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Name: _______________________________________________ B1 topic 1 questions Date: Time: Total marks available: Total marks achieved: ______ Questions Q1. The diagram shows the genetic inheritance of cystic fibrosis (CF) in a family. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by the CF recessive allele. (i) What is an allele? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a change in a chromosome B a characteristic caused by a gene C an alternative form of a different gene D an alternative form of the same gene (ii) Both parents are carriers of the CF allele. State the term used to describe an individual who is a carrier and has both a dominant and a recessive allele. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q2. The peppered moth (Biston betularia) exists in dark and light forms. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Characteristics such as colour are coded for by alleles. An allele is (1) A a single chromosome B a single gene C an alternative form of the same chromosome D an alternative form of the same gene (ii) The allele for the dark colour is B and is dominant. The allele for the light colour is b and is recessive. Complete the table to show all possible genotypes of dark moths. (2) possible genotypes of dark moths (iii) Complete the Punnett square for a cross between a moth heterozygous for colour and a moth homozygous recessive for light colour. (2) %%% (iv) Give the ratio of light to dark moths in the Punnett square in (a)(iii). (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q3. The graph shows the body temperature of 60 people. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( The range in body temperature is ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A 0.1 B 1.1 C 11.0 D 11.1 (ii) State the type of variation, shown in the graph, that results in a normal distribution curve. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Calculate the percentage of people with a body temperature of 37.5 °C. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. Q4. The photograph shows a bee collecting nectar from a flower. (a) Nectar is made from glucose produced by plants. Name the process that plants use to make glucose. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) (i) When the bee collects nectar from the flower, the plant benefits because the pollen sticks to the bee and is carried to another flower. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The relationship between the bee and the plant is an example of (1) A decomposing B eutrophication C mutualism D parasitism (ii) Some bees have evolved a new method of collecting nectar from flowers. They drill a small hole in the base of the flower and collect the nectar through the hole. This means the pollen does not stick to the bee. Suggest why this is an advantage to the bees. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Bees can sting people. State the physical barrier of the human body that would have to be broken by the bee sting. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (d) Honey produced by bees is a natural antiseptic. Describe how antiseptics can be used, during food preparation, to prevent the spread of infections. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (e) Explain how the human body uses chemical defences to prevent infections. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks) Q5. Fossils of the Cave Bear, shown in the photograph, have been found in Devon. The Cave Bear was an omnivore. It ate animals, grass and berries. The Cave Bear is classified as a member of the family Ursidae. The Cave Bear was assigned the binomial name Ursus spelaeus. Use words from the box to complete the sentence about the classification of the Cave Bear. (2) Ursus refers to the .............................................. that the Cave Bear belongs to and spelaeus indicates the ........................................... of the Cave Bear. Q6. The photograph shows the Californian puffball. This is a type of fungus. (i) Which of the following is the correct way of writing the binomial name of the Californian puffball? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A LYCOPERDON PERLATUM B lycoperdon perlatum C Lycoperdonperlatum D lycoperdonPerlatum (ii) Which row of the table shows the correct description for a binomial name? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) (iii) Describe the main characteristics of the cells of organisms in the kingdom Fungi. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (iv) Describe how organisms in the kingdom Fungi feed. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 6 marks) Q7. Both white herring gulls and (Alaskan) lesser black backed gulls are found in Britain. White herring gulls are unable to breed with (Alaskan) lesser black backed gulls. White herring gulls can breed with American herring gulls. American herring gulls can breed with (Alaskan) lesser black backed gulls. white herring gull (Alaskan) lesser black backed gull The binomial term for the white herring gull is Larus argentatus. State the level of classification that Larus in the binomial name refers to. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q8. Research shows that overweight people may develop Type 2 diabetes. Body Mass Index (BMI) can be used to identify people who are overweight. BMI can be calculated using the equation: (i) Calculate the BMI for a person who has a mass of 77 kilograms and a height of 1.6 metres. (2) BMI = ........................................................... (ii) Scientific research has shown a link between high BMI and the development of Type 2 diabetes. Describe how the scientific community would validate this research. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q9. Camels belong to the phylum Chordata. The drawing shows a dromedary camel that has the binomial name Camelus dromedaries. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The second part of the binomial name, dromedaries, refers to the (1) A class B genus C order D species (ii) State one feature that all members of the phylum Chordata have in common. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Members of the phylum Chordata can be further classified by how they regulate their body temperature. Reptiles are poikilothermic and mammals are homeothermic. Explain how reptiles and mammals regulate their body temperature. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q10. Describe the causes of variation in a population. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q11. The diagram shows a cell. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Structure P is the (1) A chloroplast B gene C cytoplasm D nucleus (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Structure Q is a (1) A chromosome B cell wall C cell membrane D phenotype (iii) A gene can exist in alternative forms. State the genetic term used for an alternative form of the same gene. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. Q12. Russula silvicola is a multicellular organism that does not have chlorophyll. State two characteristics of the kingdom Plantae. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q13. Sickle cell disease is caused by a change in one of the bases coding for an amino acid on chromosome 11. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The part of the cell that contains chromosome 11 is the (1) A cytoplasm B cell membrane C nucleus D cell wall (Total for question = 1 mark) Q14. The diagram shows a chromosome. (i) Use words from the box to complete the sentences. (2) Chromosomes have sections which code for specific characteristics. Each characteristic is coded for by a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . These exist in alternative forms called . . . . . ........... (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. In a human body cell, chromosomes are found in the (1) A cell membrane B cytoplasm C DNA D nucleus Q15. Tigers are classified as vertebrates. The binomial name for the tiger is Panthera tigris. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The word Panthera in the tiger’s binomial name refers to its (1) A class B genus C order D species (ii) State the phylum that includes mammals such as tigers. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q16. Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes. State two characteristics of prokaryotes. (2) 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. Q17. * Describe how scientists classify vertebrates into different groups. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q18. Fossils of the Cave Bear, shown in the photograph, have been found in Devon. The Cave Bear was an omnivore. It ate animals, grass and berries. The Cave Bear is classified as a member of the family Ursidae. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. All organisms in the family Ursidae belong to the kingdom (1) A Animalia B Plantae C Prokaryotae D Protoctista Q19. The photograph shows the mushroom, Russula silvicola. Russula silvicola is a multicellular organism that does not have chlorophyll. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Russula silvicola belongs to the kingdom ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A Animalia B Fungi C Prokaryotes D Protoctista (ii) Russula silvicola is the binomial name of this mushroom. Draw one straight line from each part of the binomial name to its classification. (2) Q20. All vertebrates have a backbone and are classified into groups. (i) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about one method of classification. (2) Once fertilisation has occurred some vertebrates lay eggs. Vertebrates that lay eggs are known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vertebrates that give birth to live young are known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Describe two other methods scientists can use to place vertebrates into groups. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q21. (i) The kingdom Animalia includes vertebrates and invertebrates. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Vertebrates have ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a supporting rod running the length of their body B cells that contain chloroplasts C the ability to feed saprophytically D the ability to feed autotrophically (ii) There are several groups of vertebrate. Which group absorbs oxygen using gills? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A birds B fish C mammals D reptiles Q22. John produced a key to classify organisms into their kingdoms. The names of the kingdoms are shown in the box. Use words from the box to complete the key. One has been done for you. (4) Q23. Some organisms can form hybrids. Explain how a hybrid is formed. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q24. Classification (a) Tigers are classified as vertebrates. The binomial name for the tiger is Panthera tigris. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The word Panthera in the tiger’s binomial name refers to its (1) A class B genus C order D species (ii) State the phylum that includes mammals such as tigers. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Bacteria are classified as prokaryotes. State two characteristics of prokaryotes. (2) 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Explain why it is difficult to classify some living organisms. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Describe how scientists classify vertebrates into different groups. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q25. The photograph shows a single-celled bacterium. (a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Bacteria are classified into the kingdom ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A animalia B plantae C fungi D prokaryota (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Bacteria do not contain ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a cell membrane B a cell wall C a nucleus D chromosomes (b) Viruses are not classified into any kingdom. Describe what a virus does after it has entered its host. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) All vertebrates have a backbone and are classified into groups. (i) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about one method of classification. (2) Once fertilisation has occurred some vertebrates lay eggs. Vertebrates that lay eggs are known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vertebrates that give birth to live young are known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Describe two other methods scientists can use to place vertebrates into groups. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 8 marks) Q26. Classification (a) Camels belong to the phylum Chordata. The drawing shows a dromedary camel that has the binomial name Camelus dromedaries. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The second part of the binomial name, dromedaries, refers to the (1) A class B genus C order D species (ii) State one feature that all members of the phylum Chordata have in common. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Members of the phylum Chordata can be further classified by how they regulate their body temperature. Reptiles are poikilothermic and mammals are homeothermic. Explain how reptiles and mammals regulate their body temperature. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Scientists classify organisms into five different kingdoms. Draw one straight line from each description to its correct kingdom. (2) (c) Viruses are not classified into any of the five kingdoms. Suggest reasons for this. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q27. The photograph shows the mushroom, Russula silvicola. Russula silvicola is a multicellular organism that does not have chlorophyll. (a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Russula silvicola belongs to the kingdom ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A Animalia B Fungi C Prokaryotes D Protoctista (ii) Russula silvicola is the binomial name of this mushroom. Draw one straight line from each part of the binomial name to its classification. (2) (b) State two characteristics of the kingdom Plantae. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) (i) Vertebrates belong to the kingdom Animalia. Use words from the box to complete the following sentence. (2) Vertebrates are members of the phylum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and most have a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . running the length of the body. (ii) State the structures that vertebrate organisms use to absorb oxygen from their surroundings. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks) Q28. Scientists classify organisms into five different kingdoms. Draw one straight line from each description to its correct kingdom. (2) Q29. Viruses are not classified into any of the five kingdoms. Suggest reasons for this. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q30. The graph shows the variation in height. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( The range in heights of the students is due to ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A environmental influences only B genetic influences only C environmental and genetic influences D neither environmental nor genetic influences (ii) Describe the variation in height of these students, as shown in the graph. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q31. (a) Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder. Two parents, Paul and Sue, each have the same genotype Ff for cystic fibrosis. (i) Complete the Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of the offspring of Paul and Sue. (1) (ii) State the probability that Paul and Sue will have a child with cystic fibrosis. (1) ........................................................... (b) Explain why a person can be underweight due to cystic fibrosis. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q32. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disorder. Matthew and Selina both have the genotype Ff. They are carriers of this disorder. The diagram shows how CF was passed down from Matthew and Selina to their children. (i) State the percentage of the male children with CF. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) State the genotypes of Chris and Megan for cystic fibrosis. (2) Chris .................................................................................................................................. Megan ................................................................................................................................ (iii) Explain why Matthew and Selina, who do not have cystic fibrosis, can have a child with cystic fibrosis. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 5 marks) Q33. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is caused by the inheritance of two recessive alleles. Describe the symptoms of cystic fibrosis. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q34. The diagram shows the genetic inheritance of cystic fibrosis (CF) in a family. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by the CF recessive allele. Describe how cystic fibrosis can cause problems with the absorption of food and oxygen in a person with this disorder. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q35. The diagram shows the genetic inheritance of cystic fibrosis (CF) in a family. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by the CF recessive allele. (i) Complete the Punnett square to show how cystic fibrosis is inherited if both parents are carriers (Bb). (2) (ii) Give the percentage chance of a child being a carrier of CF when both parents are carriers of CF. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q36. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by recessive alleles. The diagram shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in a family. (i) State the number of offspring in generation III who will have the disorder cystic fibrosis. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( In generation III, individual 3 is ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a carrier of the cystic fibrosis allele B heterozygous for cystic fibrosis C homozygous dominant for cystic fibrosis D homozygous recessive for cystic fibrosis (iii) Explain why both individuals in generation II must be heterozygous for cystic fibrosis. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q37. Scientists investigated one aspect of diet on the growth of six people. When the six people were babies, they had different masses of calcium in their diets. The height of each person was recorded when they were 10 and 18 years old. The results are shown in the table. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The person with the most growth between 10 and 18 years had a daily diet containing (1) A 300 mg calcium per day B 700 mg calcium per day C 900 mg calcium per day D 1100 mg calcium per day (ii) Calculate the average rate of growth per year between the age of 10 and 18 for person 3. (2) answer = ......................................................cm per year (iii) Describe the effect of the mass of calcium in the diet of a baby on their height at the age of 10 and 18. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iv) Height can be illustrated by a normal distribution curve. Give the name of this type of variation. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q38. Classification Fossils of the Cave Bear, shown in the photograph, have been found in Devon. The Cave Bear was an omnivore. It ate animals, grass and berries. The Cave Bear is classified as a member of the family Ursidae. (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. All organisms in the family Ursidae belong to the kingdom (1) A Animalia B Plantae C Prokaryotae D Protoctista (b) The Cave Bear was assigned the binomial name Ursus spelaeus. Use words from the box to complete the sentence about the classification of the Cave Bear. (2) Ursus refers to the .............................................. that the Cave Bear belongs to and spelaeus indicates the ........................................... of the Cave Bear. (c) All organisms from the family Ursidae are vertebrates. Using the information in the photograph, explain why scientists classified the Cave Bear as a vertebrate. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (d) It is thought that the Cave Bear may have become extinct due to human activities. Suggest how natural selection can result in the extinction of a species. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q39. Classification (a) All the organisms in the diagram belong to one Kingdom. (i) Which Kingdom do these organisms belong to? Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A Animalia B Fungi C Protoctista D Prokaryotes (ii) In which structure are the chromosomes of these organisms found? Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A cilia B chloroplast C flagellum D nucleus (iii) Suggest one reason why both Euglena and Chlamydomonas could be placed into the Kingdom Plantae. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) (i) Euglena is unusual because it is both heterotrophic and autotrophic. Explain how this helps Euglena to survive. (3) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A scientist discovered a new species of Euglena in boiling acidic mud in Costa Rica. Explain how this discovery could be validated by the scientific community. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 8 marks) Q40. Classification (a) The diagram shows a unicellular freshwater organism called Euglena. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Using the information above, Euglena is placed in the kingdom (1) A Animalia B Prokaryota C Plantae D Protoctista (ii) State the function of the nucleus in the Euglena. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe the function of chloroplasts in the Euglena. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iv) Explain why Euglena is a difficult organism to classify. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Explain why viruses have not been classified in any of the five kingdoms. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Mark Scheme Q1. Question Number (i) Answer Acceptable answers Mark Question Number Answer Acceptable answers Mark (ii) heterozygous Accept recognisable spelling (1) Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark (1) D Q2. Question Number (iii) Question Number (iv) D Answer Accept any two of the genotypes in any order Acceptable answers (2) Mark 1 mark for correct parental gametes 1 mark for correct offspring Answer Acceptable answers (2) Mark 2:2 e.c.f (1) Answer Acceptable answers Mark Answer Q3. (i) (ii) (iii) B – 1.1 continuous (data / variation) 18 ⁄60 (1) 0.3 × 100 = 30(%) (1) Or 0.33 × 100 = 33(%) (1) (1) (1) correct answer 2 marks (2) Q4. Answer (a) (b)(i) (b)(ii) (c) (d) (e) photosynthesis (1) C - mutualism A suggestion including two of the following: bees do not have the burden of carrying pollen (1) bees use less energy (1) bee able to fly / move more easily / aerodynamic / quicker (1) more nectar collected (1) avoiding predators (1) skin (1) A description including two of the following: can be used to wash hands (1) can be used for cleaning surfaces (1) to kill / destroy the pathogens / bacteria (1) A explanation including three of the following: acid (1) (in the) stomach (1) lysozymes (1) (in) tears / eyes (1) kill / destroy microorganisms / pathogens (1) Acceptable answers Mark (1) (1) Ignore non specific references to 'survival of the fittest' Accept "bees are lighter" Ignore: "pollen does not stick to the bee" (2) dermis / epidermis Accept: cleaning equipment Ignore "get rid of bacteria" "wipes away bacteria" "prevent the spread of infections" (1) (2) 2 marks max for listing the chemical defence method and site (mp1 – 4) Ignore "get rid of bacteria" (3) Q5. Question Number Answer genus (1) species (1) Acceptable answers Mark (2) Q6. Q7. Question Number Answer Genus Q8. Acceptable answers Mark (1) Q9. Answer (i) (ii) (iii) D species Any one from the following points supporting rod (1) notochord (1) spinal cord (1) An explanation to include two of the following points reptiles use their environment (1) mammals maintain body temperature from within (1) Acceptable answers Mark (1) backbone / vertebrae / spine they are all vertebrates (1) use the sun / shade thermoregulatory mechanism / named thermoregulatory mechanism e.g. sweat / shiver / insulation from fur reptiles are cold blooded (cannot control) AND mammals are warm blooded (can control) (1) (2) Q10. Answer A description to include two of the following: genetic (variation) (1) due to mutation (1) due to sexual reproduction / interbreeding / hybridisation (1) environmental (variation) (1) Q11. Acceptable answers Mark Accept references to different genes/DNA Accept named environmental change e.g.change in climate (2) Q12. Answer Any two of the following photosynthesise (1) they feed autotrophically (1) have chlorophyll (1) have cell walls (containing cellulose) (1) multicellular (1) Q13. Q14. Acceptable answers Mark makes own food have chloroplasts (2) Answer (i) (ii) gene (1) alleles (1) Note: these MUST be in the correct order D nucleus Acceptable answers Mark (2) (1) Q15. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Answer B Answer chordata Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark chordates accept any reasonable spelling of the term (1) Acceptable answers Mark Q16. Question Number Answer Any two of the following • unicellular (1) • do not have nucleus / DNA in cytoplasm (1) • circular DNA / plasmids (1) (2) Q17. Question Number QWC Indicative Content * Mark A description including some of the following • physical external characteristics of vertebrates such as fur/ feathers / smooth skin • vertebrates can be classed further through how they absorb oxygen • fish have gills to absorb oxygen from the water they swim in • mammals /reptiles / birds all have lungs to absorb oxygen • young amphibians have gills but adult amphibians have lungs / diffuse oxygen through moist skin • vertebrates can be classed further based on their reproductive method • external fertilisation in fish (water fertilisation usually) • internal fertilisation in mammals /birds • lay eggs in bird vertebrates / oviparous or whether they give birth to live young in mammalian vertebrates / viviparous • vertebrates can be classed further based on their thermoregulation • reptiles will use poikilothermic processes to regulate their body temperature • mammals/birds will use homeothermic processes to (6) regulate their body Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 Question Number Answer temperature No rewardable content • a limited description of one or more method of the classification of vertebrates probably limited to physical external characteristics • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple description of two or more methods of classification of vertebrates of which one must be thermoregulation, fertilisation, reproduction or oxygen absorption • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of two or more methods of the classification of vertebrates including either oxygen absorption methods, thermoregulation, fertilisation, reproductive methods with correct scientific terms included • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q18. A Acceptable answers Mark (1) Q19. Answer (i) B Acceptable answers Fungi Mark (1) Answer Mark (ii) (2) Q20. Answer Acceptable answers (i) (ii) Q21. Mark (2) oviparous (1) viviparous (1) Answers MUST be in this order A description to include any two of the following points oxygen absorption (1) reproduction (1) thermoregulation (1) gill use / lung use / skin use internal / external homeothermic / poikilothermic / cold blooded / warm blooded (2) Q22. Q23. Q24. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (b) Question Number (c) Question Number QWC Answer Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark chordates accept any reasonable spelling of the term Acceptable answers (1) Mark Any two of the following • unicellular (1) • do not have nucleus / DNA in cytoplasm (1) • circular DNA / plasmids (1) Answer Acceptable answers (2) Mark B Answer chordata Answer an explanation linking two of the following • there are variations within a species • some organisms have similar features / features that are common to more than one group / species / kingdom(1) • some closely related species can interbreed / breed with each other (1) • hybrids can be produced (1) allow references to specific organisms such as the duck billed platypus / axolotl / kiwi Indicative Content *(d) (2) Mark A description including some of the following • physical external characteristics of vertebrates such as fur/ feathers / smooth skin • vertebrates can be classed further through how they absorb oxygen • fish have gills to absorb oxygen from the water they swim in • mammals /reptiles / birds all have lungs to absorb oxygen • young (6) Level 1 0 1-2 2 3-4 3 5-6 amphibians have gills but adult amphibians have lungs / diffuse oxygen through moist skin • vertebrates can be classed further based on their reproductive method • external fertilisation in fish (water fertilisation usually) • internal fertilisation in mammals /birds • lay eggs in bird vertebrates / oviparous or whether they give birth to live young in mammalian vertebrates / viviparous • vertebrates can be classed further based on their thermoregulation • reptiles will use poikilothermic processes to regulate their body temperature • mammals/birds will use homeothermic processes to regulate their body temperature No rewardable content • a limited description of one or more method of the classification of vertebrates probably limited to physical external characteristics • the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy • a simple description of two or more methods of classification of vertebrates of which one must be thermoregulation, fertilisation, reproduction or oxygen absorption • the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy • a detailed description of two or more methods of the classification of vertebrates including either oxygen absorption methods, thermoregulation, fertilisation, reproductive methods with correct scientific terms included • the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately • spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q25. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) (b) D - prokaryota C – a nucleus A description to include two of the following points It enters / attaches to a cell (1) causes / spreads disease / infection (1) makes copies of itself (1) changes the way the cell works / changes the (cell) DNA (1) Acceptable answers (1) (1) (2) allow named cells allow "takes over the cell" Ignore "illness" multiplies / reproduces (c) (i) (c) (ii) Mark (2) oviparous (1) viviparous (1) Answers MUST be in this order A description to include any two of the following points oxygen absorption (1) reproduction (1) thermoregulation (1) gill use / lung use / skin use internal / external homeothermic / poikilothermic / cold blooded / warm blooded (2) Q26. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) (a)(iii) D species Any one from the following points supporting rod (1) notochord (1) spinal cord (1) An explanation to include two of the following points reptiles use their environment (1) mammals maintain body temperature from within (1) Acceptable answers Mark (1) backbone / vertebrae / spine they are all vertebrates (1) use the sun / shade thermoregulatory mechanism / named thermoregulatory mechanism e.g. sweat / shiver / insulation from fur reptiles are cold blooded (cannot control) AND mammals are warm blooded (can control) (1) (2) (b) (c) One mark for each correct line drawn from each left hand box Deduct each mark if more than one line is drawn from the left hand box An explanation linking two of the following points viruses are nonliving (1) viruses are not made up of cells (1) viruses do not possess any cell organelles (1) viruses rely upon a host to exist (1) (2) viruses are not alive do not have cells a named process relying on host dependence (2) Q27. Answer a(i) B Acceptable answers Fungi Mark (1) Answer Mark a(ii) (2) Answer (b) (c)(i) (c)(ii) Any two of the following photosynthesise (1) they feed autotrophically (1) have chlorophyll (1) have cell walls (containing cellulose) (1) multicellular (1) Chordata (1) backbone (1) lungs (1) gills (1) skin (1) Acceptable answers Mark makes own food have chloroplasts (2) Answers must be in this order (2) (3) Q28. Answer Acceptable answers One mark for each correct line drawn from each left hand box Deduct each mark if more than one line is drawn from the left hand box Mark (2) Q29. Answer An explanation linking two of the following points viruses are nonliving (1) viruses are not made up of cells (1) viruses do not possess any cell organelles (1) viruses rely upon a host to exist (1) Acceptable answers Mark viruses are not alive do not have cells a named process relying on host dependence (2) Q30. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark C Answer Acceptable answers (1) Mark A description including the following points: • continuous variation / data (1) • normal distribution curve (1) • correct interpretation of data from the graph (1) bell shaped curve e.g most common height range 150 – 154 (3) Q31. Q32. Q33. Answer A description including the following points reference to mucus (1) location described e.g. lungs / pancreas / reproductive system (1) consequence described e.g. breathing difficulty / infection / weight loss due to blocking of enzymes / difficulty with digestion or absorption / infertility (1) Acceptable answers Accept three symptoms described (3) Ignore: references to symptoms of sickle cell Mark Accept – airways for lungs Accept fertility problems for infertility Symptoms may include diabetes (1) malnutrition (1) incontinence in females (1) sinusitis (1) nasal polyps (1) arthritis (1) (3) Answer Acceptable answers Mark A description including three of the following points: cystic fibrosis causes thick / sticky mucus (in the digestive system and the lungs) (1) this can coat the lining of the lungs (and reduce oxygen absorption across the lungs)(1) because the surface area of the lungs are reduced (1) (the mucus can reduce food absorption) by blocking the pancreas (where enzymes are produced) (1) mucus builds up clog the lungs Ignore references to throat damage to intestine Accept other correct description of CF problem related to absorption of food and oxygen Q34. Question Number (3) the enzymes cannot then break down the foods to be absorbed (1) Q35. Question Number (i) Answer Acceptable answers Accept male gametes are reversed e.g. bB correct father gametes (1) correctly completed Punnett square (1) Question Number (ii) Mark Answer (2) Acceptable answers Mark Accept “fifty per cent” Do not accept ratios/fractions (1) Answer Acceptable answers Mark 2 / two Answer (offspring) 2 and 3 Acceptable answers (1) Mark D Answer Acceptable answers (1) Mark An explanation linking two of the following points: • two of the offspring from generation II had CF (1) • the children with cystic fibrosis must have inherited 1 recessive allele from each parent / children must have 2 recessive alleles (1) • both parents must have 1 recessive allele / be carriers of the CF allele (1) ORA if homozygous dominant then no CF offspring Ignore: references to genes ORA if homozygous recessive offspring (2) would have CF 50% Q36. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Question Number (iii) Q37. Question Number (i) Question Number (ii) Question Number (iii) Question Number (iv) Answer Acceptable answers Mark D Answer Acceptable answers (1) Mark substitution (1) (163 – 99)= 64 evaluation (1) (64) ÷ 8=8 Answer give two marks for bald answer Acceptable answers (2) Mark A description including three of the following points • at age 10 as the mass of calcium increased there is little variation in height (1) • at age 18 / when older / later in life as the mass of calcium increased height increases (1) • the effect of calcium appears to be between 10- 18 (rather than at a younger age) (1) • correct manipulation of data (1) Answer ‘as calcium increases, height increases’ give 1 mark Acceptable answers (3) Mark continuous (variation) (Allow ‘continues’ as spelling error) (1) Q38. Question Number (a) Answer Question Number (b) Answer Acceptable answers (1) A Acceptable answers genus (1) species (1) Question Number (c) Question Number (d) Mark Mark (2) Answer Acceptable answers An explanation including the following points: the Cave Bear has a backbone (1) this is characteristic of vertebrates (1) Accept vertebrae / spine / supporting rod for backbone Ignore spinal cord Accept member of chordata Answer Acceptable answers An explanation including the following points: competition for resources (such as food / shelter) / other organisms were better at competing for resources (1) increased number of predators (1) if there was environmental change the species may not have been able to adapt (1) Accept humans used caves eq Accept humans as predator/hunter Accept humans changing the environment and other species unable to adapt Mark (2) Mark (3) Q39. Q40. Question Number (a)(i) Question Number (a)(ii) Question Number (a)(iii) Question Number (a)(iv) Question Number (b) Answer D Answer controlling the cell's activities / contains chromosomes / DNA Answer A description including two of the following points • a chloroplast /chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight (1) • into glucose (1) • by photosynthesis (1) Answer An explanation linking two of the following points • Euglena contains chloroplasts (1) • which could place it onto the plant kingdom (1) • Euglena has (flagella) capable of movement (1) • which could place it onto the animal kingdom (1) Answer An explanation linking the two following points • viruses are regarded as non– living (1) • because viruses do not have a cell structure (organelles) /viruses do not convert food into energy(1) Acceptable answers Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark Acceptable answers (1) Mark Ignore references to feeding on sunlight Acceptable answers (2) Mark Acceptable answers (2) Mark (2)