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Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Mary Beth Braun & Stephanie Simonson)
Lesson Plans
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Goals of the Lesson:
Cognitive: Students will be able to define and explain the terms kinesiology, arthrology, myology, biomechanics, body
mechanics, ergonomics, and body awareness. They will be able to accurately describe the anatomical position and planes of
division and use directional terms and body region names appropriately. Students will be able to identify the various types of
joints, describe the movements available at each, and list examples of each. They will be able to explain the mechanisms in
the body that generate ATP, the characteristics of different types of muscle tissues, and the types of contractions. Students
will be able to identify and describe major types of body movements.
Motor: Students will be able to demonstrate with their own bodies the anatomic position and major body movements. They
will be able to demonstrate proper and improper working stances, as well as proper ergonomics.
Affective: Students will understand the importance of using proper body mechanics to prevent injury in themselves and to
provide the best possible massage they can for the client.
Learning Objectives:
The lesson plan for each objective starts on the page shown below.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Describe 10 directional terms ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Name the three main types of joints .............................................................................................................................. 3
Demonstrate at least five pairs of antagonistic body movements on self or partner ...................................................... 5
Demonstrate the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle contractions ..................................................... 6
Describe the function of proprioceptors ........................................................................................................................ 7
Name the three primary components of good body mechanics ..................................................................................... 9
Demonstrate the asymmetric stance while leaning into a partner on the massage table .............................................. 11
List at least five ways to minimize your risk for injury ............................................................................................... 12
You Will Need:
Gather the following materials and teaching aids for the following lessons:
4.6
4.7
Massage table, lotion, and draping
Massage table, lotion, and draping
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT:
PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint); SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator
(thePoint; IRCD)
Page 1
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.1
Describe 10 directional terms.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Anatomical terminology
 Anatomical position
 Planes
o Frontal
o Sagittal
o Transverse
 Directional terms
o Anterior/posterior
o Deep/superficial
o Distal/proximal
o Superior/inferior
o Lateral/medial
 Body regions
Text
page
147–
152
PPT
slide
1–9
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
4-1: Anatomical position
p. 147, PPT 4, IB
4-2: Planes of division
p. 148, PPT 5, IB
4-3: Directional terms
p. 148, PPT 7, IB
4-4: Body regions
pp. 150–151, PPT 8–9,
IB
Tables
4-1: Directional terms
p. 149
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Demonstrate the
anatomical position to the
class and then ask them to
stand and demonstrate it.
While the students are still
standing, ask them to pair
off and have one student in
each pair practice
following your instructions
using directional terms and
locate structures you
indicate. For example, say,
“Point to your partner’s
nose. Move 1 inch superior
and 1 inch lateral. What
structure are you pointing
at? Now, move 3 inches
posterior. What structure
are you pointing at now?”
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Instructor’s Notes
Outside Assignments
Have students create flash
cards for all terms listed in
Figure 4-4 on pp. 150–151,
with proper body region
names on one side and the
more familiar terms on the
other side. For instance,
write “Brachial” on one
side and “Arm” on the
other. Have them study the
cards and bring them to the
next class.
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 2
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.2
Name the three main types of joints.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Kinesiology
 Arthrology
o Types of joints
 Synarthrotic
 Amphiarthrotic
 Diarthrotic
(synovial)
o Components of synovial
joints
 Articular cartilage
 Bursae
 Joint capsule
 Joint cavity
 Ligaments
 Synovial membrane
o Types of synovial joints
 Gliding
 Hinge
 Pivot
 Condyloid
 Saddle
 Ball-and-socket
 Range of motion (ROM)
o Active ROM
o Passive ROM
Text
page
152–
156
Page 3
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
PPT
slide
10–14
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Boxes
4-1: The
temporomandibular joint
(TMJ)
p. 156
Tables
4-2: Types of joints
pp. 153–154
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Have students pair off. Call
out body regions featured
in Figure 4-4 on pp. 150–
151. Have students point to
the correct region on their
partners.
Divide the class into two
teams. Call out different
joints of the body and have
the teams compete to see
who can first identify
which type of joint it is:
synarthrotic,
amphiarthrotic, or synovial.
If it is synovial, have them
identify the correct type of
synovial joint: gliding,
hinge, pivot, condyloid,
saddle, or ball-and-socket.
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Have students research
range of motion (ROM)
stretches appropriate to use
with massage clients and
identify at least one active,
passive, or resisted ROM
stretch protocol. Have them
practice the stretch with a
friend or family member.
