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Social study guide – unit 2 – The United States: Its Land and People Lesson 1 - From Sea to Sea p70-76 Landforms in the US include mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The Atlantic Ocean is on the east; the Pacific Ocean is on the west. MINERALS - a natural resource found in nature such as iron, silver, copper, or gold The Appalachian Mountains are in the east. They are old so their sharp peaks have eroded. They are rich in coal. EROSION – the wearing away of the Earth’s surface by wind, water, or ice The Interior Plains have rich soil to make it one of the best places for farming in the US. TRIBUTARY – a smaller river that flows into a larger one The Great Plains are drier and have fewer trees than the Interior Plains. The Rocky Mountains are younger, higher, and sharper than the Appalachian Mountains. PLATEAU – a high flat area that rises steeply from the land around it BASIN – a low landform shaped like a bowl that is surrounded by higher land. It’s the opposite of a plateau. Elevation maps – p77 ELEVATION – the height of land above or below sea level SEA LEVEL – the level at the surface of the sea Lesson 2 - Our Country’s Regions p78-83 REGIONS – a group of states with common features Some types of regions include geographical (sharing similar landforms and climates) and cultural (based on human features such as history, language, food, music, holidays or customs). ECONOMY – the way a region uses its resources to provide the things people need; Examples include farming and mining. AGRICULTURE – farming INTERDEPENDENT – when two or more things are dependent on each other; People from Illinois buy oranges from Florida, and people in Colorado may rely on coal from Kentucky. Lesson 3 - Our Country’s Climate – p84-91 Climate is a pattern of weather over time, or the type of weather a place usually has at a certain time of year. Elevation affects temperature. PRECIPITATION – the amount of moisture that falls to the ground as rain, sleet, snow, or hail RAIN SHADOW – the area around the side of a mountain that faces away from the ocean; it gets a lot less rain than the side of the mountain closest to the ocean LAKE EFFECT – when large bodies of water affect the climate of the land near them; Southern Michigan can grow peaches because Lake Michigan keeps it warm in winter. TORNADO – a strong wind that forms a funnel shape and moves over ground HURRICANE – a storm with strong winds and heavy rain Lesson 4 - Running a Business p92-97 A free-enterprise system allows people to make their own economic decisions such as starting their own businesses. It also allows people to decide what they want to buy. Everyone makes his/her own economic decisions in a free-enterprise system. Entrepreneurs are people who set up and run their own businesses. They take risks. PROFIT – the money left over after a business pays for the costs of running it Specialization is when in a group of people, each person is responsible for a different thing such as sales, advertising, production, and finance. INVESTOR – a person or company that puts money into a business and expects to get some profit in return; This is a risk because if the company doesn’t make money, the investor won’t get their money back. SUPPLY - the goods sold by businesses DEMAND – the rate at which consumers buy the supplies or goods from a business OPPORTUNITY COST – the choice to buy one thing at the expense of the chance to buy other things; The class could go on a field trip or buy kites but not both. Their decision was the opportunity cost. Lesson 5 - Our Economy p98-104 Scarcity is when there isn’t enough of what you need or want such as a super popular toy at Christmas time. When there is a scarcity, the price usually goes up because people will usually pay more for something they really want. PRODUCER – people who make goods CAPITAL RESOURCES – all the things that businesses use to make, produce, or transport a good or service; examples include computers, printers, machinery, and factories NATURAL RESOURCES – things businesses use that come from nature; examples include soil, metal, and oil HUMAN RESOURCES – people who work for a business; examples include mail carriers, doctors, and teachers INTEREST – a fee charged for a loan CREDIT – allows businesses and people to buy goods and pay for them later Line graphs p105 GRAPH – diagrams that show information in a clear way LINE GRAPHS – graphs that show change over time Lesson 6 - State and Local Governments p106-111 Government – the people and laws that run a town, county, state, or country CONSTITUTION – a written plan of government and its laws It divides government into three branches that work together so that no branch has total control. This system of sharing power is called checks and balances. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH – the branch of government that makes laws; usually broken into two parts: assembly and senate EXECUTIVE BRANCH – the branch of government that carries out laws JUDICIAL BRANCH – the branch of government that interprets laws VETO – to choose not to sign something MUNICIPAL – local Map and Globe Skills p112-113 GRID – lines that cross each other LATITUDE – measures how far north or south of the equator a place is; Lines are parallel to each other and measure from 0 to 90 degrees. LONGITUDE – measures how far east or west a place is from the Prime Meridian; Lines measure from 0 to 180 degrees. Lesson 7 - Our Nation’s Government p114-119 FEDERAL – national The US federal government is in charge of the military (army, navy, air force, marines, and coast guard), prints money and postage stamps, issues passports, and makes sure food and drugs are safe for people to use. DEMOCRACY – a government that is run by its people CITIZENS – people who are born in a country or earn the right to become a member of that country by law National government: Executive Branch: the President is the head and is elected to a four-year term; He/She carries out laws, leads the military, plans the national budget, meets with the leaders of other countries, and appoints a group of advisors. Legislative Branch: Congress has two parts: the Senate which has 100 senators (2 from each state) and the House of Representatives which has a number of representatives based on the state’s population. Congress makes laws and decides how much money our country will spend. Judicial Branch: The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and includes all federal courts. The Supreme Court interprets the laws of our country. RESERVATION – land set aside for use by Native Americans SOVEREIGN – independent Lesson 8 - Our Democratic Values p120 – 125 Three rights of American citizens: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Responsibilities of American citizens: to vote, to pay taxes, to follow laws, to serve on jury duty when called JURY – a group of citizens in a court of law who decide whether a person is guilty or innocent The common good is what is good for everyone. PATRIOTISM – the love and loyal support of one’s own country RULE OF LAW – the belief that laws are the highest form of government in society JUSTICE – fair treatment