Download Practice Test – Geology 106, Chapter 21 from The Changing Earth

Practice Test – Geology 106, Chapter 21 from The Changing Earth
written and formatted by Joseph Wilkinson
1. A mass extinction, thought to be related to Gondwana glaciations, occurred at the
end of the Ordovician Period, killing over _______________ families of marine
invertebrates.
2. The _______________ Period saw the advent of shelly fauna including
_______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
3. Discuss the rise of the reptiles. When and why did it occur?
4. The earliest known vertebrate was a jawless cartilaginous fish known as an
_______________, found in the Middle Ordovician _______________ Sandstone
of _______________, _____. More recently discovered fish scales from the
Upper Cambrian _______________ suggest that fish may have evolved as early as
the Late Cambrian Period.
5. Recovery from the second Gondwana extinction was rapid. TRUE/FALSE
6. The Earth’s greatest extinction occurred at the end of the _______________
Period and destroyed about _______________ of all marine species, including
_______________ of amphibians and _______________ of reptiles.
7. Permian synapsids included the orders _______________ and _______________
- specifically the species _______________.
8. Seed ferns are now completely extinct. TRUE/FALSE
9. Discuss the potential reasons for the explosion of life in the Ordovician Period.
10. The most common Ordovician invertebrates were the _______________, followed
by the _______________. The _______________ were the most important
reef builders of that period.
11. The index fossils for the Permian and Pennsylvanian Periods are the
_______________.
12. The sparse, rare Ordovician plants were replaced by _______________ during the
_______________ and _______________ Periods.
13. Gondwana glaciations caused great extinctions in the _______________ and
_______________ Periods. Only high/low latitude or deep/shallow sea
invertebrates survived the extinction (circle correct answers).
14. Name and describe five species of marine vertebrates.
15. The term “Age of Fishes” refers to the _______________ Period, while the term
“The Time of the Great Dying” refers to the extinction in the _______________
Period.
16. Many plant groups had adapted to dry climates by the _______________ Period.
17. The genus _______________ (Suborder _______________) was a link to higher
vertebrates during the Late Devonian Period. Amphibians such as
_______________ of the Class _______________, Subclass
_______________, and Order _______________ evolved from this genus.
18. Amphibians were the dominant land vertebrates during the _______________ and
_______________ Periods.
19. Define vascular plant.
20. Late Cambrian life included about _______________ families of animals. By the
Late Ordovician Period, that number had increased to about _______________.
21. The great Permian extinction was caused by a combination of factors, including
changes in the _______________, _______________, and _______________
of the oceans as well as _______________, _______________, and
_______________. These changes favored more/less mobile groups of animals.
22. The dominant predators of the Silurian period were the _______________. The
dominant reef builders of the Silurian and Devonian Periods were a) brachiopods, b)
gastropods, c) bryozoans, d) corals.
23. Synapsids were the first true reptiles. TRUE/FALSE
24. The Earth’s first land animals were _______________ Period _______________
and _______________ found in England. The first insects evolved during the
_______________ Period and were found in _______________.
25. Name and describe five specific species of vascular plants.
26. The phylum _______________ accounted for 60% of all marine invertebrate
fossils in the Cambrian Period; the phylum _______________ accounted for 20%.
Other groups included _______________, _______________, and
_______________.
27. The dominant invertebrates in the Kaskaskia Sea during the Mississippian Era were
_______________. Coral reefs are prominent in/absent from Mississippian strata
(circle correct answer).
28. Forests of vascular plants dominated the previously barren North American
continent by the _______________ Period.
29. Pennsylvanian reptile groups included primitive reptiles called _______________,
such as _______________ and _______________, as well as mammal-like
reptiles known as _______________.
30. The dominant Cambrian reef builders, _______________, are used as index
fossils for the Early Cambrian Period.
31. Name five types of vascular plants of the Silurian and Devonian Periods:
_______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
ANSWERS:
1. 100.
2. the Late Cambrian Period; cephalopods, corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, and
crinoids.
3. Reptiles evolved in the Middle Pennsylvanian Period. They had a distinct
evolutionary advantage as the first vertebrates to lay amniote eggs – these eggs’
hard shells protected them from predators and droughts, enabling reptiles to
reproduce on land.
4. Ostracoderm; the Harding Sandstone of Canyon City, CO; Deadwood Sandstone.
5. TRUE
6. Permian Period; 95%; 75%; 80%.
7. the orders Therapsida and Pelycosauria (sail-backed reptiles); the species
Dimetrodon (a Pelycosaur).
8. TRUE
9. The Ordovician Period saw the highest sea levels on Earth up to that time, the
increase of atmospheric oxygen to near-present levels, the evolution of the shelly
fauna, and an increase of predation – which hastened the evolution of new species.
10. brachiopods; bryozoans; bryozoans.
11. fusilinids.
12. vascular plants; Silurian and Devonian Periods.
13. Late Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods; high latitude or deep sea invertebrates.
14. The Agnatha – jawless, cartilaginous fish whose only living relatives are the lamprey
and the hagfish – were joined by the jawed, also cartilaginous Acanthodians in the
Late Silurian Period. The Placodermi (jawed, armored, cartilaginous), the
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish including modern sharks and rays), and the
Osteichthyes (including modern bony, ray-finned fishes) joined them during the
Devonian Period.
15. Devonian Period; Permian Period.
16. Mid-Permian.
17. Eusthenopteron; Rhipidistia; Ichthyostega; class Amphibia, subclass
Labrynthodontia, order Ichthyosteglia.
18. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods.
19. A vascular plant is a plant with a tissue system of cells specialized for the
movement of water and nutrients.
20. 150; 400.
21. changes in the size, temperature, and salinity of the oceans; climactic fluctuations,
volcanic activity, and global warming; more mobile groups.
22. eurypterids, D (corals).
23. FALSE; synapsids were not even true reptiles at all.
24. Silurian Period scorpions and millipedes; Devonian Period; Scotland.
25. Rhynia – a rootless, leafless spore-bearing plant resembling branching stems topped
with spores; Lepidodendron and Sigillaria – club mosses (lycopsids); Calamites – a
type of horsetail (sphenopsids); and Cordaites – a primitive conifer (gymnosperm).
26. trilobita; brachiopoda; archaeocyathids, mollusks, and echinoderms.
27. crinoids; absent from.
28. Devonian Period.
29. cotylosaurs; Hylonomus and Seymouria; synapsids.
30. archaeocyathids.
31. psilophytes, lycopsids, sphenopsids, seed ferns, and spore-bearing ferns.