Ask them to come prepared
to practice the stretch on a
classmate.
Instructor’s Notes
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
o
Resisted ROM
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 4
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.3
Demonstrate at least five pairs of antagonistic body movements on self or partner.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Body movements
 Flexion/extension
 Abduction/adduction
 Horizontal
abduction/adduction
 Lateral flexion left/right
 Lateral/medial rotation
 Upward/downward rotation
 Circumduction
 Opposition
 Lateral deviation
 Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
 Inversion/eversion
 Elevation/depression
 Protraction/retraction
 Pronation/supination
 Inhalation/exhalation
Text
page
162–
168
PPT
slide
21
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
4-11: Diaphragm muscle
p. 168, IB
Tables
4-3: Body movements
pp. 163–167
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Divide the class into two
teams. Call out specific
body movements and have
the teams compete to see
who can first demonstrate
the called out movement.
For instance, call out
“Neck flexion.”
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Instructor’s Notes
Outside Assignments
Have students teach a
friend or family member
three of the paired body
movements listed in Table
4-3.
Have students pair off and
practice the stretches they
researched in the outside
assignment for Objective
4.2.
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 5
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.4
Demonstrate the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle contractions.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Skeletal muscle activity
 Static contractions (isotonic)
 Dynamic contractions
o Concentric
o Eccentric
 Extreme conditions
o Atrophy
o Hypertrophy
o Tetany
 Muscle movement and
coordination
 Prime movers (agonists)
 Synergists
o Fixators (stabilizers)
 Antagonists
 Effects of exercise on muscles
 Effects of stretching on muscles
Text
page
159–
162
PPT
slide
18–20
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
4-8: Muscle attachments:
origin and insertion
p. 160, IB
4-9: Types of
contractions
p. 160, PPT 19, IB
4-10: Biceps brachii
muscle in elbow flexion
p. 161, IB
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Demonstrate for the class
examples of isotonic,
concentric, and eccentric
muscle contractions. Then,
have them stand and
practice the contractions
with you. Then call for
volunteers to come up with
and demonstrate additional
examples of these three
types of contractions.
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Instructor’s Notes
Outside Assignments
Assign students three
different primary movers
associated with three
different movements. Have
the students identify any
synergistic muscles,
including fixators, and
antagonistic muscles
associated with this
movement. Have them
bring their findings to
class.
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 6
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.5
Describe the function of proprioceptors.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Myology: The study of muscles
 Skeletal muscle contraction
o Nerve supply to muscles
 Cervical plexus
 Brachial plexus
 Lumbar plexus
 Sacral plexus
o Neuromuscular junction
o Energy requirements for
muscle contraction
 Direct
phosphorylation
 Anaerobic cellular
respiration
 Aerobic cellular
respiration
o Proprioceptors
 Sensory nerve cells
 Respond to body
position, muscle
tone, and
equilibrium
 Muscle spindles
 Golgi tendon organs
 Ruffini end organs
 Pacinian corpuscles
Text
page
156–
159
Page 7
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
PPT
slide
15–17
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
4-5: Mechanisms for
generating ATP
p. 157, PPT 16, IB
4-6: Muscle spindles and
Golgi tendon organs
p. 159, IB
4-7: Muscle fiber types
p. 159, IB
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Have students present their
findings from the outside
assignment for Objective
4.4, related to the prime
mover you assigned them.
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Have students research on
the Internet for examples of
sports that require fasttwitch or slow-twitch
muscle fibers, and make a
list for each.
Instructor’s Notes
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics

Types of muscle fibers
o Slow-twitch
 Smaller
 Red
 Aerobic
 Slow to contract
 Less powerful
 Long duration
o Fast-twitch
 Anaerobic
 Quick to contract
 Powerful
 Short bursts
 Type IIa: pink,
larger
 Type IIx: white,
largest
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 8
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.6
Name the three primary components of good body mechanics.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Biomechanics
 Components of good body
mechanics
o Efficient structural
alignment
 Leaning
 Lifting
o Symmetric stance
o Asymmetric stance
o Ergonomics
 Equipment
 Workspace design
Text
page
168–
175
PPT
slide
22–25
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
4-12: Inefficient
structural alignment
p. 169, IB
4-13: Improper body
mechanics during lifting
p. 170, IB
4-14: Symmetric stance
p. 170, PPT 23, IB
4-15: Asymmetric stance
p. 171, PPT 24, IB
4-16: Ideal asymmetric
alignment
p. 172, IB
4-17: Walking with
stroke
p. 173, IB
4-18: Proper table height
p. 174, IB
4-19: Sitting on a chair
to conserve energy
Page 9
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Have a student volunteer
lie on a massage table in
front of the class.
Demonstrate efficient
structural alignment and
the symmetric and
asymmetric stances while
massaging the volunteer.
Materials
Massage table, lotion, and
draping
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Have students practice the
symmetric and asymmetric
stances while massaging a
friend or family member.
Instructor’s Notes
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
p. 174, PPT 25, IB
4-20: Adequate and
inadequate workspace
p. 175, IB
Boxes
4-2: Taking an
asymmetric stance next
to a client on a massage
table
p. 172
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 10
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.7
Demonstrate the asymmetric stance while leaning into a partner on the massage table.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Asymmetric stance
 Description
o One foot in front of the
other
o Front foot faces work
o Back foot is laterally
rotated
o Hips face the work
o Feet are shoulder-width
apart
o Weight on back foot
o Front foot is for balance
 Most often-used stance in
massage therapy
 May be used for pulling
 Offers more leverage than
symmetric stance
 Therapist can apply more
pressure
 Minimizes stress on body
 Maximizes pressure one can
apply
Text
page
171–
173
PPT
slide
24
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
4-15: Asymmetric stance
p. 171, PPT 24, IB
4-16: Ideal asymmetric
alignment
p. 172, IB
Boxes
4-2: Taking an
asymmetric stance next
to a client on a massage
table
p. 172
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Instructor’s Notes
Outside Assignments
Have a student volunteer
lie on a massage table in
front of the class. Have
students take turns coming
to the front of the class and
demonstrating efficient
structural alignment and
the symmetric and
asymmetric stances while
massaging the volunteer.
Materials
Massage table, lotion, and
draping
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 11
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
Objective 4.8
List at least five ways to minimize your risk for injury.
Lecture Outline
Content
 Body awareness
 Am I using my whole body?
 Is there a straight line formed
by my head, hips, and back
foot?
 Are my hips and front foot
facing my work?
 Are my wrists, hands, and
shoulders relaxed?
 Are any of my joints
hyperextended?
 Am I breathing?
 Does my body hurt
anywhere?
 Improper body mechanics
 Injury
o Commonly injured areas
 Neck and shoulders
 Wrist and hands
 Back
 Knees
 Ankles and feet
o Causes
 Sudden increase in
Text
page
175–
177
Page 12
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
PPT
slide
26–30
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
Plates 4-1 to 4-35
pp. 190–224, IB
Tables
Special muscle section
pp. 178–189
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Demonstrate some
stretches that students can
perform before and
between massage sessions
to help prevent injuries.
Then, have the students
practice the stretches in
class.
Outside Assignments/
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Assign students to work
through the Chapter
Exercises (page 225).
Ask students to work
through the Chapter 4 quiz
bank questions on the
student resource center at
the book’s companion web
site at www.thePoint.com.
Evaluation
TG: Chapter 4 Exam (50
questions: 30 multiple
choice, 10 true/false, 10
fill-in-the-blank)
Instructor’s Notes
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics
workload
Sudden decrease in
rest between
sessions
 Repetitive motions
 Nerve compression
Injury prevention
o Stretching before and
between sessions
 Breathe deeply
 Relax
 Stretch slowly to
avoid stretch reflex
 Hold stretch for 10
sec. to trigger
tendon reflex
o General guidelines
 Consistently use
components of good
body mechanics
 Rest body and hands
by scheduling
clients 15 min. apart
 Stretch before and
after sessions
 Use proper table
height
 Ensure plenty of
room around table
 Use variety of
techniques
 Be cautious with
sustained pressure
 Increase physical
fitness and


Page 13
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Massage Therapy, 3rd ed. (Braun & Simonson)
Chapter 4 — Kinesiology and Biomechanics

endurance
Get plenty of sleep
and rest
Legend: IB: Image Bank (thePoint); IRCD: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM; OLC: Online Course (thePoint); PPT: PowerPoint (thePoint; IRCD); QB: Quiz Bank (thePoint);
SRCD: Student Resource CD-ROM; TG: Test Generator (thePoint; IRCD)
Page 14
Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins