Download Fifth Period A.P. U.S. History Final Exam Review Fall Semester

Fifth Period A.P. U.S. History
Final Exam Review
Fall Semester
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By: Rudy Rodriguez
Native Americans:
Iroquois Confederacy is a confederation of 5 Indian tribes across upper New York State, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and
Seneca tribes.
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Mound builders- where people that who built mounds in a large area from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the
Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mtns.
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Columbus- was an explorer who was given permission by Queen Elizabeth the first to explore the land across the Atlantic Ocean. He
was able to settle in North America which was already settled by the Native Americans, by enslaving them and taking all their
resources for Spain. His voyages with the Pinta, Nina, and the Santa Maria modeled the future of European colonization and
encouraged European exploration of foreign lands for centuries to come.
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St.Agustine, 1565- Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorer and admiral, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, it is the oldest continuously
occupied European-established city and port in the continental United States.
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Samuel de Champlain- established Quebec in 1608.
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Impact of European culture on North America brought factors as diseases, loss of territory, loss of culture, destroyed whole
civilizations and nearly ruined others. Indian tribes came in contact with guns and many other technologies from the explorers as well.
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Impact of Native Americans on the Europeans where diseases, trading between both cultures in animals, plants, and insects, warfare
between both of them also grew.
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Spanish relations between the Native Americans were bad, spreading Catholicism and trying to obliterate Indian practices were some
of them, this was done in order to bring about peace between them.
New Mexico:
Encomienda- a labor system that was used during the Spanish colonization where the crown granted people a specific number of
Native Americans for whom they were responsible for. As well as instructing them in the Spanish language and prohibiting them from
telling other tribes about them.
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Mestizo- people of mixed European and Indigenous heritage or descents.
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Mission System- compromises a series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan order
between 1769 and 1823 to spread Catholicism.
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Popes Rebellion- was a revolt staged by the Pueblo Indians in 1680 against the Spaniards
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who were enslaving them to dig in mines for gold and silver.
Father Junipero Serra- was a Majorcan Franciscan friar who founded the mission chain in Alta California of Las California’s province
in New Spain.
French and British relations with Native Americans:
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The French told the Native Americans that they, unlike the British were there to get rich and get out, they were more interested in the
fur trading business. They took their time in learning the culture of the Native Americans.
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Algonquins- aboriginal/ first nations inhabitants of North America who speak the Algonquian language, a divergent dialect of the
ojibwe language.
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The beaver trade was an economic success between the English and the Native Americans. Rich in fur and warmth the beaver was
used for clothes and functioned as a means of alliances between the Europeans and the Native Americans.
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The coureurs de bois were French fur traders that traded weapons with Indians for beaver pelts. The Jesuits were catholic
missionaries that wanted to convert Native Americans to Catholicism. They opened schools for Native American kids.
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The British showed no kindness and no respect for the Native Americans, they did not recognize Native Americans as people. They
saw them as little, unorganized, and filthy things, they just wanted to take everything from them.
New England:
The pilgrims and the Wampanoag’s celebrated the first thanksgiving. Arriving with nothing to eat and drink the Wampanoag Indians
offered food, water and shelter, thus joining together and socializing.
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Pequot War, 1636- was an armed battle between the Pequot tribe against an alliance of the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth
colonies with Native American allies. This lead to the elimination of the Pequot as a vial polity.
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New England Confederation- was a political and military alliance of the English colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Haven,
and Connecticut. Established May 29, 1643. Purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans.
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“praying towns”- developed by the Puritans of New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert the local Native American
tribes to Christianity.
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King Phillips War, 1675- armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English
colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American
side, Metacom or Metacomet or Pometacom, known to us in English King Phillip.
Pennsylvania:
Quakers- people that refuse to pay taxes to the Church of England, don’t make alliances or oaths, and they do not believe in war.
They were persecuted by so they went to Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn in order to avoid persecution.
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Chesapeake- refers to Virginia and Maryland, the area round the Chesapeake Lake.
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Jamestown- was the first English settlement in the Americas. Founded by the Virginia Company in 1607.
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Powhatans- the chief of the Powhatan Indians.
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Pocahontas- daughter of chief Powhatan, and wife of John Rolfe.
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Anglo-Powhatan Wars- two wars fought between English of the Virginia Company, and Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy. The
first war lasted from 1609 -1614, ending with a peace treaty. Another war between the two powers lasted from 1622 to 1632. The third
War lasted from 1644-1646 and ended when opechancanough was captured and killed. The result being that a boundary was defined
between the Indians and English lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass. That situation would last
until 1677 and the treaty of middle plantation which established Indian reservations following Bacons Rebellion.
Carolinas:
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Tuscarora’s- Indian tribe that was located in Virginia and North Carolina.
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Yamasee- were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans that lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal
Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida. They were believed to have spoken a Muskogean language.
Founding of the 13 Original Colonies in order:
Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island , Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, and Georgia.
Southern Colonies (Plantation Colonies)
By: Marissa Moya
1. The founders were out to make money
2. They brought their families, and they kept their families together on the plantations.
3.Southern Colonies were almost agricultural. The main feature was the plantation, that contained many acres of farmland and buildings in which
lived the people who owned the land and the people who worked the land. (A large part of the workforce was African slaves, who first arrived in
1619.)
4. Southern plantations grew tobacco, rice, and indigo, which they sold to buyers in England and elsewhere in America.
5. The south provided raw materials and received manufactured goods from England. southerners were in debt to English merchants and bankers
(http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/13colonies2.htm)
Chesapeake: Virginia, Maryland:
1. In 1700, the Virginia colonist made their fortune from the cultivation on tobacco
2. Taxpayers paid for the support of The Church of England whether or not they were Anglicans.
3.Church membership became little since there was a lack of clergymen, and few churches kept many Vi
rginians from attending church. Religion was of secondary importance in the Virginia colony.
Joint- stock Company:
1. A joint-stock company is a type of corporation or partnership involving two or more legal persons for profit.
2.They helped finance colonists who came to America from Great Britain. In return for land to settle and passage to the "New World" and equipment,
the Joint Stock Company would take a percentage of the profit of the colony. The profit would usually be in the form of a product, like fish or lumber,
or something of value in Europe like tobacco. Any gold or silver would also become property of the Company.
Virginia Company: purpose, failures, successes:
1. It guaranteed to the overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen. Helping to reinforce the colonists' sense that even on the far shores of the
Atlantic, they remained within the embrace of traditional English institutions.
2.the mortality rate rose and the prospect for profit grew small, the support for it decreased
3. The Company was a joint stock corporation charged with the settlement of Virginia.
4. their 3 ships settled on Jamestown in 1607
5. they established the head right system
Virginia charter, significance:
1. the colonists and descendants shall enjoy all liberties.
2. allowed American colonists to believe that they were entitled to all the rights of Englishmen. their constitutional system and common law.
Jamestown (1607)/Virginia:
1. the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony
2. they landed there because the deep water channel let their ships ride close to shore
3. Captain john smith kept the colony from dissolving because it had been under attack by the Algonquian natives
Captain John Smith:
1. He became the leader and documents the Chesapeake bay area's beauty and riches
2. He was outspoken and it angered the others and he was put in prison
3. Smith was eventually elected president of the local council in September 1608
4. He instituted a policy of discipline, strengthened defenses, and he encouraged farming with this admonishment
5. his strong leadership helped the settlement survive and grow during the next year
Powhatan's, Pocahontas:
1. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the powerful chief of the Algonquian Indians
2. she saved captain john smith from being clubbed to death. her father adopted him as his son
3. The First Anglo–Powhatan War, between the Powhatan and the English colonists, lasted from 1610 to 1614. ended in a peace
John Rolfe, tobacco:
1. John Rolfe's experiments with tobacco developed the first profitable export.
2. father of the tobacco industry and an economic savior of the Virginia colony.
3. by 1612 he perfected methods of raising and curing the weed.
4. there was a tobacco rush and the colonists wanted to plant this yellow leaf
5. virginias prosperity was built on tobacco.
Africans arrive in 1619:
1. Tobacco promoted the plantation system and it demanded labor
2. After the legalization of slavery by the Virginia colony, the African population began to rise slowly
house of burgesses, 1619:
1. The house determined the eligibility of its own members, passed local laws, carried out the provisions of the governor and the charter, and
regulated taxes.
2. Governor George Yeardley immediately gave notice that the Virginia colony would establish a legislative assembly.
3. Only white men who owned a specific amount of property were eligible to vote for Burgesses.
Charter revoked in 1624, James I:
1. he detested tobacco and he distrusted the rep. house of burgesses.
2. revoked charter of bankrupt and beleaguered Virginia company, making Virginia a royal colony under his control
Bacon's Rebellion, 1676: Governor Berkeley:
1. thousand Virginians broke out of control led by Nathaniel bacon.
2. many of them were frontiersmen who had been forced into the back country in search of arable land.
3. they resented Berkeley's friendly policies toward the Indians and chased him from Jamestown
Maryland (1634):
1. founded by lord Baltimore of a prominent English catholic family
2. venture to reap financial profits and create a refuge for his fellow catholics
3. it grew by the cultivation of tobacco
4. they accepted Christians but not Jews or atheists
Lord Baltimore (calvert):
1. Sir George Calvert has been alluded to as the founder of Maryland
2. he was commissioned one of the principal Secretaries of State
Act of Toleration(1649):
1. Lord Baltimore created a Toleration Act of 1649, which was also known as the Act Concerning Religion, to attempt to reduce conflicts among the
two religious groups. (catholics and protestants)
2. The Toleration Act of 1649 made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians and was the first law supporting religious tolerance passed
in the English colonies.
Headright system, indentured servants:
1. In 1618, the headright system was introduced as a means to solve the labor shortage.
2. Wealthy individuals could accumulate headrights by paying for the passage of poor individuals. Most of the workers who entered Virginia under
this arrangement came as indentured servants- people who paid for their transportation by pledging to perform five to seven years of labor for the
landowner.
Restoration colonies, Charles II:
1. English settlement of North America was seriously curtailed by the conflict between king and Parliament that led to the English Civil War and the
rule of Oliver Cromwell
2. Once the monarchy was restored under Charles II, however, colonization resumed. The Restoration Colonies were all proprietorships granted by
Charles to men who had helped him reclaim the throne
Carolinas 1670, split in 1712:
1. Colonists living in Carolina needed a cash crop They tried growing tobacco, silk, grapes, and cotton. They had more success raising cattle and
hunting animals for their fur
2. In 1712, Carolina was separated into the two colonies of North and South Carolina North Carolina continued to be a colony of small farms.
But South Carolina developed large plantations. As the plantations grew in size, South Carolina didn't have enough plantation workers. To solve this
problem, South Carolina brought slaves from Africa to work the plantations.
Charleston (Charles town):
1. Charles town became the busiest seaport in the south
2. many high- spirited sons of English landed families, deprived of an inheritance, came to the Charleston are and gave a aristocratic flavor
3. the village became a diverse community to which French protestant refugees and others were attracted by religious toleration
Impact of British West Indies, Barbados:
1.sugar formed the foundation of the west Indian economy
2. the need for land and for labor to clear it and to run the mills made sugar cultivation a capital intensive business. Only wealthy growers with
abundant capital to invest could succeed in sugar
3. the Barbados slave code of 1661 denied the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters complete control
Middle passage:
1. the journey of slave trading ships from the west coast of Africa
2. carried both infectious disease and death
Slave codes:
1. made blacks and their children the property for life of their white masters
2, slavery had begun for economic reasons but by the 17th century, there was racial discrimination that molded the american slave system
rice and indigo:
1. rice was the principal export crop in Carolina. West African slaves experienced in rice cultivation. their agricultural skill made them
ideal laborers on the rice plantations
2.Indigo was used primarily for dyeing textiles, but also was useful as paint, cosmetics and for cleaning wounds.
stono rebellion 1739:
1. 20 black slaves met in secret near the Stono River in South Carolina to plan their escape to freedom.
2. The group of slaves grew in number as they headed south. Stono's Rebellion, the largest slave uprising in the Colonies
Differences between North and South Carolina:
1. North Carolina remained primarily a region of small farms and factories heavily dependent on just a few labor-intensive crops
2. The southern colonies were primarily farmers on large plantations
Georgia 1733: reasons, successes:
1. established by James Oglethorpe. he wanted to establish a colony to have better lives
2.debtors colony. he wanted the debtors to have a place to start over
James oglethorpe: founder of georgia
Southern class structure:
1. In the early 1600s, most southern colonists lived in utter poverty, and men outnumbered women three to one. Southern colonists suffered high
mortality rates because of the many mosquito-born illnesses that plagued the land. As a result, the average southern man could expect to live only
forty years, while southern women usually did not live past their late thirties. Moreover, one-quarter of all children born in the southern colonies died
in infancy, and half died before they reached adulthood. Most southern colonists lived in remote areas on farms or plantations with their families,
extended relatives, friends, and slaves. The Anglican religion dominated the region, although most southerners did not attend church regularly, if at
all.
By the 1700s, life had settled down for the southern colonists, and more rigid social classes had formed. A gentry, or wealthy upper class, emerged
and built large plantation homes in an attempt to imitate the lives of the English upper crust. Many of the plantation owners relied heavily on credit to
maintain their leisurely lifestyles.
By: Sparknotes.com
Anglican Church:
1. The church of England became the official faith.
2. The anglican church clung to a faith that was less fierce and more worldly
3. sermons were shorter, hell was less scorching and amusements were less scorned
Early New England (Protestant Reformation to impact of the English Civil War)
By Gabby Lazcano
•Protestant reformation, Martin Luther: he was a German monk in the year 1500. he wrote his famous 95 thesis which said that the Christian church
should reform and it stressed these points…
-people could only win salvation by faith and gods forgiveness
- the pope was false and the bible ruled
-people did not need bishops or poses to read the bible(interpret) when it was not necessary
He inspired an entire generation of people to break away from the Catholic Church
He also broke away from the catholic church and created his own called the protestants
•John Calvin & institutes of the Christian Religion: he wrote that all human beings have the right to life, liberty, and property and that the government
should protect all those things, he believed that the government was based upon social contract. The institutes of the Christina religion was written
by john calvin it’s highly influential in the western world & it was written as an introduction to the protestant bible
• Predestination: the believe that God had already chosen if you were going to hell or heaven since the day you were born, John calvin supported
this; also known as Calvinism
• church of England( the Anglican church): this was founded by King Henry VIII this included both roman Catholic and pedestrian Ideas. This also
links with martin luthers’ thesis 95 thesis. King Henry the 8th broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1530’s .
•pilgrims: wanted to separate from the catholic church of England . They joined the protestant church. The pilgrims also created a movement called
the great migration where thousands of them traveled to the new world and created the famous “ 13 original colonies” . they were also known as
puritans because the wanted to purify the church of England with their own ideas. The first colony the pilgrims founded was in Rhode Island by
Thomas Hooker
• Plymouth colony: was the first colony established in Massachusetts the first permanent American colony, it was named by captain John smith.
Founded on sep 1620. that first winters nearly half of the settlers died because of the poor conditions. The mayflower compact was signed by all the
man on board.
•John Robinson: was the pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers also one of the early leaders of the separatists. Regarded as one of the founders of the
congregational church. Died in 1626 this prevented him to come to the new world. He wrote a farewell letter to the pilgrims.
•separatist & non separatists: Puritanism wanted to replace what the Anglican Church had stated and over the yrs the puritans developed into 2
different things; the separatist & the non separatists. The separatist considered outside bodies as unnecessary & the non separatist did not condemn
the Church of England.
•Mayflower compact: it was the first agreement of the American settlers n the new world & it was for self government. This was only signed by the 41
men in the mayflower to set up the colony in the Plymouth Government.
•thanksgiving: before this the Native Americans had helped the new colonist plant food & such so they made a day to give thanks. Between the
pilgrims the settlers of Plymouth & the Wampanoag Indians. The celebration of their successful harvest. This created peace with the settlers &
Indians
•massasoit: Native American he was the leader of the Wampanoag Confederacy. The Massasoit prevented the failure of the Plymouth colon.
Massachusetts Bay colony : the new england church gave the colonist a grant to establish a colony
Early New England (John Winthrop to Protestant Work Ethic)
By: Alexis Lopez
Protestant Reformation: A political and religious development in the sixteenth century. Roman catholic churches felt they had unique authority over
other religions. Was ran by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power over the churches.
Martin Luther: Martin Luther ran the Protestant Reformation. Luther was a monk from Germany. He thought the Roman Catholic Church was
corrupt and that it needed to be reformed. He wanted the church to become less greedy, fairer, and accessible to all people.
John Calvin: Was influential during the Protestant Reformation. He developed a system of Christian theology called "Calvinism". Calvin created the
institutes of the Calvin Religion.
Institutes of the Christian Religion: A religious book created by John Calvin. Talks about his life and beliefs. Calvin believed that Christiand should
be settled and learn about their faith. Begins with wisdom, knowledge of God, Teaching the scripture, God, creatures of God, Providence, and Man.
A theology book.
Predistination: A belief that all people are determined for after death before they are even born. Believed god determined everyone's destined
destination before the creation of the universe.Was taught by John Calvin.
The "Elect": Only sings of the elect were atoned by Jesus's death. Calvinists hold that the atonement is sufficient for all and efficient for the elect
only.
Church of Englad( Angelican Church) : Was first established in Englad as a christian church. Is both catholic and reformed. Was created by the
King who was not allowed to divorce his wife. He then went and created the Church of England. Believed in God and freedom.
Pilgrims(Seperatists) : The seperatists were known as pilgrims because they were "strangers" to the new colony. Were known as pilgrims because
they voyaged for religious belief.
Reasons for Leaving: Seperatists left to Holland (1608) because of the potato crop failure and for religious freedom. 1620, seperatists wanted to
move to the Americas for religious freedom. Seperatists feared that their children were growing up like the kids of Holland. Seperatists moved their
families to America to raise their kids and to have religious freedom from the Church of England.
Plymouth Colony: A group of 101 colonists left England for the Virginia Colony during September 1620. The colonists had agreed to work for the
Virginia Company to pay for the cost of their voyage. Half of the people on board of the Mayflower were seperatists. A terrible storm occured during
the voyage leading to a landing away from the Virginia Colony. On December 21,1620 they landed in Cod Massachussets. The colony became
known as the Plymouth colony.
John Robinson: Was a pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers. Was a leader of the English Seperatists and minister for the pilgrims. Robinson is considered
to be one of the founders of the Congregational Church.
Seperatists: Seperatists are known for seperating from the Church of England. Seperatists had seperated and went to America during the 1620s for
religious freedom.
Non-Seperatists were Puritans who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They lived in the Massachusetts Bay area because it
was given by the King.
Mayflower Compact: Was created during 1620 when the voyage with the seperatists was landed astray from the Virginia Colony. It was the first
agreement for self-goverment in America. 41 men on the Mayflower voyage sighned it. This set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Thanksgiving: The first winter for the pilgrims were hard. Samoset from the Wampanaog Tribe brought an indian named Squanto. Squanto knew
english so he became the colonists interprator. He taught the colonists how to fish and plant. 1621, the colonists had their first harvest. For
celebration the governor invited the Wampanoag Indians and had the first thanksgiving. The feasting lasted for three days.
William Bradford: William Bradford governed the pilgrims at the Plymouth Colony. He ordered a thanksgiving for the new harvest. He was elected
30 times to be governor. Published the "Of Plymouth Plantation".
Puritans: Puritans had no intention of breaking with the Angelican church. Puritans considered religion a very complex, subtle, and highly intellectual
affair.Believed that they had to have knowledge of the scripture and divinity.
Great Migration: Puritans came from England in the 1630s and by 1643 there were more than 20,000 Puritans arrived Massachusetts, in what is
called the Great Migration.Puritans also settled in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia during the colonial period.
Impact of English Civil War: Civil war had helped cause a reconstruction period, new amendments, stuggles throughout the economy, and a need
for congressional reconstruciton as well as presidential. Had caused slavery to end and the south to succeed from the Union. Post war were severe
in the south due to burning of buildings and homes. Tracks were destroyed, with land and equitment destroyed.
Interregnum: The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor.
John Winthrop: Model of Christian Charity covenant theology: A hopeful plan for society that is beyong human capability, but wants to be strived. A
moral code that was rooted in the bible. "God Almighty, in his most holy and wise providence, hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all
times some must be rich,some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, others mean and in subjection."
"City on a Hill": Term created by John Winthrop. This came that Americans saw themselves as models for the rest of the world. Not so much the
religious beliefs but as long as the democratic ideals.
Puritan (Protestant) work ethnic: a concept of sociology, economics, and history. Based on Calvinist emphasis. Meaning it is necessary for hard
work to be a component of a persons calling and success. Was created by Max Weber.
Congregational Church: Prostestant Christian church practices. Claim their descent from the original congregational church. Was formed on a
theory of union published by Robert Browne during 1592. Congregation Church has rised from the noncomformist religion movement in England.
John Cotton: A puritan that was a principle among the New England Puritan Ministers. Written a body of correspondence, a lot of sermons, a
catechism, and in 1646 he created the first childrens book called the "Milk of Babes". Most famous Sermon is "Gods Promise to His
Plantation(1630)" Also wrote the theonomic legal code called the "Abstract of the laws of New England as they are now established". This provided a
base for the legal system fr the New Haven Colony.
Cambridge Platform of 1648 : A doctrinal statement for the Puritan Congregationa Churches. Was created in August 1648 by a snynod of ministers
from Massachusetts and Connecticut. Ministers met to a request at the Massachussets General Court. Makes a clear statement between the power
of the state and the congregation.
Jeremiad : A long literary work in a prose or poetry. The author bitterly tells the state of society and it's morals in a serious tone. Jeremiads always
contain a prophecy. Eponym was named after the Biblical Prophet Jeremiad. Prophesies the Kingdom of Juddah.
Halfway Covenant: was created by New England in 1662 as a form of a partial church. Was promoted by Solomon Stoddard who felt that the
colonists were drifting from their religious purposes. Provided a partial church membership for children and grandchildren of church members.
Harvard Founded in 1636: A private Ivy League University. Was established in 1636 by Massachusetts legislates in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Is
considered the first corporation charteed in the country. Was named after John Harvard.
Massachusetts School of Law : Located in Andover, Massachusetts. Founded in 1988. Design and curriculum of the school were influenced by the
medical school educational model and legal scholars.
Anne Hutchinson: A pioneer settler in Massachussets, Rhode Island, and New Netherlands. Was the unauthorized minister of the dissident church
decision group. Hutchinson held bible meetings for women. One day, she went beyong the bible meetings to interpret the sermons herself.
Hutchinson created antinomianism which offended the colony leaders. She was then banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A key figure in
the development of religious freedom in the American colonies.
Antinomianism: a belief in all religions that some therein consider existing laws as no longer applicable to themselves. Originated from a minority
Protestant view. Believed that religious law was not necessary because it should already be in ones faith to recieve salvation.
Quakers: Members of the Religious Society of Friends. It emerged as a faith during a period of religious turmoil in the mid 1600's. Are active, and
are involved in a faith-based community. George Fox created the Quaker religion.
Roger Williams: an American protestant theologian. Was the first American to try and achieve religious freedom and the seperation of church and
state. In 1636, Williams began the colony of Providence Plantation. The plantation offered a refuge for religious minorities. Williams then started the
First Baptist Church in America Providence before leaving to become a seeker. Wanted to have fair dealings with Native Americans. He was a
student of the Native American Languages.
"Liberty of Conscience" : Was created by Roger WIlliam in the 1840s. It was the first place where state/ citizenship was seperated from religioun.
The seperation of church and state.
Salem Witch Trials: Trials between a lot of magistes who were to be prosecuted from life if guilty for witchcraft. Occured in colonial Massachusetts
between February 1692 to May 1693. Was across the Salem Village and Salem Town. Over 150 people were impromisoned during the Court of
Oyer and Terminer during 1692.
Democracy: A main contribution to American society. A political form of government that focuses is created from the people of the country. The
citizens are allowed to elect the people that will represent them. Belief that all citizens are equal before the law.
Puritan Work Ethic: A main contribution to the character of America. Is a concept of sociology, economics, and history. Was created by Max Weber.
Based upon calvinism.
Other New England Colonies
By: Bilal Tariq
Connecticut Colony (1636) – Thomas Hooker
This was an English colony originally known as the River Colony. Thomas Hooker led the group from Massachusetts Bay Colony to Hartford,
Connecticut and was founded as a Puritan haven.
New Haven (1638)
This was another colony within Connecticut. In 1638 Puritans left the Massachusetts Bay Colony to go there. They wanted to create a better
theological community and make use of the port capabilities of the harbor.
Fundamental Orders (1639)
This was the government that was setup by the Connecticut Colony to set its structure and powers. This was the first modern Constitution in
America.
Rhode Island (1644) – Roger Williams
Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony due to his religious beliefs so he fled to the Rhode Island area. The colony began
as a squatter colony, but was given a charter from Parliament in 1644. Roger established complete religious freedom. Rhode Island was also known
as “Rouges” Island because many of the inhabitants were malcontent exiles who could not stand the theological Massachusetts Bay Colony.
New England Politics -- 17th Century
New England Confederation (1643)
This was formed by the Union of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. This was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native
Americans.
Pequot War (1636-1637)
This was a war between the Indians and Plymouth Pilgrims caused by pushing the Indians inland. The Pequot tribe were almost annihilated in the
war.
King Philips War (1675)
This was also known as Metacom’s War. Indian tribes united against the pilgrims under leadership of Metacom (King Philip). The Indians were
defeated and only slowed the westward movement of the pilgrims. Also the Indians of New England were disbanded and dispirited and posed no
major threat after.
Dominion of New England (1686)
A dominion created by royal authority, imposed from London. It aimed to boost colonial defense from Indians. It also promoted the English
Navigation Laws.
Charles II
He was the English King who attempted to assert tighter administrative control over his empire.
Mercantilism
