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2:1 “The Nile Valley” p. 38-46 1. 1. The Nile River *The Nile flows north to Mediterranean Sea. *the world’s longest river *2 rivers meet to form Nile River 1. Blue Nile River 2. White Nile River *Water rapids called cataracts form where 2 rivers meet. -large ships can’t navigate & must stay in last 650 miles of northern part of the Nile. 2. Geographic barriers *The Nile runs through a narrow valley. *The river fans out into a delta before reaching the Mediterranean Sea. *Deserts lie on both sides of Nile Valley. *The cataracts (rapids) on the river prevented blocked enemy boats from the south. 3. Flooding *The Nile flooded regularly. *Regular flooding prevented farmers fields from drying out. *When waters lowered, they left behind a layer of dark, rich mud. * Farmers used water from Nile for irrigation. 4. Hieroglyphics *Egyptian system of writing. *made up of thousands of picture symbols. *Some symbols stood for objects and ideas. *Other symbols stood for sounds. 5. Early Rulers *Earliest rulers were village chiefs. *Egypt was made up of 2 kingdoms. 1. Lower Egypt (at Nile delta) 2. Upper Egypt (in the south) *Narmer was first king of Upper Egypt and united Upper Egypt with Lower Egypt. *Egypt was ruled by 31 dynasties for about 2,800 years. *Egypt’s dynasties divided into 3 main time periods: 1. Old Kingdom 2. Middle Kingdom 3. New Kingdom *Each kingdom had a long period of strong leadership and stability. 2. 6. Social Classes *Top of classes: Pharaoh *Upper Class: nobles, army commanders, priests -lived in cities and large estates along the Nile -servants waited on them -dressed in linen and wore make-up and jewelry *middle class: traders, artisans, shopkeepers -ran businesses and produced goods -lived in smaller homes -dressed more simply *Lower classes: farmers, herders -majority of Egypt’s population -most worked the land of wealthy nobles -lived in villages along the Nile -lived in one-room huts *Unskilled workers: city dwellers who did physical labor -lived in small mud-brick homes with dirt floors 7. Areas of deserts *Weakness: could not support human life *Strength: kept outside armies away from Egypt 8. irrigating fields *The Mesopotamians used flood water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to irrigate fields, but the flooding was not regular. *Egyptians had an easier time using the flood waters of the Nile River to irrigate fields because the Nile flooded more regularly. 9. dynasty *In a dynasty, when rulers died power was passed from father to son to grandson. 10. 2 kinds of farmers *1 kind of farmer rented land and paid the rent with crops. *Most farmers worked the land of wealthy nobles.