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Fusion Review Han China A. Confucianism B. Emperor Wudi C. Paper D. Limited Social Mobility E. Civil Service Examination F. Silk Road G. Status of Women in Han Dynasty H. The Five Relationships I. Status of Merchants in Han Dynasty J. Value of Horses World History/Napp It is the cornerstone of Confucianism: Emperor-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder brother-younger brother, and friendfriend – four of the five are unequal and consist of a superior and an inferior. A person must know his/her place and act accordingly. __________ They were greatly valued by the Chinese cavalry. They increased the speed by which troops could move and gave China an advantage over neighboring kingdoms. __________ It connected China to the Eastern Mediterranean coast. It allowed for the movement of Chinese goods like silk and porcelain to foreign markets. __________ He established an imperial academy to train young men for government service. He also established Confucianism as the basis for correct official and individual conduct and for the educational curriculum. __________ They had very low status because men were favored in Confucianism. Indeed, they only appeared in one relationship in the Five Relationships and then only as inferiors. ___________ It was a reason for the Chinese to become very interested in trade with Central Asian nomads. It greatly improved the Chinese military’s victories on the battlefield. ______ It was a test for government service. It was a rigorous examination but if passed, it could elevate even a poor man to high status. It was used by the Han Dynasty. _________ They had low status in Han China because they were seen as being social parasites, profiting from the work of others. ________ This philosophy encouraged inferiors to obey superiors and superiors to set good examples and lead benevolently. It was also adopted by the Han Dynasty. __________ It was an overland trading route of luxury goods that connected Eurasia. Chinese goods were transported on it. __________ Under the Han dynasty, society was divided into four main social classes. What was the lowest social class? (1) Farmers (2) Craftsmen (3) Civil servants (4) Merchants In order to enter the civil service in Han society, a man needed to: (1) serve in the army for four years (2) be related to a civil servant (3) pass an examination (4) be of noble birth Which of the following was invented by the ancient Chinese? (1) Gunpowder (2) The wheelbarrow (3) The compass (4) All of the above Who was Confucius? (1) A Legalist philosopher (2) A scholar (3) An emperor (4) A governor The concept of the “mandate of heaven” suggests that: (1) all Chinese emperors could go to Heaven (2) peasants and slaves could not go to heaven (3) heaven chose the emperors to rule China (4) all Chinese citizens could go to heaven In 139 B.C.E., the Chinese emperor dispatched Zhang Qian to central Asia to (1) open the silk roads. (2) seek allies against the Xiongnu. (3) buy large and strong horses. (4) spy on his enemies. (5) None of these answers is correct. Which of the following is NOT true with regard to the silk roads? (1) The silk roads actually had nothing to do with silk. (2) Because of the silk roads, silk garments became popular among wealthy Romans. (3) The silk roads linked much of Eurasia. (4) The silk roads also carried fine spices. Which philosophy became China’s official philosophy under Han emperor, Wudi? (1) Legalism (3) Buddhism (2) Confucianism (4) Daoism The examination system in Han China allowed for limited social mobility because (1) it allowed a man or a woman to improve his/her social status through the passing of a rigorous examination for government service (2) it only allowed the sons of merchants to take rigorous government examinations for government service but only if they could afford the fees for the examinations (3) the examination was only administered to wealthy nobles and nobility was determined solely by birth (4) depending on a person’s karma and current caste designation, a person might be allowed to take the examination for government service (5) any man was allowed to take the examination for government service and if a man passed the examination, even a poor man, he was rewarded with government service and thus rose in status but few poor men could afford the tutors and training necessary to pass the rigorous examinations and thus few poor men became government officials Chinese goods like silk and porcelain travelled on this route (1) the Silk Road (3) the Atlantic Circuit (2) the Great Wall (4) the Arctic Circle “Emperor Wudi’s government employed more than 130,000 people. The bureaucracy included 18 different ranks of civil service jobs, which were government jobs that civilians obtained by taking examinations. At times, Chinese emperors rewarded loyal followers with government posts. However, another way to fill government posts evolved under the Han. This method involved testing applicants’ knowledge of Confucianism – the teachings of Confucius, who had lived 400 years before. The early Han emperors had employed some Confucian scholars as court advisers, but it was Wudi who began actively to favor them. Confucius had taught that gentlemen should practice ‘reverence [respect], generosity, truthfulness, diligence [industriousness], and kindness.’ Because these were exactly the qualities he wanted his government officials to have, Wudi set up a school where hopeful job applicants from all over China could come to study Confucius’s works. After their studies, job applicants took formal examinations in history, law, literature, and Confucianism. In theory, anyone could take the exams. In practice, few peasants could afford to educate their sons. So only sons of wealthy landowners had a chance at a government career. In spite of this flaw, the civil service system begun by Wudi worked so efficiently that it continued in China until 1912.” ~ World History 1- Why did Emperor Wudi want job applicants for government service to study Confucianism? 2- Who could take the examination? 3- Why did few sons of peasants take the examinations for government service? 4- Why did the examination system last until 1912? 5- Was the author of the text accurate when he wrote that “anyone could take the exams”? Was there a group of people completely excluded from taking the exams? If yes, why was this group excluded? 6- Patriarchy means male dominance. In a patriarchal society, women are viewed as inferior to men. Was the examination system patriarchal? Explain your answer. 7- How did Confucianism favor men over women? 8- How did the examination system perpetuate the low status of women? Papermaking “People in ancient China wrote on pottery, bones, stone, silk, wood, and bamboo. Then, about 2,000 or more years ago, the Chinese invented paper. They began to use plants, such as hemp, to make thin paper. In A.D. 105, Ts’ai Lun, a Han official, produced a stronger paper by mixing mulberry bark and old rags with hemp fiber. The art of papermaking slowly spread to the rest of the world. First, it moved east to Korea and Japan. Then, it spread westward to the Arab world in the 700s, and from there to Europe.” ~ World History 1- What did the Chinese originally write on? 2- When did the Chinese invent paper? 3- What did the Chinese use to make thin paper? 4- How did Ts’ai Lun, a Han official, improve the making of paper? 5- Where did the art of papermaking first move? 6- How did the Europeans receive the art of papermaking? 7- Why did the art of papermaking spread? Additional Questions: How did Wudi encourage learning? What role did women play in Han society? How important were Confucian teachings in the lives of people of the Han Empire? Provide details to support your answer. Why was agriculture considered the most important and honored occupation in Han China? Review the five qualities Confucius said gentlemen should have. Write one sentence for each describing the action a government official could take to demonstrate the quality.