This was an economic theory that meant a country’s power is defined by its wealth, and a countries economic wealth was measured by the amount
of gold and silver in its treasury. To achieve this there needs to be higher number of exports than imports.
Navigational Laws (1651)
This was a series of laws that restricted foreign trade between England and its colonies. The laws forced trade with Britain and not with any other
nation.
Sir Edmund Andros
He was a man who suppressed the colonials, heavily taxed them, and enforced the Navigation Acts to prevent smuggling. When James the II was
overthrown, and the Glorious Revolution occurred Sir Edmund Andros attempted to escape. He was unfortunately discovered disguised as women
and was sent back to England.
Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)
After Catholic James II was dethroned and Protestant William III was enthroned the Dominion of New England collapsed. A Boston mob also rose
against the current government and got rid of Sir Edmund Andros.
English Bill of Rights (1689)
An act passed by the English parliament that stated the rights of the people. It also declared some of James II practices illegal and dealt with the
succession to the throne.
“First American Revolution”
When the colonies first rebelled for freedom.
Middle Colonies & Religion in the Colonies
By: Alejandra Garcia
Middle Colonies
Characteristics of the middle colonies were crops, geography, immigrants
New York
Peter Minuit, New Amsterdam (1626) was a Walloon from Wesel, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, then part of the Duchy of
Cleves. He was the Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands from 1626 until 1633, and he founded the Swedish colony of New
Sweden in 1638. According to the information Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on May 24, 1626 for goods to the
value of 60 Dutch guilders, which equivalent of 37.98 USD.
Peter Stuyvesant (c. 1612 – August 1672), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherlands from 1647 until it was
ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City.
Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general included a great expansion for the settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip
of Manhattan. Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on Wall Street, the canal that became broad,
and Broadway.
Patron system- owner to give a favored appointment to an office or position in politics, business, or the church; or sponsorship of the arts.
Patronage was for centuries bestowed mainly by individuals (in Europe often royal or noble) or by the church. In the 20th century, patrons have
tended to be political parties, the state, and – in the arts – private industry and foundations.
1664, English Victory-From 1655 to 1664 the Dutch had negative relations with the MNHATTAN and Algonquin Indians in present-day New York
state. A dispute led to Pieter Stuyvesant applying rules restricting movements of Indians. However, Indian raids on long island led to Stuyvesant’s
intervention at the request of settles. A palisade was built. Indian attacks occurred again in august 1858, leading to Stuyvesant’s victory over the
Indians. Renewed fighting occurred on 1663. The following year the Indians were forced to surrender.
The Dutch also fought three wars with England, from 1652 to 1654, 1664 to 1666, and 1672 to 1674. These wars were based on commercial
rivalry but extended to the colonies. The English 1651 navigation act restricted non British crews and ships from trading, severely harming Dutch
maritime profits. Nine naval battles culminating in the battle of scheveningen on 31 July 1652 resulted in the death of Dutch commander marten trop.
The 1654 treaty of Westminster ratified the English victory after they had blocked Holland in 1653. The Dutch West African ports that handled the
profitable slave trade were also attacked by the English.
New Amsterdam was seized by the English in 1664. Prince James, brother of king Charles 11, defeated Jacob Oldham’s 100-ship fleet in
1665.But admiral Michael de Ruyter raided the Thames River in June 1667, destroying 16 ships and causing the English to sue for peace. The treaty
of Breda granted Surinam to the Dutch but gave the English control over present day New Jersey, Delaware, and New York. As the Dutch said of
their final defeat by the British. “The mountain of iron (England) defeated the mountain of golf (Holland)”.
Leister’s Rebellion, NY (1691) - was an uprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which German American militia captain Jacob
Leister’s seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected
colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troops sent by James' successor, William
III and Leister’s was executed. The seizure of British colonial government in New York by Capt. Jacob Leister’s in May 1689. Following the
abdication of James II in England, Leisler’s led a revolt against Lieut. Gov. Francis Nicholson, who was the crown's agent in New York, and
seized Fort James on Manhattan Island on May 31. He assumed the title of Lieutenant Governor in December, and he effectively controlled the area
for more than eighteen months.
Pennsylvania, 1681, William Penn- was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of
Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion
of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city
of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
As one of the earlier supporters of colonial unification, Penn wrote and urged for a Union of all the English colonies in what was to become the
United States of America. The democratic principles that he set forth in the Pennsylvania Frame of Government served as an inspiration for
the United States Constitution. As a pacifist Quaker, Penn considered the problems of war and peace deeply, and included a plan for a United,
"European Dyet, Parliament or Estates," in his voluminous writings.
“Holy Experiment”- was an attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for them in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how
well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.
Penn was a well educated man, and before that became an evangelist for Quakerism. King Charles II paid off the debt to Penn with a large land
grant between the colonies of New York and Maryland. Penn now had total control over his colony, which was named Pennsylvania (meaning
"Penn's woods") by the king, after his late father. He now tried to attract settlers to Pennsylvania and make a profit off his newly founded colony.
Penn did a brilliant job of advertising Pennsylvania, and it quickly became the most famous colony in England and the rest of Europe alike. Penn
sought to create the Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania and he did this by creating a liberal frame of government, and attracting all sorts of people,
including many Quakers, who made up the Holy Experiment. He also wanted to treat the Native Americans fairly and not cheat them out of land.
It did run smoothly for a while but then the French and Indian War came and many Quakers in the community wanted all other Quakers out of office
because they would be in a position to send the others to war. From that point on, the experiment failed and was completely finished off by the
Revolution.
Quakers- the Religious Society of Friends is a name used by a range of independent religious organizations which all trace their origins to
a Christian movement in mid-17th century England and Wales. A central belief was that ordinary people could have a direct experience of the eternal
Christ. Quakers belong to a religious organization called the Society of Friends. They don't believe in wars or anything, they believe in peace. They
also believe that all men are created equal, no matter what they look like. They think that women and men are equal, too. They think that you don't
need a church building, Bible, or minister to worship God. They think you can do that without those things.
Religion in the colonies
Congregational church—Puritanism-The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in
this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement
within the Church of England.
Puritans felt that the English Reformation had not gone far enough, and that the Church of England was tolerant of practices which they associated
with the Catholic Church. They formed into and identified with various religious groups advocating greater "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as
personal and group piety.
Anglican Church-Anglican Church: Protestant denomination developed after Henry VIII of England separated from Roman Catholic Church in 1534
and consolidated in reign of Elizabeth I, retaining many theological and hierarchical elements of Catholicism
Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649- also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians.
Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American
colonies and created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world. (The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws, the first
in 1636, which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and
state.) Historians argue that it helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion in the United States. The Calvert family, who
founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics, sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that
did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies.
The Act allowed freedom of worship for all Trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. It was
revoked in 1654 by William Claiborne, a Virginian who had been appointed as a commissioner by Oliver Cromwell and was a staunch advocate for
the Anglican Church. When the Calvert’s regained control of Maryland, the Act was reinstated, before being repealed permanently in 1692 following
the Glorious Revolution. As the first law on religious tolerance in the British North America, it influenced related laws in other colonies and portions of
it were echoed in the writing of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which enshrined religious freedom in American law.
Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards-was a preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. Edwards "is widely acknowledged to be America's most
important and original philosophical theologian," and one of America's greatest intellectuals. Edwards's theological work is very broad in scope, but
he is often associated with his defense of Reformed theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Recent studies
have emphasized how thoroughly Edwards grounded his life's work on conceptions of beauty, harmony, and ethical fittingness, and how central The
Enlightenment was to his mindset.
Edwards played a very critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening, and oversaw some of the first fires of revival in 1733–1735 at his church
in Northampton, Massachusetts. Edwards delivered the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", a classic of early American literature,
during another wave of revival in 1741, following George Whitefield's tour of the Thirteen Colonies. Edwards is widely known for his many books: The
End For Which God Created the World; The Life of David Brainerd, which served to inspire thousands of missionaries throughout the nineteenth
century; and Religious Affections, which many Reformed Evangelicals read even today.
Edwards died from a smallpox inoculation shortly after beginning the presidency at the College of New Jersey (later to be named Princeton
University), and was the grandfather of Aaron Burr.
George Whitefield-was an Anglican Protestant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the British North
American colonies. He was one of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement generally. He became perhaps the best-known
preacher in Britain and America in the 18th century, and because he traveled through all of the American colonies and drew great crowds and media
coverage, he was one of the most widely recognized public figures in colonial America
Old Lights, New Lights-The terms Old Lights and New Lights (among others) are used in Christian circles to distinguish between two groups who
were initially the same, but have come to a disagreement. These terms have been applied in a wide variety of ways, and the meaning must be
determined from context. Typically, if a denomination is changing and some refuse to change, and the denomination splits, those who did not change
are referred to as the "Old Lights", and the ones who changed are referred to as the "New Lights".
Baptist- are a group of Christian denominations, churches, and individuals who subscribe to theology of believer's baptism (as opposed to infant
baptism), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local church. They practice baptism
by immersion (as opposed to effusion or sprinkling) and disavow authoritative creeds. Baptists recognize two ministerial
offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestants, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Most Baptist
churches or individuals identify with evangelicalism or fundamentalism while minorities embrace modernist views of Scripture. In 1639, Roger
Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the Awakening increased Baptist growth
in both New England and the South. As Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the
preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries
have spread their church to every continent.
Anglican Church becomes Episcopal Church- is a mainline Anglican Christian church found mainly in the United States, but also
in Honduras, Taiwan, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, the British and parts of Europe. The Episcopal Church is
the Province of the Anglican in the United States and most other territories where it has a presence (excluding Europe). In keeping with Anglican
tradition and theology, the Episcopal Church considers itself "Protestant, yet catholic”.
College of William and Mary, 1693- is a public research university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a royal
charter (by a British letters patent) issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United
States after Harvard University. William & Mary's undergraduate program ranks #4 and #6 among American public universities according to the
2010 Forbes and 2011 U.S. News & World Report rankings, respectively.
Presbyterians Church- refers to many different Christian churches adhering to the Calvinist theological tradition within Protestantism, and
organized according to a characteristic Presbyterian polity. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the
Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ.
Presbyterianism originated primarily in Scotland and was confirmed as the means of Church Government in Scotland by the Act of Union in 1707.
Most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection and the denomination was taken to North America by Scots and Scots-Irish
immigrants.
The Colony Economy and Colonial Society
By: Chris Eustice
The Colonial Economy
Regional Differences: New England, Middle Colonies, Southern ColoniesThe middles colonies were less aristocratic than the New England Colonies. The middle colonies served as the “breadbasket” of the colonies due to
the large supply of grains, fruit, and vegetables grown in them. The New England colonies were the most aristocratic of all the colonies and people
who lived in them had an average life expectancy of 70 years, much higher than in the other colonies. The earliest colonies in the New England
Colonies were usually fishing villages or farming communities along the more fertile land along the rivers. While the rocky soil in the New England
Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, the land provided rich resources including timber that was valued for building of
homes and ships. The economy in the Southern colonies was driven by plantations, initially worked by indentured servants, a labor force which was
largely replaced in the early 18th century by slaves brought forcibly from Africa; except in Georgia, where most plantations were worked by debtors.
Colonial South Carolina's economy relied largely on the Indian slave trade and deerskin harvested using slave labor. Cash crops included sugar
cane, cotton, tobacco, indigo and rice.
MercantilismMercantilism was the economic system that existed in the colonies before capitalism. Under the system of mercantilism, raw materials and resources
led to more power. Conquering territories and establishing colonies were also essential for a strong mercantilist economy. The wealth and power of a
country depended on the number of economic markets it was involved in.
Navigation ActsThe Navigation Acts were passed by Britain to regulate who the colonists could sell their raw materials to. The Navigation Acts made it illegal for the
colonists to trade with anyone other than England or other English colonies. The Navigation Acts were widely unenforced at first and most of the
colonists continued to trade with whoever they pleased.
Triangular TradeThe first leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade, such as copper, cloth, trinkets,
slave beads, guns and ammunition. When the ship arrived, its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves. On the second leg, ships made the journey
of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World. Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships. Once the ship reached the
New World, enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies. The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned,
drained, and loaded with export goods for a return voyage, the third leg, to their home port. From the West Indies the main export cargoes were
sugar, rum, and molasses; from Virginia, tobacco and hemp. The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle.
Molasses Act, 1733The Molasses Act of March 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses
from non-British colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies. The Act was not
passed for the purpose of raising revenue, but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies.
Colonial Society
“Old Immigration” 1600-1776Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants. Historians estimate that
less than one million immigrants—perhaps as few as 400,000—crossed the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Royal, Charter, and Proprietary ColoniesRoyal colonies were those that in the absence or revocation of a private or proprietary charter came under the direct, everyday governmental control
of the English monarchy. It is important to emphasize that the Crown and not Parliament held sovereignty over royal colonies. The primary function
of a royal colony was to benefit the English Crown. Although most colonies started out as private or proprietary ventures, the majority became royal
usually through revoked or time-limited charters well before the Revolutionary era. By the mid eighteenth century eight of the thirteen mainland
colonies were Royal: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. In a charter
colony, the King granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed. The colonies of
Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay were charter colonies. The charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut granted the colonists
significantly more political liberty than other colonies. Rhode Island and Connecticut continued to use their colonial charters as their State
constitutions after the American Revolution. A proprietary colony is a colony in which one or more individuals, usually land owners, remaining subject
to the state's sanctions. Most were run under a colonial charter agreement, which is reviewed by the ruling Monarch. A good example is the Province
of Pennsylvania, granted to William Penn by King Charles II of England.
Colonial Political Structure: Council-Upper House and Assemblies (Lower Houses)The Council or Upper House of the Colonial Political Structure was also referred to as the Senate. An upper house is one of two chambers of a
bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. Governor council members were appointed, and served at the governor's pleasure.
Usually, this meant that their terms lasted longer than the governors. The first act of most new governors was to re-appoint or continue the current
council members in their offices. When there was an absentee governor, or in a period between governors, the council acted as a government. The
Council as a whole would sit as the Supreme Court for the colony. Like the Assembly, most Council positions were unpaid, and members pursued a
number of professions. The Assemblies had a variety of titles, such as: House of Delegates, House of Burgesses, or Assembly of Freemen.
Members were elected by the propertied citizens of the towns or counties annually. Voting was restricted to free white men only, usually with
property ownership restrictions.
Primogeniture, entail, women lack property rightsThe Law of Primogeniture entails the first-born male child in a family to inherit the entire portion of their parent’s estate and belongings with no
portion of the belongings being allotted to any of the other siblings. Because women lacked property rights, they could not inherit anything left behind
by their parents.
Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s AlmanackBenjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a noted polymath, and Franklin was a leading author and printer,
satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. Poor Richard's Almanack was a yearly
almanac published by Benjamin Franklin. The publication appeared continually from 1732 to 1758. It was a best seller for a pamphlet published in
the American colonies; print runs reached 10,000 per year.
Phillis WheatleyPhillis Wheatley, enslaved at the age of eight, is widely known as the first African-American woman in United States' history to have her poetry
published. Constant themes in Wheatley's poems are death, religion, and the struggle of enslaved blacks in the United States.
Age of the EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment was the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, which took place in the 18th century, in which
reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. Prior to the Enlightenment, Religion dictated reason and authority. Many of
our founding fathers incorporated their Enlightenment ideals into the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Bill of Rights.
Classical LiberalismClassical liberalism is a philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech,
press, assembly, and free markets. Classical liberalism developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe, and the Americas. Although
classical liberalism built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the eighteenth century, it advocated a specific kind of society,
government and public policy required as a result of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization.
Important Thinkers: John Locke and Baron de MontesquieuJohn Locke, widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of the
Enlightenment thinkers. Locke believed that human nature was characterized by reason and tolerance. Locke insisted that all humans had the
natural rights of freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets and that if the governing powers did not satisfy these rights that
people had the right to rebel. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of
Independence. Baron de Montesquieu was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment. He is famous for
his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions
throughout the world.
Events that fostered the democratic ideal in the English Colonies and Great Britain vs. France
By: Javier Maldonado
Events That fostered the democratic ideal in the English Colonies
House of Burgesses:Representative assembly in colonial Virginia, the first elective governing body in a British colony. It was one division of the
legislature established in 1619 by the colonial governor at Jamestown; the other included the governor himself and a council, all appointed by the
colonial proprietor (the Virginia Company). Each Virginia settlement was entitled to elect two delegates, or burgesses (citizens of a borough in
England).
mayflower compact:(1620) Document signed by 41 male passengers on the Mayflower before landing at Plymouth (Massachusetts). Concerned that
some members might leave to form their own colonies, William Bradford and others drafted the compact to bind the group into a political body and
pledge members to abide by any laws that would be established. The document adapted a church covenant to a civil situation and was the basis of
the colony's government.
Fundamental orders of Connecticut:The Fundamental Orders later would serve as one of the models for the Constitution of the United States. At the
Constitutional Convention in 1787, Connecticut delegates helped work out the Great Compromise or Connecticut Compromise. It broke a deadlock
over how many representatives each state should elect to Congress. This compromise and The Fundamental Orders earned Connecticut the
nickname of the "Constitution State."
New England Confederation:Organization of four American colonies. In 1643 delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and
Plymouth met to solve trade, boundary, and religious disputes and to form a common defense against the French, Dutch, and Indians. They drew up
articles of agreement and established a directorate of eight commissioners. The confederation was weakened by its advisory status and by the 1665
merger of Connecticut and New Haven. It was active in King Philip's War but dissolved in 1684 when the Massachusetts charter was revoked.
Act of Toleration in Maryland:The Act of Toleration provided religious tolerance for all Catholic colonists and other religions who believed in the
divinity of Christ in colonial Maryland. This DID NOT extend to other religions. Also it gave Anglicans religious freedom and it was proposed by Lord
Baltimore.
Bacons Rebellion:Bacon'S Rebellion was a revolt in Virginia in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon Jr., a young planter, against the aged royal governor, Sir
William Berkeley. The revolt has usually been interpreted as an attempt at political re-form directed against the allegedly oppressive rule of the
governor. Bacon's Rebellion, so the argument goes, was prologue to the American Revolution. Late-twentieth-century scholarship, however, has
questioned this thesis and emphasized controversy over Indian policy and class divisions within the colony as fundamental causes of the rebellion.
The ensuing civil war exposed deep social rifts between the poor whites and the Anglo-American elites of the Chesapeake region. When Indian
attacks occurred on the northern and western frontiers late in 1675 and early in 1676, Bacon demanded the right to lead volunteers in retaliation
against all Indians, even those living peacefully within the colony. Berkeley, fearing unjust dispossession and slaughter of the friendly Native
American tribes, refused. Bacon ignored the governor's restriction and in May 1676 led volunteers to the southern frontier, where he slaughtered and
plundered the friendly Occaneechee Indians. When the governor attempted to call him to account, Bacon marched to Jamestown and, at gunpoint,
forced the House of Burgesses of June 1676 to grant him formal authority to fight the Indian war. The burgesses and the governor, powerless before
the occupying army and eager to be rid of it, quickly acquiesced. Bacon then marched against another nonhostile tribe, the Pamunkey. When
Berkeley attempted to raise forces to reestablish his own authority, Bacon turned on the governor with his volunteers. Civil war ensued. Berkeley
was driven to the eastern shore of Virginia. Jamestown, the capital, was burned. For a few months Bacon's word was law on the mainland. Bacon's
rebels retained the loyalty of many indentured servants and small landholders. The colony depended heavily on supplies from England, however,
and the sea captains and sailors sided with Berkeley. The rebellion, already flagging, came to an abrupt end when Bacon died in October 1676.
Berkeley, having recruited forces on the Eastern Shore, returned to the mainland, defeated the remaining rebels, and by January 1677 had
reestablished his authority. Soon thereafter, eleven hundred troops, sent by Charles II to suppress the rebellion, arrived, accompanied by
commissioners to investigate its causes. Berkeley's strict policy toward the defeated rebels was severely censured by the commissioners, who
attempted to remove him from the governorship. Berkeley returned to England in May 1677 to justify himself, but died on 9 July before seeing the
king. Charles II installed Colonel Herbert Jeffreys as governor and promised a plan of internal reform. These reforms erased much of the political
autonomy built during Berkeley's regime and reasserted imperial control over Virginia.
Glorious Rebollution:In English history, the events of 1688 – 89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II
and her husband William III. James's overt Roman Catholicism, his suspension of the legal rights of dissenters, and the prospect of a Catholic heir to
the throne brought discontent to a head, which caused opposition leaders to invite the Protestant William of Orange to bring an army to redress the
nation's grievances. The support remaining for James dwindled, and he fled to France. The Convention Parliament asked William and Mary to rule
jointly and set out the Bill of Rights.
Leisler's Rebellion:The revolution in England that forced King James II to abdicate was followed by uprisings in America. On 1 August 1689 a
convention of civil and military officers met in Albany to set up an emergency government. Fearful of attack by the French, the Albany Convention
sought a promise of aid from the revolutionary regime of Jacob Leisler. That May, Leisler, a merchant backed by Dutch laborers and artisans, had
seized Fort James on Manhattan Island and usurped complete control of southern New York. In the spring of 1690, Leisler schemed with
representatives from Albany, as well as Massachusetts and Connecticut, to invade Canada. The plan fell apart after Leisler insisted on being
recognized as commander in chief. After King William appointed a royal governor to reassert British control over the colony, Leisler was tried for
treason, and on 16 May 1691 he and his son-in-law were executed.
salutary neglect:The term "salutary neglect" refers to the English policy of interfering very little in colonial affairs from about 1690 to 1760. During
these years the colonists were given a good deal of autonomy in local matters, and the English king and parliament rarely legislated constraints of
any kind. In turn, the colonists supported England. At the end of the Seven Year's War, England began to assert more control over the American
colonists, levying taxes and trade regulations, to the objection of the colonists.
Whig Ideology:The Whigs were mainly concerned with making sure that parliament ruled the King and not the other way round. The Whigs joined up
with Radicals and Peelites in parliament to form the Liberal Party to create a united force against the Tories.
Zenger Case:Although appointed governor of the New York and New Jersey colonies in 1731, Colonel William Cosby did not arrive until 1732. In the
interim, New York politician Rip Van Dam served as acting governor of New York and Lewis Morris did the same for the New Jersey colony. Both
collected the governor's salary. Shortly after Cosby arrived, he sought to recover half the governor's salary from each of his predecessors. His suit in
1733 against Van Dam ended abruptly when New York's chief justice, Lewis Morris, ruled that New York's supreme court justice could not act as an
equity court to hear Cosby's case. Cosby summarily removed Morris, replacing him with James De Lancey, a young politician allied with Cosby. In
November 1733, Morris and his allies James Alexander and William Smith hired John Peter Zenger to publish an anti-Cosby newspaper—the New
York Weekly Journal, which was the first opposition paper in America. The paper attacked Cosby with satire, humor, and irony, as well as serious
essays on politics and government. Through innuendo, but not by name, the paper compared Cosby to a monkey and suggested he was tyrant. In
January 1734, New York Chief Justice De Lancey urged a grand jury to indict Zenger for libel, but that body refused. In November 1734, a sheriff
arrested Zenger, but again the grand jury refused to indict him. Nevertheless, in January 1735, the prosecutor charged Zenger with the misdemeanor
of libel. Zenger's attorneys, James Alexander and William Smith, challenged the legality of De Lancey's appointment as chief justice, and De Lancey
responded by disbarring both lawyers. De Lancey appointed a pro-Cosby lawyer to represent Zenger, but when the trial began in July 1735, Andrew
Hamilton of Philadelphia, the most famous attorney in the colonies, represented Zenger. The traditional defense in a libel case was to argue that the
defendant did not actually publish the material. To the shock of everyone present, Hamilton, using a brief largely written by Alexander, admitted that
Zenger had published the allegedly libelous newspapers, but then argued that Zenger should be permitted to prove the truth of his publications. This
claim ran counter to English law, which held that a defamatory publication was libelous, whether true or not, and that, in fact, "the greater the truth [of
the libel], the greater the scandal." Speaking directly to the jury, Hamilton attacked this theory, noting that it came out of the repressive star chamber
during the reign of England's King James I. Hamilton argued that the significant political differences between England and America called for a
different law of libel, and thus he urged the jury to give a general verdict of not guilty. De Lancey instructed the jury to follow the traditional English
practice in libel cases, and hold Zenger guilty of publication, leaving it to the Court to determine if the publication was libelous. The jury ignored De
Lancey and acquitted Zenger. The jury's verdict did not change the law of libel in America or Britain, but it became a political force, putting colonial
governors on notice that American juries would be supportive of those printers who attacked the largely unpopular royal officials. In the 1790s, both
Britain and America adopted the twin principles of James Alexander's brief: that truth should be a defense to a libel and that juries should decide
both the law and the facts of a case.
Albany Congress:Conference convened by the British Board of Trade in 1754 at Albany, N.Y. They advocated a union of the British colonies in North
