385.html?from=storyrhs&onecli
ck=true
An experimental type of DVD will begin flying off store shelves in the US today
(tomorrow AEST) - and self-destructing 48 hours later.
Walt Disney movies on disposable DVDs are set to arrive in certain US convenience
stores, pharmacies and other outlets in a four-city test of whether the limited-life DVD
can compete with the video rental store.
The red DVDs turn an unreadable black 48 hours after being exposed to oxygen, in a
process similar to the development of Polaroid film.
The DVDs, which are being distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, will carry a
suggested price of $US6.99 ($A10.82).
Some retailers are expected to sell them for as little as about $US5 ($A7.74) said Alan
Blaustein, Chief Executive of Flexplay, which owns the self-destruct technology.
The advantage to the disposable DVD format -- known as EZ-D -- is that such discs can
be sold anywhere and never need to be returned, potentially making any retailer a
competitor with Blockbuster Inc.
"It should be 'aisle two, bread, aisle 4, EZ-D,"' said Blaustein, who predicted families
would continue to rent videos and start buying the disposable DVDs as well.
Stores in Austin, Texas; Peoria/Bloomington, Illinois; Charleston, South Carolina; and
Kansas City, Missouri will begin stocking the disposable DVDs including titles such as
"Signs" and "The Recruit".
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
The plan has stirred some criticism from environmentalists such as the Alliance for Safe
Alternatives, which is asking callers to phone Disney and tell them to scrap the plan
which they say will add needless waste to America's landfills.
The plan offers some recycling and consumers will eventually be able to get a new disc
in return for six used ones, the companies said.
Although the disposable DVD format does not make it harder for digital pirates to make
illegal copies, Blaustein said the effort would also undercut the incentive by making
DVDs cheaper.
Reuters
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Marking Guidelines
Band

Processing Systems and the relationship between each of the
6
90-100
Demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of a Transaction
components

marks
Analyses a Transaction Processing System and describes complete
interdependence between the information processes

Demonstrates a high level of knowledge of ethical usage of
Transaction Processing Systems and evaluates the effect of
information systems on the individual, society and the environment

Demonstrates extensive analysis of a situation to determine a need and
develop a comprehensive and successful solution using a methodical
approach

Selects and reports on a local business

Includes comprehensive reporting of information obtained by
interviewing many people in the business

Comprehensively addresses all of activities required
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Band

5
80-89
Demonstrates a thorough understanding of a Transaction Processing
System and the need for all components to work together

Analyses a Transaction Processing Systems and describes detailed
interdependence between processes
marks

Makes informed judgments of the effects of information systems on
the individual, society and the environment

Demonstrates detailed analysis of a situation to determine a need and
develop a successful solution using a methodical approach

Selects and reports on a local business

Includes detailed reporting of information obtained by interviewing a
number of people in the business
Band
4

Thoroughly addresses most of the activities required

Clearly explains how all the components of a Transaction Processing
System work together

70-79
marks
Demonstrates a broad understanding of the relationship between
information processes within a Transaction Processing System

Demonstrates sound knowledge of the ethical usage of Transaction
Processing System and clearly explains the effects of information
systems on the individual, society and environment

Demonstrates sound analysis of a situation to determine a need and
develops a good solution

Selects and reports on a virtual business

Includes detailed reporting of information obtained from a number of
people in the business

Clearly addresses most of the activities required
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Band
3
60-69

Describes the purpose of each of the components of a Transaction
Processing System

marks
Describes the information processes within and Transaction processing
Systems

Describes basic ethical use of Transaction Processing Systems and the
effect of information systems on individuals, society and the
environment

Selects and reports on a virtual business or a case study

Includes some reporting of information obtained from people in the
business
Band
2
50 –59

Addresses many of the activities required

Identifies the components of a Transaction Processing System for a
given context

marks
Identifies information processes within a Transaction Processing
System

Demonstrates limited ethical knowledge about issues associated with
Transaction Processing Systems and identifies the effects of
information systems on the individual, society and the environment
Band

Selects and reports on a case study

Addresses some of the activities required.

Submission below the minimum standard expected
1
Below
50
marks
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
Personal Computer Timeline
1970: Intel turn a calculator chip-set into the first commercial 4-bit CPU architecture, the 4004 micro
1973; Gary Kildall writes the CP/M operating system (this was before DOS)
1974: Intel releases the 2 MHz 8080 processor, capable of directly addressing 64 kB of memory.
1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen implement BASIC for the Altair, and found Microsoft.
1978: Intel releases the 4.77 MHz 8086 processor, with 16-bit data bus, and direct addressing of 1
MB of RAM.
1979: MicroPro International releases the WordStar word processor.
1981: IBM introduces the IBM 5150 Personal Computer, with 4.77 MHz 8088 processor, 16 kB
RAM, 5.25-inch floppy drive, for US$1500. Microsoft DOS is available as an option.
1982: Intel ships the 6 MHz 80286 processor. Lotus Development announces the Lotus 1-2-3
spreadsheet software. Satellite Software International introduces the WordPerfect word
processing program for the IBM PC.
1983: IBM introduces the IBM PC/XT, with 10 MB hard drive and 128 kB RAM, for US$5000.
Microsoft announces the Windows graphical user interface for DOS.
1984: IBM releases the IBM PC/AT, with 6 MHz 80286 processor, MS-DOS 3.0, 256 kB RAM, and
1.2 MB floppy drive, for prices starting at US$4000.
1985: Microsoft ships Windows 1.0.
1986: Intel ships the 16 MHz 80386 processor. 4 MB token-ring adapter.
1987: IBM announces its new Personal System/2 computers, with VGA 256-color graphics, Micro
Channel Architecture, Operating System/2, and 1.44 MB 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.
1989: Intel introduces the 25 MHz 486 processor. 16 Mbps Token Ring
1990: Microsoft ships Windows 3.0.
1991: Microsoft ships DOS 5.0.
1992: IBM and Microsoft ship the OS/2 2.0 operating system. Microsoft ships Windows 3.1.
1993: Microsoft ships the Windows NT operating system.
1994: IBM releases OS/2 3.0.
1995: Netscape Communications releases the Netscape Navigator web browser. Microsoft ships
Windows 95. One million copies are sold in four days. Microsoft ships the Office 95
application suite for Windows 95, incorporating Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Microsoft ships
the Internet Explorer web browser.
1997: Intel ships the 200 MHz Pentium MMX processor. Intel ships the 300 MHz Pentium II
processor.
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260
1998: Microsoft ships Windows 98.
1999: Intel ships the 733 MHz Pentium III processor.
2000: Microsoft releases the Windows 2000 operating system. Intel introduces the 1.5 GHz Pentium
4 processor.
2001: Microsoft launches the Windows XP operating system.
Source : Polsson, K.R. 2005. Chronology of Personal Computers.
http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/
TPF-IPT-HSC-Sep 05 148072260