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Section 1: Amniotes
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.
VOCABULARY
pulmonary circuit
ectotherm
systemic circuit
endotherm
MAIN IDEA: Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. An amniotic egg shell is semi-permeable. This means that _____________
such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the shell, but
______________ is held inside to prevent the embryo from drying out.
2. The development of the amniotic egg was an important adaptation, because it
allowed amniotes to ______________________ on land.
Complete the following sentences describing each type of membrane found within
an amniotic egg.
Membrane
Description
3. allantois
Holds _____________________________ as the embryo
grows.
4. amnion
Protects and _______________ the embryo.
5. chorion
Allows _________________________ with the outside
environment.
6. yolk sac
Contains the __________________________ for the
growing embryo.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
0
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 1: Amniotes
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Anatomy and circulation differ among amniotes.
7. Place a check mark in the appropriate box to indicate whether the following
characteristics are true of amniotes with a sprawling stance or of amniotes with
an upright stance.
Sprawling
Stance
Characteristic
Upright
Stance
a. Animals can breathe and run at the same time
because different muscle groups are used for
each activity.
b. Animals cannot run and breathe at the same
time because the same muscles are used for
both activities.
c. Less energy is used to walk.
d. More energy is used to walk.
e. The body sways side to side when walking.
f. The legs swing forward and back like a
pendulum.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
8. The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit differ. The pulmonary circuit
moves oxygen-poor / oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the lungs and
oxygen-poor / oxygen-rich blood back to the heart. The systemic circuit moves
oxygen-poor / oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
1
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 1: Amniotes
Study Guide A continued
9. Place the statements below into the Venn diagram to show the
differences between the circulatory system of a reptile and the
circulatory system of a mammal.
a. Animal can adjust blood flow in response to oxygen needs
b. Centralized heart
c. Four-chambered heart
d. Increased control over body temperature
e. Large and constant supply of oxygen available
f. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood kept separate
g. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood pumped into single ventricle
h. Pulmonary circuit
i. Systemic circuit
j. Three-chambered heart
k. Two atria and one ventricle
l. Two atria and two ventricles
Reptile Circulatory
System
Both
Mammal Circulatory
System
MAIN IDEA: Amniotes can be ectothermic or endothermic.
Complete the sentence with either the word ectotherm or the word endotherm.
10. A(n) ________________________’s body temperature is determined by the
surrounding environment, so its body temperature changes with
the environment.
11. A(n) ________________________ regulates its body temperature by changing
its behavior.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
2
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 1: Amniotes
Study Guide A continued
12. A(n) ______________________ uses its own metabolic heat to keep its
tissues warm.
13. A(n) ______________________’s body temperature stays relatively constant
all the time, because it regulates metabolic activity.
For each type of amniote, indicate whether it is an ectotherm or an endotherm.
___________________ 14. garter snake
___________________ 15. peregrine falcon
___________________ 16. your biology teacher
Vocabulary Check
Circle the word that best completes the statement.
17. The word system is part of the term systemic and can help you to remember the
difference between the systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit:
The systemic / pulmonary circuit moves oxygen-rich blood from the heart
throughout the rest of the body systems.
The systemic / pulmonary circuit takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to
the lungs.
18. The prefix endo- means “inner” and the prefix ecto- means “outer”. These two
meanings are related to the definition of endotherm and ectotherm:
An endotherm controls its temperature by regulating its metabolic energy
inside / outside its body. An ectotherm uses the inner / outer environment to
regulate its body temperature.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
3
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 1: Amniotes
Section 4: Mammals
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Evolutionary adaptations allowed mammals to succeed dinosaurs as a dominant
terrestrial vertebrate.
VOCABULARY
mammal
marsupial
mammary gland
eutherian
monotreme
MAIN IDEA: All mammals share several common characteristics.
Circle the letter, word, or phrase that best completes or answers the statement
or question.
1. A mammal is an active, ectothermic / endothermic animal with a
small / large brain. Mammals have complex / simple social, feeding, and
reproductive behaviors.
2. Select all of the following characteristics that are shared by all mammals.
a. hair
b. speech
c. mammary glands
d. bipedal locomotion
e. middle ear with three bones
f. jaw that allows for chewing food
3. Mammals have a distinct advantage over reptiles because mammals
can / cannot regulate their own body temperature.
4. Hair is a long, thin shaft of dead / live keratinized cells that grow out of a
follicle in the skin. A layer of hair helps to release / retain heat by trapping a
layer of air next to the skin.
5. What is the function of mammary glands?
a. to eliminate waste
b. to produce mammals
c. to produce milk
d. to regulate temperature
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
4
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 3: Birds
Study Guide A continued
6. Milk provides nutrients to a newborn. Circle all of the following nutrients that
are in a mammal’s milk.
a. antibodies
b. fats
c. minerals
d. protein
e. sugars
f. water
7. Place the letters for the statements below in the correct order to complete the
process diagram with details about how a mammal detects sound.
a. Nerve pulses are interpreted by the brain.
b. Sounds in the ear canal vibrate the ear drum.
c. Vibrations are converted to nerve impulses in the inner ear.
d. Vibrations are transferred through the malleus and incus bones to the stapes.
Circle the word that best completes the statement.
8. A mammal is able to chew and breathe at the same time, because a secondary
palate joins / separates the nasal and oral cavities when food is in the mouth.
MAIN IDEA: Modern mammals are divided into three main groups.
Complete the chart on the next page with the following Descriptions and Examples
of the three main groups of modern mammals.
Descriptions:
a. give birth to immature, underdeveloped live young that grow to maturity
inside a pouch
b. give birth to live young that have completed fetal development
c. mammals that lay eggs
Examples:
d. duck-billed platypus, echidna
e. human, whale, bat, elephant
f. kangaroo, wombat, koala, opossum
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
5
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 4: Mammals
Study Guide A continued
Group
Description
Examples
9. monotremes
10. marsupials
11. eutherian
mammals
Vocabulary Check
12. The word marsupial comes from the Greek word marsuppos, which means
“purse.” Draw a picture of this word origin to help you remember the meaning
of marsupial.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
6
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Section 4: Mammals