America, in part to secure a defensive union against the French before the outbreak of the French and Indian War. In addition to colonial delegates,
several representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy were present. Delegates including Benjamin Franklin supported a plan to unify the seven
colonies, but it was never adopted. The plan became a model for proposals made during the American Revolution.
Paxton Boys:In late 1763, a posse from Paxton, Pennsylvania, frustrated by an assembly influenced by Quakers and its subsequent failure to protect
frontier settlements against Pontiac's War, killed twenty peaceful Conestoga Indians in Lancaster County. They also threatened a group of Indians
converted to the Moravian Brethren, who took refuge in Philadelphia. A large band of angry Paxton Boys marched on the capital to demand
protection and protest the Quaker assembly. President Benjamin Franklin stepped in to negotiate the crisis, convincing the mob to return home and
assuring increased protection.
regular movement:In North Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affair.
Great Britian Vs France
conflict in the ohio valley:Final victory was attained at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, after which settlers enjoyed a level of security and stability
to that point unknown on the frontier.
British and French colonization:In the end it really turned out to be shear force. The British had a much higher population than the French. This is
because of the exculsivity of the French colonies compared to the open English colonies. The English colonies were set up for religious freedom,
being a newly protestant nation, this meant alot to them. The French however were much more selective of their colonists. They only wanted
Catholics. Not only that but upstanding Catholics. This resulted in fewer numbers for the French, but huge numbers for the Brits. Another factor was
the treatment of the natives on both sides. The French were much more respective of the natives than the British were. British conquered and
enslaved a good portion of the aboriginal population, while the French worked together with the natives, especially regarding the fur trade. This does
not attribute to British success, but it does explain how the French did as well as they did. They had many aboriginal allies who could assist them in
their battles. There were other factors, but these were a couple of the main ones.
Seven Years' War:(1756 – 63) Major European conflict between Austria and its allies France, Saxony, Sweden, and Russia on one side against
Prussia and its allies Hanover and Britain on the other. The war arose out of Austria's attempt to win back the rich province of Silesia, taken by
Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession. Early victories by Frederick II the Great in Saxony and Bohemia (1756 – 58) were offset by a decisive
Prussian defeat by Austria and Russia near Frankfurt (1759). After inconclusive fighting in 1760 – 61, Frederick concluded a peace with Russia
(1762) and drove the Austrians from Silesia. The war also involved the overseas colonial struggles between Britain and France in North America
(see French and Indian War) and in India. The European conflict was settled with the Treaty of Hubertusburg, by which Frederick confirmed
Prussia's stature as a major European power.
Battle of Quebec:(Sept. 13, 1759) Decisive battle of the French and Indian War. In June 1759, James Wolfe led a British force of 250 ships with
8,500 soldiers to take up positions in the St. Lawrence River around Quebec. French forces under the marquis de Montcalm withstood a two-month
siege of the city. In September the British secretly landed 4,000 men near the city and forced a confrontation with French troops on the Plains of
Abraham. The defending French were routed in the battle, in which both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded.
William Penn:Born:
:14 October 1644
:Birthplace: London, England
:Died: 30 July 1718
:Best Known As: The Quaker who founded Philadelphia
William Penn was an influential English Quaker and founder of the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682. He was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn and
joined the Society of Friends (Quakers) in the 1660s. Outspoken and eloquent, he preached religious tolerance and advanced Quakerism in Europe.
He obtained a grant of territory in North America from King Charles II in 1681 (the area was dubbed Pennsylvania in honor of his well-connected
father). By the next year he had reached an agreement with the native inhabitants to found a settlement -- Philadelphia -- with his co-religionists. For
two years Penn governed the colony, which soon grew to include non-Quakers in search of religious freedom. From 1684 to 1699 Penn was in
England again, where he used his close relationship with King James II and VII to secure the release of religious prisoners (including 1,200
Quakers). After William III took the throne (1689), Penn's association with James brought him a charge of treason, but he was acquitted (1693).
Penn returned to Pennsylvania in 1699 to make alterations on his constitution, which had proved unworkable. His last years in England, from 1701
until a debilitating stroke in 1712, were occupied with legal disputes (in 1708 he spent nine months in debtors' prison). His most famous works
include No Cross, No Crown and Innocency with Her Open Face, written while he was in prison for his religious views (1668-70).
Treaty of Paris:(1763) Treaty concluding the Seven Years' War (including the French and Indian War). It was signed by Britain and Hanover on one
side and France and Spain on the other. France renounced to Britain the mainland of North America east of the Mississippi, its conquests in India
since 1749, and four West Indian islands. Britain restored to France four other West Indian islands and the West African colony of Gorée (Senegal).
In return for recovering Havana and Manila, Spain ceded Florida to Britain and received Louisiana from the French.
Road to Independence
By: Tatyana Guy
 “Salutary neglect”-the prime minister of Great Britain decided to not enforce laws very strictly. He thought if the colonies were left alone,
they would flourish. It was one of the things that led to the American Revolution.
 Whig ideology- the Whigs wanted to make sure that parliament ruled the king and that the king did not rule Parliament.
 Writs of assistance - were documents that served as a search warrant, they were used to search ships for smuggled goods.
 James Otis- he was against the writs of assistance and challenged them in the Supreme Court
 George Grenville, end of “salutary neglect”- he ended salutary neglect by strongly enforcing the Navigation laws in 1763. He also secured
the sugar act in 1764
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Pontiac’s Rebellion, significance- war that was launched by many Native American tribes.
Proclamation of 1763-prohibited settlement west of the Appalachians. It was meant to help work out Indian problems and prevent another
war. It was issued at the end of the French and Indian war. The people could not settle without the agreement of the tribe, it also required
settlers in the West to move back East.
Currency Act, 1764- extended the 1751 act to all the British colonies, it did not prohibit the colonies from issuing paper money, but it
forbade them from “designating future currency emissions” as legal. It created financial difficulties in the colonies.
Sugar Act, 1764- it was a modified version of the Sugar and Molasses Act. It was the first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax
revenue in the colonies for Britain. It increased the “duty” on foreign sugar in the West Indies.
Quartering Act, 1765- it required colonists to give food and a place to live to the British troops
Stamp Act,1765- Grenville imposed the tax on all papers and documents
“No taxation without representation”- was a slogan. Colonists believed that the lack of direct representation in the British Parliament was an
illegal denial of their rights. So taxes Parliament was putting on them were unconstitutional.
Virtual representation vs. actual representation- a concept that people in Britain who could not legally vote were represented by a Member
of Parliament. Actual representation is when everybody can vote.
“Internal” vs. “external” taxation- an internal tax is a direct tax. An external tax on goods imported into the colonies.
Stamp Act Congress- 1765. Brought together 27 delegates from nine colonies, to New York City. They drew up a statement of their rights
and asked the king and Parliament to repeal the legislation.
Non-importation- against British goods. They united the American people for the first time. (Ex of non-importation agreement: woolen
clothes were in style, and the eating of lamb chops were discouraged so that the sheep could mature)
Sons of Liberty- they enforced the nonimportation agreements against violators. They were a group of American patriots that formed to
protect the rights of the colonists.
Samuel Adams-was a leader of the Sons of Liberty
Repeal-the Stamp Act Congress asked the king and parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. After many demands and debate, the Stamp Act
was repealed in 1766 by Parliament.
Declaratory Act, 1766- was passed when the stamp act was repealed. It gave Parliament the right to “bind” the colonies “in all cases
whatsoever.”
Townshend Acts, 1767; reaction- Charley Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the act. It placed a light tax on glass, white lead,
paint, paper, and tea. It was an indirect tax payable at American ports. The colonists didn’t like taxes in any form; they were feeling
rebellious and thought it was an attempt to control them.
John Dickinson- was part of the First and Second Continental Congresses. Helped write the Declaration of the Causes & Necessity of
Taking up Arms.
“Letters from a PA farmer”- series of essays that helped unite the colonists against the Townshend Acts
Massachusetts Circular Letter- was written in response to the Townshend Acts by Samuel Adams. It pretty much said that the Acts were
unconstitutional.
Boston Massacre, 1770- a group of 60 townspeople started messing with about 10 redcoats, one was hit by a club, and another was
knocked down. The troop acted without orders and opened fire and killed/wounded 11 citizens. One of the first to die was a runaway
mulatto, Crispus Attucks.
Committees of Correspondence- were created by American colonies to maintain communication with one another.
Tea Act (1773), British East India Co. - the British east India company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea and were facing bankruptcy. It
allowed them to sell tea really cheap to Americans.
Boston Tea Party- a group of Bostonians disguised themselves as Indians and boarded the docked tea ships. They smashed 342 chests of
tea and dumped them into the harbor. December 16, 1773.
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts); 1774- they restricted colonist’s rights.
Quebec Act; 1774- French were guaranteed their Catholic religion and were permitted to retain many of their customs. The old boundaries
of Quebec were now extended southward to the Ohio River.
First Continental Congress, 1774- it was a consultive convention that lasted seven weeks. Sept. 5- Oct.26, 1774. “It met in Philadelphia to
consider ways of redressing colonial grievances.” It drew up the declaration of rights. It also created the Association.
The Association- called for a complete boycott of British goods. Created by the First Continental Congress.
Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775- British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord. They were to seize the colonists’ gunpowder
and try to capture John Hancock and Samuel Adams. At Lexington the Minute Men refused to leave quick enough, and the British opened
fire, killing 8 Americans. The redcoats moved on to Concord, where they were forced to retreat by the Americans. Started the war.
British vs. American strengths and weaknesses- The British had good military, good soldiers, and the navy dominated the sea. They had
more money, and hired Hessians to fight their war. The Americans did not have enough money and so their troops suffered in the winter.
The British fought away from home, the Americans had a home field advantage.
Second continental congress, 1775- met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. All 13 colonies were represented. They adopted measures to
raise money and to create an army and a navy.
George Washington, continental army- he was the commander-in-chief
Declaration of the Causes & Necessity of Taking Arms- issued by the Second Continental Congress, it explained why the colonies had
become part of the American Revolutionary war,
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Olive Branch Petition- adopted in July 1775 by the Continental Congress. It professed American loyalty to the king, and begged him to
prevent further hostilities. Sign of peace
Battle of Bunker Hill, significance-the colonists seized a hill in June 1775. Known as Bunker Hill (or Breed’s Hill). The colonists were forced
to abandon the hill after they ran out of gunpowder. The British won the battle; they lost 1/3 of their men.
Hessians- European mercenaries
Thomas Paine, Common Sense; 1776- one of the most influential pamphlets ever written. He branded what the colonists were saying as
“common sense.” He said why should the tiny Britain control the huge continent of America.
King George III- he was the last king for America. He was a good man, but a bad king.
Richard Henry Lee’s resolution of June 7, 1776- Lee said that the “United Colonies” should be free and independent states. It was the
formal “declaration” or independence by the American colonies.
Declaration of Independence, 3 parts- first part talks about the rights of the people and wanting to be free from Britain. The second part is
the list of grievances. The third part is the actual declaration of independence.
John Locke: natural rights philosopher- thought that “all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses: it cannot be found by
observation alone.”
Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation
By Dan Thi Vo
Revolutionary War:
Patriots vs. Tories + Loyalists
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Patriots were for the Revolutionary War, were numerous around the Congregation and Presbyterianism
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Loyalists, made up 16% of the population, were loyal to the king, numerous around Angelican Churches
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Patriots were also called Whigs and Loyalists were called Tories
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Loyalists were badly treated by the Patriots after the war
Battle of Trenton, 1776
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Washington’s army crossed the Delaware River on December 26, 1776 and surprised the British at Trenton
Washington had around 2,4000 troops, 1st American victory in the war
Went against British Colonel Rahl with 1,4000 Hessians
Resulted in increase of America’s moral and gave encouragement in battling the war
Battle of Saratoga, 1777
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Turning point of the Revolutionary War, happened October 17, 1777
British had around 12, 000 to 14,000 troops, British had around 5,000
British General John Burgoyne against American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold, the British were forced to surrender
France and Spain declared war on Britain afterwards, France publically aided America afterwards.
Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben
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Washington’s troops stayed there from December 1777 to June 1778, winters were especially hard and brutal, often, the troops didn’t have
enough clothes and food.
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“Bloody footprints” on snow due to lack of shoes
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Baron von Steuben came on February 23, 1778 and helped train the U.S. army, was aided by Colonel Alexander Hamilton and General
Nathaniel Greene
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By the time the troops left Valley Forge, they were a well-trained army.
Articles of Confederation, 1777
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Drafted by Congress in 1777, translated into French after the Battle of Saratoga to prove American had an actual government
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First written constitution
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Wasn’t ratified by all 13 states until 1781, less than 8 months before Yorktown
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Each state got 1 vote under it, Congress also couldn’t regulate commerce, enforce taxes, and revenue was donations from the states,
usually ¼ of the requested amount.
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Was weaker than the Continental Congress but held States together during the Revolution, later replaced by the Constitution.
Franco – American Alliance, 1778
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Made during the Revolutionary War and was technically still in effect when the French Revolution started.
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At the time, Jeffersonians wanted to continue honoring it but Washington passed the Neutrality Proclamation.
France never asked America to honor the alliance
America actually helped France more by not honoring the alliance.
Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis
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Lord Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown on October 19, 1781
Battle ended the American Revolution
Washington joined forces with Marquis de Lafayette, 72 Americans were wounded and 180 killed. British had 326 wounded and 156 killed.
Remaining British soldiers were taken as prisoners
Treaty of Paris of 1783 was made soon afterwards
Treaty of Paris (1783)
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Brought an end to the Revolutionary War
Signed by Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams
Britain recognized America as an independent nation and agreed to remove all of its troops from America.
Set the border to be at the Great Lakes, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.
America agreed to pay all debts owed t Britain and to not prosecute the Loyalists
Social Impact on the War
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Created political parties
Issue of slavery had already come up.
Normal people were starting to be called “Mr.” and “Mrs.”
Reason was because of the “All men were created equal” phrase
African Americans in the War
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300 Blacks joined Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment (British army) to be free
British had evacuated 1,400 black slaves by the end of the war
More than 5,000 Blacks were in the military ( American)
Women in the War, Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams wrote letters to her husband, John Adams, on March 31, 1776 telling him and other of the Continental Congress to
“Remember the Ladies” when they fought for America’s independence.
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Some women, such as Deborah Samson, disguised herself as a man and entered the army to help fight.
New State Constitutions
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Each state was asked to draft their own constitution in 1776 so that the people have the main authority according to republicanism.
Most of the states’ constitutions included a bill of rights, annual election of legislators, and weak executive and judicial branches.
America invented the written constitution
Societal Changes after the Revolution
End to primogeniture, entail
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A man’s property would no longer be passed entirely to his oldest son after he died.
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Land and property can now also be left to people outside of the immediate family, such as relatives and friends instead of direct
descendants.
Protests over the Cincinnati Society
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Society of Cincinnati was established by the Continental Army officers, was an exclusive hereditary order, social democracy.
Wasn’t supported later on because it helped towards aristocracy
Disestablishment, Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786) – Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson and other reformers formed it in 1786
Purpose was to have a separation between church and state, that religion didn’t interfere with the government
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Won a complete victory
Quaker abolitionism, Quock Walker case
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Quock Walker was a slave who sued for and won his freedom in 1780
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Won the case by quoting the Massachusetts Constitution which declared that all men to be born free and equal.
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Brought Nathaniel Jennison to court in April 1783 for assaulting him while trying to run away and got 50 out of the 300 pounds in damages
he asked for.
Native Americans
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National government agreed to set areas aside for Native Americans to live in
Later were forced to move from place to place and uprooted from their birthplace.
Many conflicts over land were fought with them.
Republican Motherhood
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That a mother’s role and duty was to raise her children with the proper virtues needed
Placed the family first before herself and was educated and confident, didn’t fall into fads easily
Despite being expected to do all of this, women still had no right to vote or have any say in political issues
Sovereignty, republicanism
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Popular sovereignty, power stems from the people, like later how slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska territory would be decided based on the
beliefs of the people there.
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Republicanism, a type of government where the people have an active role in the issues of the country. Things like voting for a president or
state representative.
Features of the State Constitutions
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Most of the states’ constitutions included a bill of rights, annual election of legislators, and weak executive and judicial branches.
States would decide for themselves on whether or not they want slavery
Maryland, cession of the western land claims
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Maryland would become a state of its own; land west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Old Northwest would first be split up into 36
sections of 1 mile each.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was made later to settle the land
Powers, strengths, and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
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Kept the nation together during the Revolution, organized a nice and simple way to settle land, method would be used later to settle Texas,
the Louisiana Purchase, Mexican Cession, and the Oregon Territory.
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Failed because it could only do 3 things
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Declare war, print money, and regulate foreign affairs
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Couldn’t do other things such as: regulate commerce, collect revenue, or enforce taxes.
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Under it, each state had one representative.
Dey of Algiers
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Captain William Bainbridge was sent to the Dey of Algiers in 1800 to bribe him to not attack the U.S. ships anymore
Once arrived, Dey demanded that Bainbridge’s transport his ship or else risk it from being bombarded and destruction.
Thomas Jefferson later became president and refused and agreement with him
Pennsylvania militia routs Congress, 1783
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80 soldiers marched from Lancaster to Philadelphia to obtain justice from the state government and Congress on June 17, 1783.
Protesting in front of Independence Hall, which had Congress and the state government,
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Was successful in moving the government away from Philadelphia.
Newburgh Conspiracy, 1783
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Reason for meeting was because the army was worried that their financial demands were not being made
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Washington called a meeting on March 15, 1783
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Gets them to trust Congress by making them realize that the person who really has a strong reason to trust Congress than it would be
Washington.
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However, if Washington trusts Congress, than the army should too.
Land Ordinance of 1785
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Old Northwest area to be sold to pay debts
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Area would be divided into 6 square miles and each 6 square mile would be split into 36 sections, with the 16th section being sold for
educational purposes.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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Was made as a compromise to the states, suggested the land to belong to the federal government for the time being.
Once an area reached a population of 60,000; it could ask Congress to be admitted in as a state with the privileges the original 13 had.
Forbade slavery in the Old Northwest, worked do well that a similar way was used to settle other areas.
Proposed Jay – Gardoqui Treaty, 1785
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U.S. sent John Jay to negotiate trading privileges with Spain after it closed up New Orleans to Anglo-American commerce.
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Treaty proposed Spain to open up valuable markets to eastern markets and renounced Spanish claims to disputed territory in the
southwest.
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U.S. had to let go of export rights through New Orleans for 20 years, treaty was rejected.
Shays’ Rebellion, 1787 – significance
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Led by Captain Daniel Shays, reason was because many people in the backcountry were losing their farms due to mortgage foreclosures
and taxes
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Had an uprising and demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of taking over property.
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Failed, made the U.S. realize that they needed a stronger federal government
Annapolis Conference: principle purpose, result 1780s depression
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Group of delegates from 5 states met to discuss the issue if interstate commerce in Annapolis, Maryland in 1786
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Because attendance was scarce, the meeting was pushed back a year to when the Articles of Confederation was to be amended but
instead the Constitution was written.
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The 1780s depression happened soon afterward because of high taxes imposed to pay off war debts.
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There was also a short growing season that year and so little crops were harvested.
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Reason for Shays’ Rebellion later on.
Constitution
By: Ana Aldana
Constitution
Philadelphia Convention
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Each state sent participants (except R.I.)
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Most all were men of high prestige and conservative (Jefferson called the group a "convention of demigods")
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Strong anti-nationalists like Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Samuel Adams did not attend
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To deal with commerce and rise up the Articles of Confederation “for the sole and express purpose of revising”
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State representatives were chosen by the state legislature
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May 25, 1787; 55 delegates from 12 states
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Held in secrecy
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“Virginia Plan”
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“New Jersey Plan”
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“Great Compromise” (Connecticut Compromise)
James Madison
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Known as “Father of the Constitution”
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Federalist
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Wrote “The Federalist Papers” *Federalist No. 10
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Developed the “Virginia Plan”
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Wanted a strong central government
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Drafted the “Bill of Rights”
Virginia Plan
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Known as the “Large State Plan”
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Framework of the Constitution
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Representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress should be based on population
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Presented Edmund Randolph; written by James Madison
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A national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power
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2 houses: one with members elected by the people for 3-year terms and the other composed of leaders elected by the state legislatures
for 7-year terms
New Jersey Plan
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Known as the “Small State Plan”
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Introduced by William Patterson
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Equal representation in a bicameral Congress by states, regardless of size and population
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Supreme court appointed for life by executive officers
Great Compromise
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Known as the “Connecticut Compromise”
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Reached on June 29, 1787
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Proposed by Roger Sherman
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Combines the “Virginia Plan” and the “New Jersey Plan”
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Larger states were conceded representation by population in the House of Representatives
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Smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the Senate
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Each state, no matter how small or poor, would have 2 senators
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Big state delegates agrees that every tax, bill, or revenue must originate in the House
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Large states benefited more from the compromise
3/5’s Compromise
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Free states argued that slaves should NOT count in population, due to fear the slave states would gain too much power
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Slave states wanted to increase power in Congress, therefore argues that slaves should counted as population
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Compromise between Northern and Southern states
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Proposed by James Wilson and Roger Sherman
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Three-Fifths of the slaves would be counted for the state’s population
end of slave trade in 1808
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Most wanted to immediately end the importation of slaves
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South Carolina and Georgia argued, claiming they required slave labor for rice production
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Slave trade clause gave Congress the power to end slavery
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Slave Importation act (1807) didn’t take effect until 1808: prohibited further importation of slaves
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The Act only affected slave trade, not slavery itself.
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Slavery itself was the responsibility of each individual sate
checks and balances, Montesquieu
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Baron de Montesquieu-“Spirit of Laws” believed that political freedom could be created by separating political power into different branches
(Checks and Balances)
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No part of the government becomes too powerful
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Each branch checks the power of other branches to make sure the power is balanced between them
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Legislative branch (House of Representatives; Senate)-makes laws
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Executive branch (President and Cabinet)-enforces and carries out the laws
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Judicial branch (Supreme Court)-interprets the laws
Commerce Compromise
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Between the Northern and Southern states to how the federal government could regulate commerce
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Northerners wanted to restrict foreign competition for raw good and finished products by taxing both imports and exports
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Southerners opposed taxes on exports because their economy mainly depended on cheap agricultural exports
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The compromise allowed the federal government to only tax imports
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Decided on interstate trading was controlled by the government and states so equal rights would be distributed
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No ban on slavery and no export taxes for at least 20 years
Conservative safeguards, electoral college, election of Senators, appointments
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Safeguards- only the House of Representatives were permitted to choose their officials by direct vote of qualified citizens
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Electoral college- president was elected indirectly by the Electoral College
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Election of Senators- chosen indirectly by legislatures
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Appointments- federal judges were appointed for life
procedures for amendments
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An amendment may be proposed either by the Congress with a 2/3’s majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or
by a constitutional convention called for by 2/3’s of the state legislatures
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Congress proposes an amendment to the constitution in the form of a joint resolution
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President does NOT have a constitutional role in the amendment process, the amendment resolution does NOT go into the White House
for approval
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Original document is forwarded directly to NARA’s office of the Federal Register (OFR) for processing and publication
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OFR adds legislative history notes to the joint resolution and publishes it in slip law format
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OFR assembles an information package for the States which includes formal “red line” copies” of the joint resolution, copies of the joint
resolution in slip law format, and the statuary procedure for ratification
Preamble: “We the People”
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“We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.”
Federalists and Antifederalists
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Antifederalists (states' rights advocates, backcountry farmers, poor farmers, the ill-educated and illiterate, debtors, & paper-money
advocates; poorer classes of society) did NOT want to ratify the Constitution
-The national government could maintain an army in peacetime
-Congress had too much power (necessary and proper clause)
-The executive branch had too much power
-Articles of Confederation was a good plan
-Opposed strong central government
-Strong national government threatened state power and right of the people
-Constitution favored wealthy men and saved their power
-Constitution lacked a bill of rights
-Argued against 2/3’s ratification plan
-Opposed omitting any reference to God
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Federalists (Well educated and propertied class. Most lived in settled areas along the seaboard)
-Articles of Confederation were weak and ineffective
-National government needed to be strong in order to function
-Strong national government needed to control uncooperative states
-Men of experience of talent should govern the nation
-National government would protect the rights of people
-Constitution and state governments protect individual freedoms without bill of rights
-In favor of establishing the Constitution with any means possible
-In favor of separation of church and state
George Mason, Bill of Rights
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Mason drafted the Declaration of Rights in 1776 for the state constitution of Virginia
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Influenced the Bill of Rights
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Articles 3 – 12 were known as the Bill of Rights became the first 10 amendments to the U.S Constitution
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James Madison drafted the Bill of Rights
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Individual rights and liberties- freedom of speech, religion and press etc.
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Rights that all citizens have and they cannot be taken away by the government
ratification in states, esp. Mass. NY, and VA
•
Massachusetts
-February 6, 1788
-6th state
-Included a list of changes to the Constitution
-Would ratify the Constitution if Antifederalists were promised a Bill of Rights
•
New York
-July 26, 1788
-11th state
-Approved 32 proposed amendments
•
Virginia
-Antifederalist opposition
-June 26, 1788
-10th state
-Declaration of ratification
-Bill of Rights be added to Constitution (Article 5)
•
These states ratified, not because the wanted to, but because they had to. They could not safely exist out of the Union.
Federalist Papers
•
John Jay
-Federalist No. 2
-Federalist No. 3
-Federalist No. 4
-Federalist No. 5
-Federalist No. 64
•
Alexander Hamilton
-Federalist No. 1
- Federalist No.6
- Federalist No.7
- Federalist No. 8
- Federalist No. 9
-etc……………..
•
James Madison
-* Federalist No. 10
- Federalist No. 14
- Federalist No. 18
- Federalist No. 19
- Federalist No. 20
-etc………………..
•
Federalist No. 10
-The U.S would be too large to govern as a democracy and had too many political parties. A democratic form of government (majority rule) would
tame political parties and cause them to work together as much as possible. Republican form would allow political parties to elect their members in
office. Minority group would be protected. Majority would rule but minority would have to be taken under consideration. No political party would take
complete control over the government
Politics in the 1790s and Foreign Affairs
By: Gallery Martinez
Politics In The 1790s
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Bill Of Rights- Took effect on December 15, 1791, introduced by James Madison to the United States Congress.
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First 10 Amendments
I. Freedom Of Speech, Press, Religion and Petition
II. Right to keep and bear arms
III. Conditions for quartering of soldiers
IV. Right of search and seizure regulated
V. Provisions concerning persecution
VI. Right to a speedy trial, witness, etc.
VII. Right to a trial by jury
IX. Rule of construction of Constitution
X. Right of the States under Constitution
Judiciary Act of 1789- It was the first section of the United States Congress establishing the first U.S. federal judiciary. It made no provision,
Congress decided the procedure of any courts.
President Washington- Was the military leader from 1775- 1791, The electoral college chose Washington as the first president of the United
Sates in 1789. Was not a member of any party since he feared parties would cause republicanism
Vice President John Adams- John Adams was chosen as his vice president at the inauguration
Cabinet
Secretary Of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton
Secretary Of State- Thomas Jefferson
Hamilton v. Jefferson in political philosophy
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist, believed in national bank, system tariffs, and trade relations with Britain,
loose foreign affair favorers
Constitution
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic Republican, Jeffersonians (Father), Strict Constitution, disliked national
bank, favored, didn’t want foreign affairs
States rights, Republicanism,
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
4 Part Plan
1. Take Control of Sate Debts
2. Impose tariffs tax on imposed goods (Revenue Act 1789)
3. Excise taxes (Whiskey)
4. National Bank, elastic clause
Loose Construction- federal government can take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specially forbid
Strict Construction- believing that people should do only what the Constitution allows
Whiskey Rebellion- 1794 A tax protest in Philadelphia on the excise tax on whiskey. Small farmers on the western frontier were the ones most
affected and mad. 500 men went to the house of General John Neville. Washington sent troops to go help but he revolt was over before they
arrived. This showed that the new national government was strong.
Washington’s Farewell Address- George Washington wrote this letter to the Americans on September 17,1796 warning them if certain things
were done than it would lead to the failure of the country.
1. No Foreign Affairs
2. No making permanent alliances
3. Don’t make political parties
4. Avoid sectionalism
Election 0f 1796John Adams (Federalist) v. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) Adams received 71 votes and Jefferson 66. Adams wins and Jefferson
becomes vice president.
Two Party System- When two of the major parties dominate voting in nearly all elections. Resulting in that al or most elected officials are part of
one of major parties.
“Mad” Anthony Wayne- Was a United States military general and statesman. His good general abilities helped him help with the victory at the
Battle of Fallen Timbers. He helped with the negotiation of The Treaty of Greenville between the tribal confederacy and the United Sates. 1795.
The Treaty of Greenville- Gave to the U.S. most of what is now Ohio and allowed Ohio to enter the union on 1803
Foreign Affairs in the 1790’s
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French Revolution- 1789-1799 In France the monarchy that had ruled for years collapsed in 3 years. The French Revolutionary Wars started in
1792.
“Reign of Terror”- After the French Revolution, there was a period of terror and violence that occurred for a year
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793- George Washington declared the U.S. neutral
Between the conflict of England and France
Citizen GenetJay Treaty 1794- Treaty between U.S.A. and Britain, this helped solve many problems that were unsolved from the American Revolutionary
War and Treaty Of Paris 1783. Jay's Treaty led to the formation of the "First Party System" It increased trade between the countries.
Pinckney Treaty of 1795- Made friendly relations between Spain and the U.S. Made the boundaries of the U.S. and Spain colonies, and
guaranteed navigation rights to the Mississippi river to the U.S.
XYZ Affair- John Adams sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall and Elbridge Gerrey to talk to Talleyrand, in response 3 men X,Y,Z ask them for
$32 million loan, in order for peace negotiations, Talleyrand didn't know about this.
"Quasi War"- Began July, 1798 fought at sea between the French and U.S.A from 1798- 1800. It was undeclared, and is also referred to as
Franco- American War. War began since the French had seized some American ships.
Convention of 1800- Meeting between the U.S. and France to settle issues that happened during Quasi War. Agreements were: return captured
ships, free passage of all goods.
Alien and Sedition Acts 1799- 4 bills passed in 1799 by the Federalists stating to protect the U.S. from alien citizens of enemy powers and to
prevent seditious acts from weakening the government. Democratic Republicans claimed the bills were unconstitutional
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions- Virginia and Kentucky declared not to go by Alien & Sedition Acts. They claimed that the acts were
unconstitutional and so they would go against state's rights which they fought to protect. Later on the such refusal came to be known as
nullification.
Nullification- the ability of states to interpose between the federal government and the people of the states. Meaning the states have the right to
reject an act they think is unconstitutional.
Compact Theory 1799- That the nation was formed through a compact agreed by all the states that the federal government is consequently a
creation of the states. So the states have the right to determine of the government has done something unconstitutional or passed the line.
"High Federalists"- Supporters of Hamilton, since during the presidency Hamilton and Adams disliked each other so much that they split the
Federalist Party which gave end to party.
Citation for Vocab, and notes
Mrs. Von Blon’s Notes token on ISN notebook
My notes on notebook gotten from Ch. 9-11
AP Student.com
http://www.apstudent.com/ushistory/outline3.php
http://www.apstudent.com/ushistory/outline4.php
http://www.apstudent.com/ushistory/elections1.php
Jeffersonian Democracy
By: David Kassir
Election of 1800- this election was between Jefferson and John Adams. John Adams was the president at the time, and Jefferson ended up
winning, after a tie. When power switched from Adams to Jefferson, it was known as the Revolution of 1800.
“Revolution of 1800”- This happened after Jefferson won the election of 1800. It was when power peacefully switched from one party to another,
which was a big deal and hadn’t happened before. The government changed from federalist to Democratic- Republican. Since there was no fighting,
it showed that a Republic could work.
12th Amendment- This amendment called for electors to vote specifically for 1 presidential candidate and one vice- president. Because Burr and
Jefferson tied in the election of 1800, vote when to House of Representatives. Hamilton (in charge of House of Representatives) pushed other
Federalists to vote Jefferson into office instead of Burr
Government for the People- The ideal was government was to be run for the people, rather then with a monarchy where one person has all the
power.
“We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans”- Thomas Jefferson was elected president of the United States in 1801 representing the
Democratic- Republican Party. During his inaugural address “we are all Federalists, we are all Republicans." Following Federalist president John
Adams, Jefferson says this because he wanted a smooth transition of powers. With this quote he promised his people that he would compromise for
the sake of unity and he backed up his words with his domestic and foreign policies.
Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson; believed that a national debt wasn't a blessing; he reduced the national
debt with a strict economy.
Judiciary Act of 1801- passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. The new
Republican-Democratic Congress quickly repealed the act and kicked out the 16 newly seated judges. The judges who were appointed were referred
to as “midnight judges”.
John Marshall- One of the Federalist judges appointed from the Judiciary Act of 1801. Chief Justice John Marshall was not removed, unlike the
other “midnight” judges that had been appointed. He served under presidents including Jefferson and others for 34 years. He shaped the American
legal tradition more than any other person.
Marbury v Madison- - James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued James Madison for his pay. The
court ruled that Marbury had the right to his pay, but the court did not have the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay. Most importantly,
this decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution. This happened in 1803.
Judicial Review- This meant that Supreme Court had the power to review the laws that Congress makes and then declare if they are
unconstitutional. This greatly enhanced the power of the Supreme Court.
Justice Samuel Chase- Supreme Court Justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's
decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
Tripolitan War- This war took place between 1801-1805. It was also called the Barbary Wars; this was a series of naval engagements launched by
President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive; afterwards, the
U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary States to protect their ships from pirate attacks.
Haitian Slave Revolt- A slave revolt took place in 1803, lead by Toussaint L’Overture. The slave rebellion took control of Haiti, the most important
island of France’s Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and
it encouraged Napoleon him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.
Louisiana Purchase- Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in Paris in 1803 to buy as much land as they could for $10 million.
Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World Empire for 2 reasons:
1) He failed in his efforts to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs.
2) Because Britain controlled the seas, Napoleon didn't want Britain to take over Louisiana. So he wanted the money from the Americans. He also
hoped the new land for America would help to thwart the ambitions of the British king in the New World.
Lewis and Clark Expeditions- After purchasing the Louisiana Territory, Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark
to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. They had an Indian guide named Sacagawea.
Hamilton and Burr Duel- After burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When
he lost, he blamed Hamilton (a successful Federalist politician) of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to
a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804.
Burr Conspiracy- After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested
them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get
Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr’s punishment, the
Supreme Court acquitted Burr.
Chesapeake- Leopard Affair- this event helped lead to the War of 1812. In 1807, The American ship “Chesapeake’ refused to allow the British on
the “Leopard” to look for deserters. In response, the “Leopard” fired on the “Chesapeake”. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British
ships for its waters until Britain issued an apology.
Embargo Act of 1807- In 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act. It banned the exportation of any goods to any countries. With the act, Jefferson
planned to force France and England, who both depended on American trade, to respect America and its citizens, who had been killed and captured
by both countries. The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans.
Non- Intercourse Act- This act opened up trade to every country except France and Britain. It was made in 1809 as a replacement for the Embargo
Act, which had been repealed.
James Madison- He became president on March 4th, 1809, following Thomas Jefferson.
Macon’s Bill No. 2- This was a bill issued by Congress. It reopened American trade with the entire world. Napoleon convinced James Madison to
give Britain 3 months to lift its Orders in Council. Madison did, but Britain chose not to lift its Orders in Council, and Madison had to re-enact the
United States's trade embargo, but this time just against Britain.
War Hawks- This was a group that wanted to remove Native Americans further west, take over Canada, get control of Spanish Florida (Britain’s
ally), and they were outraged at British impressments and Orders in Council. 2 prominent figures in this group were Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun.
Shawnee: Tecumseh, The Prophet- Tecumseh was a Shawnee who, along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the
settlers; allied with the British. Tenskwatawa was known as “The Prophet”, he was a Shawnee, and along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes
in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British.
Battle of Tippecanoe- A battle where the Indians fought against the Americans. The Indians were made up several tribes that had been united.
They were lead by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. The Americans were lead by William Henry Harrison. The Americans won this battle. It was
significant because a formal agreement was signed, which ended the Indian threat.
War of 1812- This war took place with Britain rather than France because France was respecting American sailors, and Britain controlled Canada,
which a lot of Americans wanted.
Francis Scott Key- He was an American prisoner aboard a British ship who watched the British fleet bombard Fort McHenry; wrote the "Star
Spangled Banner."
Battle of New Orleans- This was a battle towards the end of War which the Americans won. It was a huge loss for the British, because they lost
tons of men and barely managed to kill a few Americans. The Americans were lead by Andrew Jackson, who became a national hero after his
contributions to that victory.
Hartford Convention- This was a convention that took place in 1814. People from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island went to the
convention. At this convention, they demanded that Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos,
Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared, The
abolition of slavery, That a President could only serve 1 term, The abolition of the 3/5 clause, and The prohibition of the election of 2 successive
Presidents from the same state. The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist Party. The party nominated their last presidential
candidate in 1816.
Treaty of Ghent- This Treaty ended the War of 1812. Tsar Alexander I of Russia called the Americans and British to come to peace because he
didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814
in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent for the signing. Both sides stopped fighting and conquered
territory was restored.
Nationalism and Sectionalism to 1828
By: Elena Moya
President Monroe
-elected 1816
-produced the "Era of Good Feelings" by inspecting military defenses
_-but was short lived when the Panic of 1819 struck
-reelected in 1820 due to lack of opposition
-in 1823-Adams convinced Monroe in hid beliefs and the Monroe Doctrine was born
DOMESTIC POLICY:
"Era of Good Feelings"
-a misnomer due to the issues with tariffs and the bank, the selling of public land
-led to sectionalism
Henry Clays "American System"
-created in 1824
-three main parts:
--strong banking system
--protective tariff
--use of the revenues for internal improvement (i.e. railroads, canals)
Tariff of 1816, protective
-designed to protect Americas nurturing factories
-its "barrier" wasn't "high" enough to be completly adequate
- led to more people wanitng protection
Panic of 1819
-paralyzed economy
-brought deflation, depression and bankruptcy
-main cause= over-speculation of frontier lands
-a setback to nationalism
Jon Marshall, Federalist: decisions of a Chief of Justice
-Marbury vs. Madison 1803
--formed the basis of judicial review
--William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force James Madison to hand over his commission documents
--Court denied Marburys request claiming the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
-Martin vs. Hunter Lessee
--was the first case to assert ultimate Supreme Court authority over state courts in matters of federal law
-McCulloch vs. Maryland, 1819
--attempt by Maryland to destroy the Bank of United States by putting taxes on its notes
--Marshall declared that the Bank was constitutional and denied Maryland the right to tax its notes
-Cohens vs. Virginia
--Cohens found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets
--tried to appeal to the highest tribunal
--Virginai "won"
--reason for Supreme Court review of any cases
-Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1824
--New York wanted a grant of a private waterborne concern between New York and New Jersey
--Marshall shot it down
-Fletcher vs. Peck, 1810
--Georgia legislation was swayed by bribery and granted 35 million acres of the Yazoo River country to private land speculators
--when a new legislation arrived, it tried to reppeal the grant
--Marshall said that the grant was a contract and that the Constitution forbids any breaking of contracts
--protects state rights from popular pressure
-Darmouth vs. Woodworth, 1819
--New Hampshire wanted to change the charter given to Darmouth by King George III
--Marshall said it was a contract and the charter must stand
Daniel Webster
-"Expounding Father"
-challenged states rights and nullification
Tallmadge Amendment
-stated that no more slaves should be brought to Missouri and providided gradual emancipation of the children born to the parents slaves working
there
Missouri Compromise of 1820
-stated Missouri as a slave state
-Maine as a free state
-all future bandage of slaves was prohinited in the rest of the Lousiana Purchase by the line of 36 30'
-South won-NMissouri as a slave state
-North won-concession that Congress could prohibit slavery in the rest od the Louisiana territory
FORGIEN POLICY:
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
-drafted the Monroe doctrine after he realized that Britains alliance would only hamper American expansion
Rush Baggot Treaty of 1817, great lakes
-between the United States and Britain
-limited the naval armaments on the Great Lakes
Adams-Onis Treaty
-created in 1819
-the purchase of Florida from Spain for 5 million
Monroe Doctrine
-made by Adams
-Stated that America would leave other forgien countries alone as long as the countriews would in turn leave America alone
Jacksonian Democracy
By: Beatriz Lopez
Election of 1824- This presidential election was also the only one in which the candidate.
John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives.
President Andrew Jackson - March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845 was the seventh President of the United States. Was knows for being very insensitive
and bending the U.S. rules, to his liking. Loved by the people, gained popular vote.
Jacksonian Democracy- political philosophy of United States President Andrew Jackson and his supporters. Jackson's policies followed the era of
Jeffersonian democracy which dominated the previous political era.Jackson's equal political policy became known as Jacksonian Democracy,
subsequent to ending what he termed a "monopoly" of government.Jacksonian democracy promoted the strength of the presidency and executive
branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government.
John C. Calhoun- he was a proponent of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.talented orator and writer. was the seventh
Vice President of the United States.
Webster-Hayne Debate-debate in the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that
took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs.
"Kitchen Cabinet" -The Kitchen Cabinet was the name given to the unofficial group of advisers to President Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), who
reportedly met with him in the White House kitchen.
Peggy Eaton Affair - Soon after Jackson's inauguration it became apparent that the wives of the other members of Jackson's Cabinet did not
approve of Mrs. Eaton's allegedly lurid past. She was snubbed at White House receptions, and Washington political society refused to accept or
return social visits from Mrs. Eaton, and pronounced themselves scandalized that Mrs. Eaton was even invited to participate in polite Washington
company.
Tariff of Abomination - was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828 designed to protect industry in the
northern United States.
Anti-Masonic Party - It strongly opposed Freemasonry and was founded as a single-issue party aspiring to become a major party.It introduced
important innovations to American politics, such as nominating conventions and the adoption of party platforms.
Jacksonian Economics
By: Xeno Bogle
Specie Circular impact- Imposed by President Jackson and carried out by Martin Van Buren required all government land payments to be in gold and
silver. Unfortunately this lead to inflation and was blamed for the increase in prices during the Panic of 1837.
Panic of 1837- began in New York when banks began to accept payment solely in gold and silver as a result of the Specie Circular imposed under
Jackson’s reign. This resulted in a five year depression and severe unemployment.
Indian Removal act of 1830- Unjustly and immorally signed into law on the 26’th of, May 1830 by president Andrew Jackson. This authorized the
relocation of Native Americans to designated territories so America could gain hold of the land originally inhabited by the Indians, primarily, Georgia.
The Treaty of New Echota was the final step which lead to the forced removal of the Cherokee from their home, subsequently leading to the Trail of
Tears.
Martin Van Buren- Serving from 1837-1841, Buren was the nation’s eighth president. He was a strong proponent for lower tariffs and free trade
which rooted him in popularity down South which maintaining Southern support for the democratic party. In addition, he was the overseer to the Trail
of Tears and in the case of the widely known Amistad case he sided with the Spanish in support of returning the kidnapped slaves to Africa.
Liberty Party- A little known political party during 1840-1860’s America, the Liberty party was an early abolitionist advocate which held contradictory
views of the constitution. It was founded by William Lloyd Garrison.
Santa Anna- Former Mexican general Santa Anna spent time exiled in the U.S and was permitted to retire to the Mana de Clavo, his hacienda in
Veracruz.
“Divorce Bill”- Spawned the Independent Treasury by “divorcing” the federal government from banking. Effective after the Second Bank of the U.S
collapsed in the year 1836.
Independent Treasury Plan- Returned government funds of the U.S and its’ sub treasuries which made it independent of the national financial and
banking systems. This method of finance was effective from 1846-1921.
Nicholas Biddle- Former American Financier who served as president of the Second Bank of the U.S.
Roger B. Taney- In 1833 he ordered an it end to the deposit of Federal money in the Bank of the United States killing the bank.
Pet Banks- term applied to state banks which were used by the U.S department of Treasury to receive government surplus funds in 1833.
Black Hawk War- Brief conflict between the U.S and a group of Native Americans headed by Black hawk, a Sauk Leader. Sparking the war was the
tribes attempt to rightfully reclaim land that was unjustly acquired by the U.S in 1804.
Seminoles(war1835-1842)- Ensued the Seminole’s refusal to abandon their reservation North of Lake Okeechobee and relocate to the Western part
of the Mississippi.
Worchester v. Georgia- Supreme court case vacating the conviction of Samuel Worchester
Stating that the Georgia criminal statute, which banned non-Indians from being present on Native American Lands without state licensed approval
was unconstitutional. Which in this case was a bad thing.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia- By refusing to Consider Cherokee Nation v . Georgia (1831), SELF Governing possibilities were denied to a Native
American tribe.
Manifest Destiny
By: Franco Terrazas
Manifest Destiny: a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
Annexation of Texas: the voluntary annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States of America as the twenty-eighth state. It quickly led to
the Mexican War (1846-48) in which the U.S. captured further territory west to the Pacific Ocean.
Joint Resolution: the effect of a law and is often used instead of a bill when the purpose is of a temporary nature, or to establish a commission or
express an opinion.
Election of 1844: Candidates were Henry Clay (Whig) vs. James K Polk (Democrat) vs. James G. Birney (Liberty) Electoral Votes: James 170, Henry
105, James G. 0. Popular Votes: (James K. 1,339,368) (Henry Clay 1,300,697) (James G. Birney 62,103)
Issues: Polk and the Democrats espoused the expansionist position, calling for the "reoccupation of Oregon" and the "annexation of Texas." The cry
of "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" was raised by the Democrats, condemning the British presence in the Northwest. Clay belatedly switched his position on
annexation. Newspaper attacks targeted both major candidates, Clay labeled a drunkard and Polk chided as an unknown, repeatedly asking "Who is
James K. Polk?"
Oregon Trail: The Oregon Trail was one of the main overland migration routes on the North American continent, leading from locations on the
Missouri River to the Oregon Country.
Oregon Territory: an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the
southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon.
Oregon Treaty: a treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in
Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon
Country.
Mexican War
Slidell’s mission to Mexico were for 4 reason
1)
Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande as the border
between Texas and the United States
2)
American forgiveness of the claims by U.S. citizens
against the Mexican government
3)
The purchase of the New Mexico area for $5 million
4)
The purchase of California at any price.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left
legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America
Election of 1848: Election Candidates, Zackary Taylor (Whig), Lewis Cass (Democratic), Martin Van Buren and Charles F. Adams (Free Soil), Gerrit
Smith and Charles C. Foote (Liberty)
Election Votes: Whig (163) , Democratic (127), Free Soil and Liberty got zero votes.
Wilmot Proviso: one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the
Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession.
Gadsden Purchase: of 1853, United States purchased a strip of land along the US-Mexico border for $10 million, now in New Mexico and Arizona.
This territory was later used for the southern transcontinental railroad.
Rise of the National Economy
By: Diamond Barbosa
Industrial Revolution
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An Industrial Revolution took place in America in 1861, during the early stages of the Civil War.
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In 1789, Samuel Slater came to America from Europe having memorized the plans for a textile machine. He became known as
the “Father of the Factory System.”
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Sectional differences :
1.
The northern states industrialized, creating factories and had tremendous shipping and fishing industry. They didn’t
need slaves as much.
2.
The southerners depended on plantation crops such as cotton and tobacco, and thus needed large numbers of slaves
to farm the land.
3.
As the southerners moved west, they wanted to be able to expand slavery into the new land, but northerners opposed
slavery in the western territories.
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Lowell Mill Girls: Farm girls and single women from New England were recruited to work in textile factories in Lowell,
Massachusetts.
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General Incorporation Law: allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature.
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Limited Liability: limited partnerships; when each partner in a company is responsible for a certain part of the company.
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Northern “Wage Slaves”: Popular from the Lowell Mill Girls labor protests in 1836; people who work and depend on minimum
wage or minimum amount of money.
Transportation Revolution

Between 1810 and 1840, America took a huge step toward quicker transportation.

Turnpike: a highway that is passed after paying a toll
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Canal: a small narrow passageway of water that goes inland
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Railroads: a group of tracks on which locomotives or cars can travel.
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National Railroad: a railroad built around 1870 between New York City and Washington D.C.

Lancaster Turnpike: First important turnpike in America and the first long-distance stone and gravel road in the country.
Chartered in 1792 and completed in 1795 (62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster), it gave travelers an easier way to reach the Northwest
Territory.
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Growth of cities: advances in industrialization, transportation, and power supplies were pull factors to the growth of cities.

Robert Fulton: inventor and engineer; he is most famous for inventing steamships. In 1807, his Clermont made the trip from
New York to Albany, upriver on the Hudson, in 32 hours.

Erie Canal: waterway in northern U.S that runs from Lake Erie (Buffalo, N.Y. ) to the Hudson River (Albany, N.Y.). The idea for
the canal was enforced by Gov. DeWitt Clinton of New York and it was later opened in 1825. It connected the Great Lakes with New York
City and allowed transport of people and supplies.

Federal Government Land Policy: The government divided the western land into smaller parcels (parts) that were later issued
to the settlers.

Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co.: Charles River Bridge Co. constructed a toll bridge between Boston and
Cambridge in 1785. In 1828, Warren Bridge Co. received authorization to create a competing toll way across the Charles River. The first
company sued and claimed that they were given transportation rights for that area. The Chief Justice, Robert B. Taney, stated that
nowhere in the Charles River Bridge Co. contract did it say they had rights to that area and that by adding another toll bridge, it would be
better for the “General Welfare.” The final outcome gave the federal gov. the power to regulate interstate commerce, not the states.

Labor Leaders: “The Union,” is a group of leaders that represent the laborers.

10-hour Movement: This movement was created to lessen the work hours of laborers to 10 hours.

Commonwealth v. Hunt: A court case in 1842 that made it legal for workers to create a Union and it allowed the union to
protest.
Inventions:

Eli Whitney:
1) The cotton gin: a machine that extracts seeds from cotton (1794).
2) Interchangeable Parts: manufacturing large amounts of identical parts for assembly of a musket.

Elias Howe: He invented the sewing machine in 1846.

Isaac Singer: Perfected Howe’s sewing machine and created I.M. Singer & Co. to start manufacturing the machine. When
Elias Howe returned from England, he sewed Singer for taking his invention and selling it across America. Singer continued selling his
product and became the world’s largest sewing machine manufacturer.

John Deere: Industrialist who manufactured the “Steel Plow.”(plows suitable for working the prairie soil. 1804-1886)

Cyrus McCormick: invented the mechanical reaper, which revolutionized the harvesting of grain. It prevented laborers from
gathering crops by hand.

Samuel Morse: created a “dot-and-dash” alphabet and a plan to use telegraphy to send long-distance messages. In 1837 he
proposed a working model, and by 1843 had government funding to run a line from Baltimore, Maryland to Washington, D.C. On May 24,
1844 he transmitted the first telegraph message: "What hath God wrought!"
Social Reform (Religion to Education)
By: Marre Strickland
Religion:
Second Great Awakening: emerged in the 1800s. The liberalism in the religion appealed to many and it converted countless people, also
reorganizing and destroying many churches.
o Deism - Relied on science instead of the Bible. Denied Christ as divine and rejected concept of sin, but believed in a Supreme Being who
created the universe.
o Unitarianism – Belief that God existed in one person as opposed to the orthodox trinity. Stressed essential goodness of human nature as
opposed to bad thing and that God was a kind father, not stern.
o Charles Grandison Finney – became known as greatest of the revival preachers. Very charismatic, also denounced alcohol and slavery.
o Peter Cartwright – was a “circuit rider” or preacher who traveled frontiers. Called upon sinners to repent, converting thousands of souls to
the Lord.
o Great Awakening spread to frontier via “camp meetings”. People (as much as 25,000) would gather for several days to listen to preachers.
o Revivalism – stressed personal conversion, democratic control of church affairs, and emotionalism.
o Perfectionism – Once a converted sinner was sanctified, they would become perfected in will and motive.
o “Burned-Over District” – Some New England Puritans in Western New York did not approve of these revivals.
o Millerites (Adventists) – interpreted bible to meaning that Christ would return to Earth on October 22, 1844
o Mormonism – was first religion created in the US that had international influence
o Joseph Smith – visionary who established Mormonism, he claimed to have received golden plates from an angel that contained the Book
of Mormon when deciphered. He was later killed by a mob.
o Brigham Young – took over after Smith was murdered. Led Mormons to Utah.
o Brook Farm – started in 1841 with cooperation of twenty intellectuals. Prospered well until a fire ruined a new communal building in 1846.
o New Harmony – founded by Robert Owen in 1825. Did not prosper much.
o Oneida Community – practiced free love, birth control, and eugenic selection of parents. Flourished for over 30 years.
o Shakers – led by Mother Ann Lee, set up first of many religious communities. Prohibited marriage and sexual relations, however, and thus
went extinct by 1940s.
Abolitionism: the movement to end slavery.
Temperance: restraint in use of liquor and alcohol.
o American Temperance Society – formed in Boston in 1826.
o Maine Law of 1851 – prohibited manufacturing and sales of intoxicating liquor. Other northern states followed but most were declared
unconstitutional.
o Neal S. Dow – “Father of Prohibition”, sponsored the Maine Law of 1851.
Women’s Rights: movement among women who desired equal rights to that of men.
o Seneca Falls, 1848 – Women’s rights convention where the “Declaration of Sentiments” was read, declaring that all men and women are
created equal.
o Elizabeth Cady Stanton – advocated suffrage for women to the shock of even other feminists.
o Lucretia Mott – began to advocate women’s rights after she and her female delegates were not recognized at the London antislavery
convention of 1840.
o Susan B. Anthony – incredibly persistent, was a militant lecturer for women’s rights.
o Sarah & Angelina Grimke – believed in antislavery
o Lucy Stone – retained her maiden name after marriage
o Sojourner Truth – was a religious black woman who condemned slavery.
o “Republican Motherhood” – elevated women in society, establishing them as the cultivators of habits of virtuous citizenry in their children.
o “Cult of Domesticity” – idea that women’s lives would be encircled in domestic activities like working at home.
o Catharine Beecher – reformer, urged women to be teachers, but also supported that women should be good homemakers.
o Godey’s Ladybook – popular women’s magazine. Ran from 1830-1898 and had many faithful women readers.
o Industrial Revolution and Gender Roles – women now could have jobs working because of the revolution and it contributed to the general
uprising of women fighting for equality.
Education: improved immensely starting from the 1800s.
o Noah Webster – devoted twenty years to standardizing American language, creating the first dictionary in 1828.
o William McGuffey – was a teacher/preacher. Taught morality, patriotism, and idealism.
o Horace Mann – campaigned for better schoolhouses, school terms, higher pay for teachers, and expended curriculum.
o Public education – tax supported schools became increasingly triumphant in society
Social Reform (Other Reformers – Literature)
By: Sandra Reyes
Other Reformers:
Dorthea Dix
 She volunteered to hold a devotional hour for women in the East Cambridge jail & discovered that some of the inmates were
chained in a cold cell because they were mentally ill
 She reported the situation to a local court making the situation public
 Efforts were made to improve conditions
 January 1843, she presented the state legislature an address and the legislature was persuaded to foot the bill to expand the
state hospital for the insane at Worcester
American Peace Society
 Formed in Mat 1828 in Boston, Massachusetts and Maine, New Hampshire
 Suggested by William Ladd
 at the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, consist of meeting minutes, branch material, correspondence, reports, articles,
periodicals, pamphlets, scrapbooks, memorabilia, photographs, and personal material from Benjamin Trueblood and his
daughter
Prison Reform, Auburn System, Penn. System
 improve conditions inside prisons
 producing a more effective penal system
 1821 a disaster occurred in Auburn Prison many man committed suicide and mental break down because of the bad treatment in
prisons
 Auburn System- persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night with enforced silence at all times
 Penn. System- solitary confidence fosters penitence and encourages reformation
Nativism:
“Old Immigration”
 1830-1860 Mostly Irish and German immigrated to the US
 Irish had no self rule and potato famine
 Germans: liberals and intellectuals after revolution of 1848
 many came to settle the frontier, were workers for factories, mines, railroads, farmers
“Know Nothings”


Anti-immigrant group
Believed:
Immigrants took American jobs
Didn’t assimilate into American society
Were Catholics
Literature:
Transcendentalists:
 Emphasis on truth
 Every person is in possess of an inner light that can them in direct touvh with God
 Incorporated in both religion and society
 Began in England
 Ralph Waldo Emerson-leader of Transcendentalist movement. He addressed the “American Scholar” in 1837. It stated that
Americans should leave European traditions relating to self reliance.
 Henry David Thoreau- a poet that encouraged people to be peaceful with one another
 Walt Whitman- Known for his famous poem “ O Captain My Captain” and “leaves of Grass” He was given the name of the Poet
Laureate of Democracy since he didn’t believe in slavery or drinking
 Margret Fuller- Edited a transcendentalist journal Dial And took part in the struggle to bring unity
Knickerbockers Group 3 authors from New York
 Washington Irving-1st to win national recognition in literature
 James Fennimore Cooper- 1st novelist to gain recognition and he was a nationalist writer who popped up after war of 1812
 William Cullen Bryant- was the last member and he promoted American literature with his poems
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
 was a commanding figure in the cultural life of nineteenth-century America
 Romantic who identified with the great traditions of European literature which charged his imagination with untried themes and
made him ambitious for success
Hudson River School Of Art
 The first coherent school of American art
 Beginning with the works of Thomas Cole and Asher B. Durand
 landscape painting that were not so realistic
Gilbert Stuart
 most successful portraitist of early America demonstrating his tremendous natural talent and wit in the representation of likeness
and character
 known for his portraits of some of the most famous men and women of his era in America
Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy In America
 he explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in western societies
 French political thinker and historian
Slavery and the South
By: Daniela Cedilla
1)“King Cotton”-“was a phrase used in the Southern United States mainly by Southern politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the
importance of the cotton crop to the Confederate economy during the American Civil War. However, the attempt to use this trade as a diplomatic
weapon to force Europe's hand in the American Civil War proved a serious strategic blunder”…Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cotton
2)Cotton gin,Eli Whitney-Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and a pioneer in the mass “production of cotton. Whitney was born in
Westboro, Massachusetts on December 8, 1765 and died on January 8, 1825. He graduated from Yale College in 1792. By April 1793, Whitney had
designed and constructed the cotton gin, a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. Advantages of
Eli Whitney's Cotton GinEli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States. Prior to his invention,
farming cotton required hundreds of man-hours to separate the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers. Simple seed-removing devices have been
around for centuries, however, Eli Whitney's invention automated the seed separation process. His machine could generate up to fifty pounds of
cleaned cotton daily, making cotton…”..Credits: http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/cotton_gin.html
3)Plantation slavery,slavery culture- “The conditions slaves faced depended on the size of the plantation or farm where they worked, the work
they had to do, and, of course, the whim of their master. Those who worked the fields with their owner and his family tended to receive better
treatment than plantation slaves under an overseer, who was interested only in maximizing the harvest and had no direct investment in their wellbeing. Household slaves, blacksmiths, carpenters, and drivers (slaves responsible for a gang of workers) were better off than field hands. Ultimately,
any slave's fate was determined by his or her owner; the use of corporal punishment and the granting of privileges, such as allowing a visit to a
nearby plantation, were his decisions alone…”Credits: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24176/Slave-culture
4)Sectionalism:3 South’s Sectionalism-“ refers to the different economies, social structures, customs, and political values of the North and
South.It increased steadily 1800–1860 as the North, without slavery, industrialized, urbanized and built prosperous farms, while the deep South
concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for the poor whites. The South expanded into rich
new lands in the Southwest (from Alabama to Texas).However, slavery declined in the border states and could barely survive in cities and industrial
areas (it was fading out in cities such as Baltimore, Louisville and St. Louis), so a South based on slavery was rural and non-industrial. On the other
hand, as the demand for cotton grew the price of slaves soared. Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial
Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles Beard
in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary.However historians agree that social and cultural
institutions were very different North and South. In the South the rich men owned all the good land, leaving the poor white farmers with marginal
lands of low productivity. Fears of slave revolts and abolitionist propaganda made the South militantly hostile to suspicious ideas.” Credits:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sectionalism
*Slave revolts:
5)gabriel prosser,1800 revol ts: “Gabriel (1776 – October 10, 1800), today commonly – if incorrectly – known as Gabriel Prosser, was a literate
enslaved blacksmith who planned to lead a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800. However, information regarding the
revolt was leaked prior to its execution, thus Gabriel's plans were foiled. Gabriel, along with twenty-six members of the revolt, were hanged. In
reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved.”
Credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser
6)Denmark Vesey conspiracy,1822,S.Carolina- “Denmark Vesey originally Telemaque, (1767? – July 2, 1822) was an African American slave
brought to the United States from the Caribbean. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions
in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and at Charleston, South Carolina, authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising
could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed. Although it was almost certainly not his home, the Denmark Vesey House at
Charleston was named a National Historic Landmark in 1976.
Many antislavery activists came to regard Vesey as a hero. During the American Civil War, abolitionist Frederick Douglass used Vesey's name as a
battle cry to rally African-American regiments, especially the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
-The Vesey conspiracy
Inspired by the revolutionary spirit and actions of slaves during the 1791 Haitian Revolution, and furious at the closing of the African Church, Vesey
began to plan a slave rebellion. His insurrection, which was to take place on Bastille”
Credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_Vesey
7) Nat Turner revolt,1831,virginia
“Nat Turner's Rebellion (also known as the Southampton Insurrection) was a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia during
August 1831.Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55-65 white people, the highest number of fatalities caused by slave uprisings in
the South. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for several months afterward.
In the aftermath, there was widespread fear, and white militias organized in retaliation against slaves. The state executed 56 slaves accused of being
part of the rebellion. In the frenzy, many innocent enslaved people were punished. At least 100 blacks, and possibly up to 200, were killed by militias
and mobs. Across the South, state legislators passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and
other civil rights for free blacks (such as prohibiting formerly allowed voting), and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship
services.The rebels spared almost no one whom they encountered. A small child who hid in a fireplace was among the few survivors. The slaves
killed approximately sixty white men, women and children[10] before Turner and his brigade of insurgents were defeated. A white militia with twice
the manpower of the rebels and reinforced by three companies of artillery eventually defeated the insurrection.”
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner's_slave_rebellion
8)Mountain Whites:
“Were usually poor whites living in the Western edges of the Southern United States in Pre-Civil War America. They were often very separated from
the rest of Southern society. Because of this they usually did not own slaves and were critical of the Southern economic system. They were also able
to retain many of their customs they brought over from Europe. There were reports of some isolated mountain whites speaking in Elizabethan
accents, even as late as Civil War times. Mountain whites also developed their own styles of music which borrowed from Scottish and Irish tradition
as many were of Scots-Irish descent. The music of mountain whites contributed heavily to the formation of bluegrass music. They fought primarily for
sectionalism and states' rights and also for Abolition.”Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_white
9)Missouri Compromise of 1820 : “was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States
Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the
parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had
refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed. The United States Senate refused to concur in the
amendment,[clarification needed] and the whole measure was lost.
During the following session (1819-1820), the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, introduced on January 26, 1820 by John W. Taylor of
New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabama, a slave
state, making the number of slave and free states equal. In addition, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine
as a free state.The Senate decided to connect the two measures. It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people
of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B.
Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Missouri Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within
the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.”CREDITS:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise
9)liberty party,election of 1844: “The United States presidential election of 1844 saw Democrat James Knox Polk defeat Whig Henry Clay in a
close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed.Democratic nominee James K. Polk ran on
a platform that embraced American territorial expansionism, an idea soon to be called Manifest Destiny. At their convention, the Democrats called for
the annexation of Texas and asserted that the United States had a “clear and unquestionable” claim to “the whole” of Oregon. By informally tying the
Oregon boundary dispute to the more controversial Texas debate, the Democrats appealed to both Northern expansionists (who were more adamant
about the Oregon boundary) and Southern expansionists (who were more focused on annexing Texas as a slave state). Polk went on to win a
narrow victory over Whig candidate Henry Clay, in part because Clay had taken a stand against expansion, although economic issues were also of
great importance. (The slogan "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” is often incorrectly regarded as being part this president's election campaign rhetoric; it
became a popular slogan in the months after the election, used by those proposing the most extreme solution to the Oregon boundary dispute).This
was the last presidential election to be held on different days in different states, as starting with the presidential election of 1848 all states held the
election on the same date in November.”
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844
10)banning of abolitionist literature in southern mails,1830s—“Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery.
In western Europe and the Americas abolitionism was a movement to end the slave trade and set slaves free. At the behest of Dominican priest
Bartolomé de las Casas who was shocked at the treatment of natives in the new world, Spain enacted the first European law abolishing colonial
slavery in the 16th century, although it was not to last. In the 17th century[citation needed] when Quaker and evangelical religious groups
condemned it as un-Christian and the 18th century, when rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment criticized it for violating the rights of man. Though
anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, they had little immediate effect on the centers of slavery: the West Indies, South
America, and the Southern United States. The Somersett's case in 1772 that emancipated slaves in England, helped launch the movement to
abolish slavery. Pennsylvania passed An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in 1780. Britain banned the importation of African slaves in its
colonies in 1807, and the United States followed in 1808. Britain abolished slavery throughout the British Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833,
the French colonies abolished it 15 years later, while slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865 with the 13th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.Abolitionism in the West was preceded by the New Laws of the Indies in 1542.”
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism
11)”gang rule,”1836,House of Representatives-“ A gag rule is a rule that limits or forbids the raising, consideration or discussion of a particular
topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body. The term originated in the mid-1830s when the U.S. House of Representatives barred
discussion or referral to committee of antislavery petitions.[1]Such rules are often criticized because they abridge freedom of speech, which is
normally given extremely high value when exercised by members of legislative or decision-making bodies (see Parliamentary privilege and
Congressional immunity). On the other hand, gag rules are typically defended on the ground that they help preserve consensus by placing potentially
divisive controversies "off the table" of debate.
A present-day example can be found in the Dewan Negara (Senate) of Malaysia, which has a standing order prohibiting any member from proposing
the repeal of those articles of the Malaysian Constitution that reserve certain privileges for Bumiputra (ethnic Malay) citizens.A gag rule may be
formally neutral, that is, forbidding discussions or arguments either for or against a particular policy. For example, William Laud, the Archbishop of
Canterbury during the reign of King Charles I of England... forbade ministers to discuss the sublime mysteries associated with Calvin's doctrine of
predestination. They could not preach it, nor could they preach against it. They could not mention it at all... For Laud, what was at stake was not so
much the promotion of his own theological opinions as the suppression of the furor theologicus that had caused so much devastation in England and
throughout Europe in the aftermath of the Reformation.[2]Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_rule
12)American Colonization Society- The American Colonization Society (in full, The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of
America) was the primary vehicle for proposals to return free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. It helped to found
the colony of Liberia in 1821–22 as a place for freedmen.Paul Cuffee, a wealthy New England shipowner and activist, was an early advocate of
settling freed blacks in Africa. The son of Native American Wampanoag and African Ashanti parents, he gained support from free black leaders and
members of the US Congress for an emigration plan. In 1811 and 1815-6, he financed and captained successful voyages to British-ruled Sierra
Leone, where he helped a small group of African-American immigrants get established. Cuffee believed that free blacks could more easily "rise to be
a people" in Africa than in the U.S., where slavery and legislated limits on black freedom were still in place.[3]
Although Cuffee died in 1817, his efforts encouraged the American Colonization Society (ACS) to lead further settlements. The ACS was made up
mostly of Quakers, who supported abolition, and slaveholders, who wanted to remove the threat of free blacks. They disagreed on the issue of
slavery but found common ground in support of so-called "repatriation". The Friends believed blacks would face better chances for fully free lives in
Africa than in the U.S. The slaveholders opposed freedom for blacks, but saw repatriation as a way to avoid slave rebellions. From 1821, thousands
of free black Americans moved to Liberia from the United States. Over 20 years, the colony continued to grow and establish economic stability. In
1847, the legislature of Liberia declared the nation an independent state.Some say the ACS was a racist society, while others point to its benevolent
origins and later takeover by men with visions of an American empire in Africa. The Society closely controlled the development of Liberia until its
declaration of independence. By 1867, the ACS had assisted in the movement of more than 13,000 Americans to Liberia. The organization was
formally dissolved in 1964.[1]The society was supported by Southerners fearful of organized revolt by free blacks, by Northerners concerned that an
influx of black workers would hurt the economic opportunities of indigent white, by some who opposed slavery but did not favor integration, and by
many blacks who saw a return to Africa as the best solution to their troubles.
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society
-*Abolitionist:
13)William Lloyd Garrison,The liberator,1831-“ was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the
editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate
emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement. The LiberatorIn 1831,
Garrison returned to New England and founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper of his own, The Liberator Initial circulation of The Liberator was
relatively limited; there were fewer than 400 subscriptions during the paper's second year. However, the publication gained subscribers and influence
over the next three decades,until, after the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery nation-wide by the Thirteenth Amendment, Garrison
published the last issue (number 1,820) on December 29, 1865, writing in his "Valedictory" column.”
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison
14)Elijah Lovejoy-“was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his
abolitionist There, Lovejoy worked as an editor of an anti-Jacksonian newspaper and ran a school. Five years later, influenced by the Revivalist
movement, he chose to become a preacher. He attended the Princeton Theological Seminary and became an ordained Presbyterian preacher. Once
he returned to St. Louis, he set up a church and became the editor of a weekly religious newspaper, the St. Louis Observer. He wrote a number of
editorials, critical of other religions and slavery. On three occasions, his printing press was destroyed by pro-slavery factions who wanted to stop his
publishing abolitionist views. On November 7, 1837, a pro-slavery mob approached a warehouse belonging to merchant Winthrop Sargent Gilman
that held Lovejoy's fourth printing press. Lovejoy and his supporters exchanged gunfire with the
mob.Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy
16)American Antislavery Society- was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key
leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown was another freed slave who often spoke at meetings. By 1838, the
society had 1,350 local chapters with around 250,000 members. Famous members included Theodore Dwight Weld, Lewis Tappan, James G.
Birney, Lydia Maria Child, Maria Weston Chapman, Abby Kelley Foster, Stephen Symonds Foster, Henry Highland Garnet, Samuel Cornish, James
Forten, Charles Lenox Remond, Lucy Stone, Robert Purvis, and Wendell Phillips. The society's headquarters was in New York City. From 1840 to
1870 it published a weekly newspaper, the National Anti-Slavery Standard. The society, while it promoted the greater good for slaves, was not met
with welcome arms. According to Britannica, "The society's antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading
meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses.”The society however could not expect everyone to agree with the idea of getting rid of slavery.
In the mid 1830s, slavery had become so economically involved in the U.S. that getting rid of it would cause a major blow to the economy, especially
in the South.A convention of abolitionists was called to meet in December 1833 at the Adelphi Building in Philadelphia.[3] The convention had 62
delegates, of which 21 were Quakers. The new American Anti-Slavery Society charged William Lloyd Garrison with writing the organization's new
declaration. The document condemns the institution of slavery and accuses slave owners of the sin of being a "man-stealer.
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society
17)Theodore Weld,American slavery as it is-was one of the leading architects of the American abolitionist movement during its formative years,
from 1830 through 1844.Weld played a role as writer, editor, speaker, and organizer. He is best known for his co-authorship of the authoritative
compendium, American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, published in 1839. Harriet Beecher Stowe partly based Uncle Tom’s
Cabin on Weld's text and it is regarded as second only to that work in its influence on the antislavery movement. Weld remained dedicated to the
abolitionist movement until slavery was ended by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.
Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld
18)Wendell Phillips,”Golden trumpet”- was an American abolitionist,
advocate for Native Americans, and orator. He was an exceptional orator and agitator, advocate and lawyer, writer and debater.On October 21,
1835, the Boston Female Society announced that George Thompson would be speaking. Pro-slavery forces posted close to 500 notices with the
reward of $100 for the citizen that would first lay violent hands on him. But George Thompson canceled last minute, and William Lloyd Garrison was
quickly scheduled to speak in his place. The lynch mob formed, Garrison escaped through the back of the hall, hiding in a carpenter's shop. The mob
then found him, putting a noose around his neck to drag him away. Fortunately, several strong men intervened and took him to the Leverett Street
Jail. One who witnessed this attempted lynching was a young Wendell Phillips, watching from Court Street. After being converted to the abolitionist
cause by William Lloyd Garrison in 1836, Phillips stopped practicing law in order to fully dedicate himself to the movement. He joined the American
Anti-Slavery Society and frequently made speeches at its meetings. Garrison was a newspaper writer who spoke openly against the wrongs of
slavery. Phillips horrified his family when he joined the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society. His family tried to have him thrown into an insane
sanitarium. So highly regarded were his oratorical abilities that he was known as "abolition's Golden Trumpet". Like many of his fellow abolitionists,
Phillips took pains to eat no cane sugar and wear no clothing made of cotton, since both were produced by the labor of Southern
slaves…Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Phillips
19)Sarah and Angelina Grimke- The Grimke sisters of South Carolina were two early female abolitionists and women's rights activists, traveling
throughout the North, lecturing about their first-hand experiences with slavery on their family plantation. Recieving abuse and ridicule for their
abolitionist activity, as later women active in a range of reform activities would find, they both realized that women would have to create a safe space
in the public arena if they wanted to be effective abolitionists and reformers. So in an often to be repeated story, they both became women's rights
activists. Sarah Grimke was an abolitionist from an early age: she saw a slave being whipped at age 5 and tried to board a steamer to live in a place
where there is no slavery. Later in opposition to southern law, she taught her attendant to read. An early feminist, she wanted to become an attorney
and follow in her father's footsteps. He was chief judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina. She studied constantly until her parents found out
that she intended to go to college with her brother - then they forbid her to study her brother's books or any language. Her father supposedly
remarked that if "she [Sarah] had not been Angelina wrote her first tract, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (1836), to encourage southern
women to join the abolitionist movement for the sake of white womenhood as well as black slaves. To her mind, slavery harmed white womanhood
by destroying the institution of marriage. Marriage was destroyed when white men fathered their slaves' children and evidence of that fact could be
seen on the faces of their slaves. To publicly discuss such a delicate subject caused an uproar. The sisters stirred up even more controversy when
Sarah published Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States (1836) and Angelina again published (Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free
States 1837). Credits:http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2000/grimke4.html
20)Sojourner Truth: was the self-given name, from 1843, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth
was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights
Convention in Akron, Ohio. The state of New York began, in 1799, to legislate the abolition of slavery, although the process of emancipating New
York slaves was not complete until July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised to grant Truth her freedom a year before the state emancipation, "if she
would do well and be faithful." However, he changed his mind, claiming a hand injury had made her less productive. She was infuriated but
continued working, spinning 100 pounds of wool, to satisfy her sense of obligation to him.Late in 1826, Truth escaped to freedom with her infant
daughter, Sophia. She had to leave her other children behind because they were not legally freed in the emancipation order until they had served as
bound servants into their twenties..Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojourner_Truth
21)Federick Douglass: was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the
abolitionist movement, gaining renown for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders'
arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. He became a major speaker for the cause
of abolition.In addition to his oratory, Douglass wrote several autobiographies, eloquently describing his life as a slave, and his struggles to be free.
His classic autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, is one of the best known accounts of American slavery.After the Civil War,
Douglass remained very active in America's struggle to reach its potential as a "land of the free". Douglass actively supported women's suffrage.
Following the war, he worked on behalf of equal rights for freedmen, and held multiple public offices.Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of
all people, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant. He was fond of saying, "I would unite with anybody to do right and with
nobody to do wrong." Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass
MISSING: The 1850s (Election of 1848 – Bleeding Kansas)
The 1850's (New England Emigrant Aid Company to Crittenden compromise proposal)
By: Kelly Bravo
- New England Emigrant aid Company- was a transportation created to transport immigrants to Kansas Territory to shift balance of power so that
Kansas would enter the state as a free rather than a slave state. It was created by Eli Thayer un the wake of the Kansas Nebraska Act. It was
founded in November, 1854 until March 1855. Thayer's predicted that the company would be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to
fruition, but it spurred Border Ruffians form nearly Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union
as a slave state.
- Beecher's Bibles- A name given to the breech loading Sharps rifles that were supplies to the antislavery immigrants in Kansas. The name came
from the New England minister Henry Ward Beecher, of the New England Emigrant Aid Society. The arms were shipped in wooden crates marked
"Bibles" or "books." Intended to conflict fought over slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This article appeared in the New York Tribune on February
8, 1856 and, thereafter the Sharps rifle became known as the "Beecher's Bible."
- raid on Lawrence- Lawrence Massacre, also known as Quantrill's Raid, was a rebel guerilla attack during the U.S Civil War. Kansas had long been
the center so strife and warfare over the admission so slave versus free states. In summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a guerrilla
war in Kansas that lasted for months. When the Kansas Territory was opened to settlement in 1854, abolitionists from New England rushed to the
area in an effort to keep the territory from becoming pro slavery. Lawrence, Kansas was founded by the anti-slavery Massachusetts Emigrant Aid
Society which was formed in 1854 and aided many emigrants to Kansas and Nebraska. Lawrence wasn't just a destination, but also a center from
which the emigrants proceed.
Lawrence grew into an important stop on the Underground Railroad and Kansas Jayhawkers fought several times with pro slavery Bushwhackers
from Missouri. One significant local clash was in 1856. Others were further south and involved people like John Brown and his family in places like
Osawatomie.
-Sumner Brooks Affair- In May1856, ardent abolitionist Senator Charles Summer, he recently had given a speech "The Crime against Kansas” on
abolishing slavery in the United States. The speech describes atrocities occurring in Kansas at the time. In the speech senator summer included
Andrew Butler, to South Carolina because his involvement with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Congressmen Preston Brooks which Andrews was his
nephew proceeded to attack senator summer. The attack was brutal, and senator summer did not make another appearance after the attack until
November 5, 1856.
- Pottawatomie Massacre- occurred during the night of May 24 and the morning of May 2, 1856. John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed
five settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin Country, Kansas. Led due to Missouri Compromise and Kansas-Nebraska Act. Abolitionist
should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose. Brown was so outraged by both
the violence of pro-slave forces, and also by what he saw as a weak and cowardly response by the antislavery partisans and the Free State settlers,
whom he described as cowards, or worse.
-Lecompton Constitution- Was the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. The
document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James
H. Lane and other free-state advocates. It contains clauses protecting slaveholding and a bill of rights
excluding free blacks, and it added to the friction protecting up to the U.S Civil War. It was reflecting
in territorial election. Congress balked, and a compromise was offered calling for resubmission of the constitution to the territory’s voters. Kansas
again rejected it the following August and was admitted to the Union as a free state on Jan. 29, 1861.
-Election of 1856:Republican Party (Fremont) - Was a unusually heated election campaign that led the election of James Buchanan, the ambassador
to the United Kingdom. Republican candidate John C.Fremont condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and crusaded against the Slave Power and
the expansion of slavery while Democrats endorsed the moderate "popular sovereignty" approach to slavery expansion utilized in the KansasNebraska Ac. The American Party was the successor to the earlier Native American Party and was controlled by Know-Nothing leaders. The
American Party absorbed most of the former Whig Party in 1854.
- Know-Nothing part (Fillmore) - Mainly active from 1854 to 1856. A native American political movement of the 1840's and 1850's. Empowered by
Germans and Irish Catholic it fear the country by immigrants the were often hostile to Anglo-Saxon Protestant values and controlled by the pope in
Rome. The movement originated in NY in 1843 as the American Republic. The origin of the "Know Nothing" term was in the semi-secret organization
of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, "I know nothing."
- President Buchanan ( Democrat)- ( April 23, 1791- June 1, 1868) he was the 15th president
of the United States from 1857-1861 and the last to be born in the 18th century.
Only the President for Pennsylvania. He was very talented experience state politician
and very successful attorney prior to his presidency. After turning down an offer to
the supreme Court, he served a minister as a Minister to the United Kingdom under
President Franklin Pierce, in which capacity he helped draft the controversial Ostend
Manifesto.
- Derd Scott decision 1857- He was a African American slave in the
United states who sue unsuccessfully for his freedom in the infamous
Dred Scott v. Sanford case of 1857. His case was based that him and
his wife were slaves to Dr.John Emerson in a state and territories where
Slaves was illegal according to both state laws and the North Ordinance
Of 1787. The United States Supreme Court ruled to two against Scott,
Finding neither him, nor any person of African ancestry, could claim
Citizenship in the United States, and therefore he could not bring suit in
Federal court.
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney- Was the 5th Chief Justice of the U.S from
1836 until his death in 1864 and was the first Roman Catholic to hold that
office or sit on the Supreme Court of the U.S. Most remember for delivering
the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) . He was the first
Nominee to the United States Executive Cabinet to be rejected by the U.S
Senate when his recess appointed as Secretary of Treasure failed in a
vote of 28-18
-Panic of 1857- The Panic of 1857 was a nation economic depression caused, principally, by Europe's declining purchase of American agricultural
products.
During the Crimean War in Europe, many European men left their lives as farmers to enlist in the military. This resulted in many European countries
depending upon American crops to feed their people. With the end of the Crimean War, agricultural production in Europe increased dramatically, as
former soldiers returned to their lives as farmers. It was caused from the declining international economy and overexpansion of the domestic
economy.
-Lincoln's "house divided" speech- On June 16, 1858, at the Illinois Republican convention in Springfield, Abraham Lincoln kicked off his bid for the
U.S. Senate with a speech that would come to be known as the "House Divided" speech. Lincoln believed that the recent Supreme Court decision on
the Dred Scott case was part of a Democratic conspiracy that would lead to the legalization of slavery in all states. Referring to the court's decision
which permitted Dred Scott to live in a free state and yet remain a slave, he said, "what Dred's Scott's master might lawfully do with Dred Scott, in the
free state of Illinois, every other master may lawfully do with any other one, or one thousand slaves, in Illinois, or in any other free state."
-Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 (Illinois)- Series debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for Senate in Illinois and incumbent
Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. They focused on slavery and its extension into the western territories. Lincoln criticized
Douglas for his support of popular sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, while Douglas accused Lincoln of advocating racial equality and
disruption of the Union. Douglas won reelection, but Lincoln's antislavery position and oratorical brilliance made him a national figure in the young
Republican Party.
- Freeport Doctrine- Written by Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed
by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the majority decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, which stated that
slavery could not legally be excluded from U.S. territories (since Douglas professed great respect for Supreme Court decisions, and accused the
Republicans of disrespecting the court, yet this aspect of the Dred Scott decision was contrary to Douglas' views and politically unpopular in Illinois).
Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the
refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
- John Brown- Was a abolitionist from the U.S, who advocated and practiced
Armed insurrection as a mean to abolish slavery for good. He led the
Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name
in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that, a year later, led to
secession and the American. Brown first gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis. Unlike most
other Northerners, who advocated peaceful resistance to the pro-slavery faction, Brown demanded violent action in response to Southern
aggression.
- Harpers Ferry raid 1859- On October 16, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 21 men in a raid on the arsenal. Five of the men
were black: three free blacks, one a freed slave and one a fugitive slave. During this time assisting fugitive slaves was illegal under the Dred Scott
decision. Brown attacked and captured several buildings; he hoped to use the captured weapons to initiate a slave uprising throughout the South.
- Election of 1860- set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights
and slavery in the territories. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic into Southern and Northern
factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican to power without the support of a single Southern state. Hardly more than a month
following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President
James and President-elect Lincoln.
- John Bell- Bell was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on 15th February, 1797. A member of the Democratic he worked as a lawyer until being elected
as a to House of Representatives (1827-41). He joined the Whig Party and President William Harrison appointed him as Secretary of War in 1841. A
wealthy slaveholder from Tennessee, Bell served in the United States Congress in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He began his
career as a Democrat; he eventually fell out with Andrew and became a Whig. In 1860, he was among the three presidential candidates defeated by
Abraham Lincoln in a bitterly divided election that helped spark the American Civil War.
- Constitution Union Part- The Constitutional Union Party united Whigs and Know-Nothings who were unwilling to join Democrats or the Republicans.
Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, Henry Clay's successor in border-state Wiggery, set up a meeting among fifty conservative, pro-compromise
congressmen in December 1859, which led to a convention in Baltimore the week of May 9, 1860, one week before the Republican Party
convention. Was apolitical party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion
over the slavery issue. These former Whigs some whom had been under the banner of the Opposition Party in 1854-58 teamed up with former
Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party.
- John Breckenridge- was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Kentucky and was the 14th
Vice President of the United States, to date the youngest vice president in U.S. history, inaugurated at age 36.
Breckinridge was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849 as a Democrat. He was then elected to the Thirty and Thirty-third
Congresses (March 4, 1851 – March 4, 1855). He did not run for reelection, and instead was nominated as Minister to Spain by President Franklin
Pierce, but declined. He was elected Vice President of the United States in 1856, on the Democratic ticket with James Buchanan as president. He
was the youngest Vice President in U.S. history, elected at the age 35, the minimum age required under the United.
- Southern Democracy party- southern Democrats largely stayed as conservative as they had always been, with some even breaking off to form
farther right-wing splinters like the Dixie rats. After the Civil successfully challenged the Jim Crow laws and other forms of institutionalized, and after
the Democrats as a whole came to symbolize the mainstream left of the United States, the form, if not the content, of Southern Democratic politics
began to change. At that point, most Southern Democrats defected to the Republican Party, and helped accelerate the latter's transformation into a
more conservative organization.
- Stephen Douglas- was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in
1860. He lost to the Republican Party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in senate contest following a famed
series of debates. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short of stature but was considered by many a "giant" in politics. Douglas
was well-known as a resourceful party leader, and an adroit, ready, skillful tactician in debate and passage of legislation. Responsible from the
Compromise of 1850 that apparently settled slavery issues.
In 1854 he reopened the slavery question by the highly controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act, that allowed the people of the new territories to decide
for themselves whether or not to have slavery (which is known as "popular sovereignty"). The protest movement against this became the Republican
Party. He supported Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857.
- Northern Democracy party- By the late 1850s, the Democratic Party was split over the issue of slavery. Northern Democrats generally opposed
slavery's expansion while many Southern Democrats believed that slavery should exist across the United States. In the presidential election of 1860,
the Democratic Party split in two, with Stephen Douglas running for the Northern Democratic Party, and John C. Breckinridge representing the
Southern Democratic Party. Two other political parties competed in this election as well. One of these parties was the Republican Party, with
Abraham Lincoln as its candidate. Lincoln and the Republican Party opposed slavery's expansion. The other party was the Constitutional Union
Party. The party's candidate, John Bell, hoped to compromise the differences between the North and South by extending the Missouri Compromise
line across the remainder of the United States. Slavery would be permitted in new states established south of the line, while the institution would be
illegal in new states formed north of the line.
- Republican Party- It was in February 1854, at a political rally in Ripon, Wis., that the label "Republican" was first decided upon by a small group
supporting an antislavery position. The Republican Party rapidly absorbed other splinter parties under the platform of the no expansion of slavery, a
strong central government, high tariffs, federally funded internal improvements, and other measures repugnant to Southerners. The area of the
country from which the Republican Party drew its support was the most densely populated and industrializes; it had most of the railroads and
controlled much of the country's commerce. The Republicans were capable of making an immediate impact in national elections.
In the presidential election of 1856, the Republican Party, labeled "Black Republicans" for their stand against slavery, nominated the western
explorer John C. Fremont. He received less than 1 percent of the Southern vote; however, he carried 11 Northern states outright. For the first time a
purely Northern major political party had positioned itself squarely against the Southern slave power.
- Buchanan and the secession crisis - In November 1860 triggered a crisis which had been simmering.
President James Buchanan could not wait to leave the white house due to that, he had to spend four
months presiding over a nation which was splitting apart.
- Crittenden Compromise proposal- Was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of
1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States.
The compromise consisted of six proposed constitutional amendments and four proposed Congressional resolutions. Both the House of
Representatives and the Senate rejected it in 1861. It was widely perceived as making heavy concessions to the South, but perhaps the most
significant aspect of it was Abraham Lincoln's immediate rejection, because he was elected on a platform that opposed the expansion of slavery. The
South's reaction to his rejection paved the way for the American Civil War.
Civil War (Lincoln’s Inaugural Speech – Grant’s Virginia campaign)
By: Kelsey Rhebergen
Lincoln's inaugural speech: delivered on Monday, March 4, 1861, as part of Lincoln’s taking of the oath of office for his first term as the sixteenth
President. The speech was primarily addressed to the people of the South, and was stated Lincoln's intended policies and desires toward that
section, where seven states had seceded from the Union. It touched on his pledge to "hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging
to the government", his argument that the Union was in-dissolvable, and thus that secession was impossible; and a promise that while he would
never be the first to attack, any use of arms against the United States would be regarded as rebellion, and met with force.
Lincoln’s Cabinet: William H. Seward - Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase - Secretary of the Treasury; Simon Cameron - Secretary of War; Gideon
Welles - Secretary of the Navy; Caleb Smith - Secretary of the Interior; Montgomery Blair - Postmaster General; Edward Pates - Attorney-General.
Border States: slave states which didn’t secede from the Union. Consisted of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri.
Seceding States: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas left the union from December 20, 1860 to February
1, 1861.
Jefferson Davis: A West Point graduate and former Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce. Was the president of the Confederacy through it’s entire
span. Alexander Stephens was his vice president.
Confederate States of America: an unrecognized state formed February 8, 1861 that lasted until May of 1865. Contained the 11 southern states that
seceded from the U.S.
South’s Advantages: much better military leaders, like Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. They also had the advantage of fighting on familiar
terrain.
North’s Advantages: Higher population and better supplies as well as a naval advantage. Industry was also move prevalent in the north and it
focused on corn and wheat instead of cotton in its agricultural areas.
Fort Sumter: the first battle of the Civil War took place at a federal fort in Confederate territory. Lincoln transported in relief supplies to the fort telling
the South Carolina Governor that they were only transporting in provisions. The Confederates attacked the fort to make it submit before relief came.
Volunteers and Conscription: The Union had huge numbers of volunteers at the beginning of the war, so much that some were turned away. The war
went on longer than expected so both sides of the war began drafting young men into the war effort.
Secession of 4 other states: slave states which seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter in 1861, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
because of Lincoln’s call for troops.
Northern blockade (Anaconda Plan): a strategy proposed by Winfield Scott that called for a blockade of southern ports and an advance down the
Mississippi River to cut the south in two.
Bull Run (Manassas): The Union army marched against the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. Forces clashed at Bull Run where Confederate
reinforcements arrived under “Stonewall” Jackson. The battle sobered both sides and showed that the war would be longer than they anticipated.
General George McClellan: was too meticulous for fast-moving battlefields and during his Peninsula Campaign in 1862 he was forced to withdraw
from Robert E. Lee and didn’t manage to seize Richmond. He was removed from command by President Lincoln after this failure although he was
reinstated once.
Robert E. Lee: Commanded the Confederate Army and was the best battlefield tactician. He was very loved by his troops. “Stonewall” Jackson was
the second best known Confederate general behind Lee. He died due to accidental friendly fire in the battle of Chancellorsville.
Significance of Antietam: the first battle of the war on Northern soil and the bloodiest single-day battle in American history with about 23,000 deaths.
Fredericksburg, Dec. 1862: fought around Fredericksburg, Virginia it is considered one of the most one-sided battles in the Civil War with more that
twice as much Union casualties than Confederate ones.
Chancellorsville, May 1863: is known as Lee’s “perfect battle” because of his successful division of his army against a much larger force. “Stonewall”
Jackson was mortally wounded in this battle.
Gettysburg, July 1863: had the largest number of casualties and is considered the war’s turning point. After the battle President Lincoln delivered his
famous Gettysburg Address at the Gettysburg National Cemetery.
Vicksburg, July 4, 1863: the final major military action where Ulysses S. Grant crossed the Mississippi River and defeated Confederate forces.
Robert E. Lee surrendered here.
Atlanta and march through Georgia, Sherman: he captured Atlanta on November 15 the moved west destroying huge amounts of public and private
property.
Grant’s Virginia campaign, 1864-65: Grant pushed through ignoring losses and repeatedly attacked the Confederate’s defense line. It lead to the
eventual surrender of Lee’s army and end of the Civil war.
Civil War (Appomattox Courthouse – John Wilkes Booth)
By: Emma Weathers
Appomattox Court House – The resolution to the end of the Civil War, in April 1865. Grant cornered Lee on Palm Sunday, and gave the South
generous terms to surrender.
Emancipation Acts 1862, 1863- The Emancipation Act of 1862 officially ended slavery in Washington D.C. It was signed by Abraham Lincoln on April
16, 1862. It included compensation for former owners loyal to the Union. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/dc_emancipation_act/
The Emancipation Act of 1863 is the Emancipation Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863- declared slaves in the rebel states ‘forever free’. The Emancipation Proclamation and Lincoln lacked the ability to
enforce and actually free slaves, so slaves freed themselves and headed towards the north. The Emancipation Proclamation removed any chance of
a negotiation between the rebel and union states. Not everyone was happy with the EP; desertions in the Union army increased, abolitionists said
the Proclamation was not good enough, etc. It also increased the moral position of the North in the war.
Suspension of civil liberties:
Habeas corpus- Latin for “you have the body”. Basically, it is a prisoner’s final chance to challenge the ruling given to him by a court.
Lincoln suspended Habeas corpus on April 27, 1861, in response to Maryland’s threat of secession. He was challenged by the Supreme Court, and
overturned, but Lincoln continued to enforce his suspension. According to the United States Constitution, habeas corpus can only be suspended in
times of rebellion or when invasion of the public safety may require it. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Habeas_corpus
Ex parte Merryman- John Merryman was arrested for various acts of treason, and issued a writ of habeas corpus. Lincoln suspended the
writ of habeas corpus for public safety, and despite Chief Justice Roger Taney’s protests, Merryman’s writ was not answered.
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=442
1st Amendment issuesLincoln’s usurpation of Congressional powersCopperheads- very similar to the “Peace Democrats”. Wanted a quick peace with the South, and disliked the war. Openly opposed Lincoln, the
draft, and emancipation.
Clement L. Vallandigham – One of the primary copperhead leaders. He was convicted in 1863 for treasonable utterances (saying things that spoke
of treason), and banished to the Confederate lines, because of his sympathy towards them.
Republican Legislation passed in Congress after secession:
National Banking System- authorized by Congress in 1863 to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to establish a bank-note
currency. Banks that were under the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue paper money. It was a significant step
towards a more unified banking system since Andrew Jackson had shot down the Bank of the United States.
Tariff- The Morrill Tariff Act passed in 1861 increased the duties from 5% to 10%, then drastically upward as the war deepened. The tariff
became associated with the Republican party.
Homestead Act- An act stating that any US citizen who had not ‘borne arms’ against the US government could receive 160 acres as long
as they improved the land they received. After five years of living on the land, the citizen could file to own the land. The Homestead Act was passed
in 1862.
Transcontinental railroad- Railroads that linked from one side of the country to the other. Many Native American tribes lost their land and
buffalos to the railroad.
Land grant act- Also known as the Morrill Act, this gave land to states in order to build agricultural and mechanical colleges upon.
http://www.pvamu.edu/pages/601.asp
Great Britain:
Trent Affair- Also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair. The Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell were captured by
Captain Charles Wilkes while on a voyage to Great Britain and France to encourage recognition of the Confederacy as a nation.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Trent_Affair
Alabama- A British built Confederate commerce raider. The Alabama was a “British pirate”, and was controlled by Britons and
Confederates. It was destroyed near France in 1864 by a Union cruiser. Britain later paid America 15.5 million dollars for damages caused by the
Alabama raiders.
Laird rams- Two Confederate warships built by John Laird and Sons in Britain. The warships never left Britain, due to the fact that America
staunchly threatened to declare war if the warships ever left Britain and came to the Confederacy. This was a very good thing, because the Laird
rams were far more powerful than the Alabama, and would’ve been a large asset to the South.
France:
Emperor Napoleon III- The first President of France, and the first and only emperor of the Second French Empire. He had France lead the
Pro-Confederate powers, but never fully recognized the Confederacy.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Napoleon_III#United_States_of_America
Election of 1864:
Candidates- The Democratic party nominated General McClellan for the presidency, and the Union party had Abraham Lincoln running for
re-election with Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat, as his running mate. Lincoln won with 212 electoral votes to 21, and 2,206,938 populous votes to
1,803,787.
Parties- The Union party was founded when the Republicans merged with the War Democrats (the Democrats for the Civil War). The
Democrat party included the Copperheads.
Lincoln’s second inaugural speech:
“With all malice toward none, with charity for all”- Lincoln’s second inaugural address is known as one of the best speeches ever given. It
states Lincoln’s intention to finish the war and bring the nation back together. Lincoln gave the speech on March 4, 1865.
John Wilkes Booth- the Pro-Southern actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14 th, 1865 at Ford’s Theater in Washington. The president
died the following morning.
Reconstruction
By: Jamel Jaramillo
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
 This was a plan for reunification after the civil war
 Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th
Amendment which outlawed slavery.
 Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.
13th Amendment, 1865
 The 13th amendment officially abolished slavery
 It kept slavery legal in Delaware and Kentucky
 Passed by the senate on April 8,1864
Ex Parte Milligan
 1866, A United states supreme court case that ruled that the application of military
Radical Republicans
 Radical republican were a loose faction of America politicians within the republican party from about 1854 until the reconstruction in 1877
 After the civil war a group that believed the south should be harshly punish and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionated
towards the south.
 Charles summer joined the Whig party then in 1848 helped form the free soil party. He argued against any compromise deal and become one of
the leaders of the radical republican in congress.
 Thaddeus Stevens a member of the Whig party. Leader of the radical republican in congress he proposed the resolution in 1868 for the
impeachment of Andrew Jackson
Wade-Davis bill (50% plan), veto
 The wade-Davis bill of 1864 was a program proposed for the reconstruction of the south.
 It was written by 2 radical republican members Senator Benjamin wade and Representative Henry Winter Davis.
 This bill declared that the reconstruction of the south was legislative.
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
 Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the united states
 The presidential reconstruction would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath
Freedmen’s Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
 Was a U.S federal government agency that aided distressed refugees of the American civil war.
 Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom and helped them get food and clothes also jobs to the ones that need it.
Black Codes
 Black codes were laws that were passed on the state and local levels on the United States to limit the civil rights of African American.
 They couldn’t carry firearms, buy slaves outside of their families and they were punish if the assisted other slaves in escaping.
1866 Elections
 With the cause of Southern Whites, the Republicans used the freedmen and their own numbers to seize control of The Southern States
 This helped them proceed with their plans for reconstruction.
Civil Rights Act, 1866
 Was a federal law in the United States that made everyone born in the U.S except Native Americans in the United States full citizens.
Military Reconstruction Act, 1867
 It divided the south into five military districts that were commanded by union generals.
 This ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and setup a system of martial law.
14th Amendment, 1867, Provisions
 This amendment was made to give citizenship and to protect the civil liberties of recently free slaves
 Equal protections of the laws.
 This resulted into the 1867 Reconstruction Acts that divided the south into 5 military districts controlled by military law
15th Amendment, 1870
 The 15th amendment granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the right of the citizens of the United States to veto shall

not be denied.
On Feb. 3, 1870 the promises that the 15th amendment wouldn’t be fully realize for almost a century.
Impeachment of Johnson
 A series of bitter political things between President Johnson and radical republicans in congress over reconstruction policy in the south. This led
to his impeachment.
 Radical republicans wanted to sweep transformation of the southern social and economic life.
 Favored granting freed slaves citizenship including voting rights.
“Scalawags” and “Carpetbaggers”
 A “scalawags” Is a white southern who supported reconstruction policies after the American civil war.
 A “carpetbaggers” is a referred to northerners who settle in the south during the reconstruction.
Purchase of Alaska, 1867, Sec. of State Seward
 By the United States from Russian Empire in 1867
 The Alaska purchase was done at the command of the United states Secretary of state William H.
President Ulysses S. Grant
 18th president of the United States
 He was a republican
 Known as the union general who led the north to victory over the confederate south during the American civil war.
Compromise of 1877, Provisions
 Mean that the democrats reluctantly agree that Hayes might take office if he ended reconstruction in the south.
 The compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settles the disputed 1876 U.S Presidential election.
Hiram R. Revels & Blanche K. Bruce
 Hiram R. Revels he was the first African American to serve in the united states senate in 1870, North Carolina free black
 Blanch K. Bruce was a U.S politician who represented Mississippi as a republican in the U.S senate from 1875 to 1881 and was the first elected
African American to serve a full term.
Redeemers (or Bourbons), Solid South
 Redeemers were political coalition in the southern United States during the reconstruction ear.
 Solid south its refer to the electoral support of the southern United States for the democratic party candidates for nearly a century from 1877
Ku Klux Klan, Forces Acts, 1871
 The Ku Klux Klan is a secret society that uses terrorism to promote white supremacy. Its mainly operated in the southern United States of
America during the mid-1900’s
 Forces Acts is acts passed by the U.S congress to protect the rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments.