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Question Distribution Analysis
(Past Papers in AL Biology from 1995–1999 )
Syllabus Topics
Section I
The Variety of Living
Organisms
1. The variety of life
Micro-organisms:
Viruses / Bacteria / Fungi
Protozoans
Plants:
Algae / Bryophytes / Ferns
Gymnosperms
/Angiosperms
Animals:
Cnidarians /
Platyhelminthes / Annelids
Arthropods / Molluscs /
Echinoderms / Chordates
Years
95
Paper I A1
Differences in
cellular
organization bet.
Prokaryotes &
eukaryotes
IA3
Differences bet.
Life cycles of
moss, fern &
angiosperm
IB9
Exp. on feeding
habits of starfish;
gut contents
96
98
99
IA1
IA1
IA1
IA5
Stages in life cycle
Morphological
Characteristic
Taxonomic group;
of bacteriophage features adapted for
features of
features;
brown alga &
Echinodermata &
hydroskeleton;
IA3
mould
Cnidaria
Nematoblast
Adv. Of body
organization of
IIB6 Essay:
earthworm over
Life cycles of moss
planarian
& flowering plant;
significances
IA7(b)
Diff. betw.
herbaceous dicot &
monocot.
IIC7 Essay:
Ecological roles of
microbes
IA8
Flat fishes;
Identification key;
Bottom dwellers
2. Classification
Section II
The Cell
1. The chemical
constituents of cells
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids
Inorganic components
2. Cell structure
97
IIB4 Essay:
Fx of lipids,
proteins &
nucleotides in
organisms
IIB5 Essay:
Compare proteins
& nucleic acids;
roles in organisms
IIA1(a)
Water essential for
life
IIB4 Essay:
Cellular &
subcellular
membranes
IA5
EM of cell;
protein synthesis
IA2
Processes take
place in plant cell
IA7
IA4
Water / osmotic/ Effect of ethanol &
pressure potentials; sucrose on beetroot
plasmolysis; graph
3. Membrane
permeability
4. Enzymes
(a) Enzymes as organic
catalysts
(b) Factors affecting
enzyme activity
IB8
Effect of
temperature &
chemicals on
amylases
IB10
Enzyme-catalyed
reaction; curves
IA2
Competitive &
non-competitive
inhibitors
IA6
Effect &
application of
enzyme
IB12
Rate of enzymatic
reactions;
succinate & malate
in krebs cycle
Syllabus Topics
Section III
The Functioning of
Living organisms
1. Nutrition
Years
95
96
97
IIB5
(b) Autotrophic
Diff. kinds of
nutrition
nutrition;
(i) Photosynthesis
ecological
roles
-- Photo-chemical reactions
-- Carbon fixation
IA2
-- Site of photosynthesis
Leaf pigments;
-- Factors affecting
chromatography
photosynthesis
(iii) Chemosynthesis
(c) Heterotrophic nutrition
(i) Holozoic nutrition
-- Ingestion
-- Digestion
-- Absorption / assimilation
-- Egestion
-- A balanced diet
99
IA5
Diff. betw.
chemoautotrophs &
heterotrophs
(a) Modes of nutrition
(ii) Mineral nutrients
required by
photosynthetic plants
98
IB10
Effect of CO2
concentration &
inoculation of
fungus
IIA3(b)
N & P of plant
growth
IIA2(b)
Calvin cycle;
flow diagram
IB10(a)
IA2
Effect of light
T.S. of dicot leaf;
intensity on net adaptive features to
CO2 fixation rate in
habitat
IIA2(a)
flowering plants
Structural features
IB9
of dicot leaf
IB10(b)
Effect of growth of
Cross-section of
maize; soil P &
IIB5 Essay:
leaves; structural
water;
Pigments in plants
diff. betw.
root morphology
& animals
photosynthetic
tissues
IB9
N/P/K
Requirements for
corn
IIB5
Diff. kinds of
nutrition;
ecological roles
IB12(c)
IIC9 Essay:
IB9(b)
Viable
Long-term health Nutritive value of
micro-organism
problems;
beans; dietary
(with thick-walled unbalanced diet or
proteins; PER
spore)
contaminated food
fed by cows;
IB12(d)
Interaction betw.
cows &
micro-organisms
(ii) Saprophytic
nutrition
(iii)Parasitic nutrition
2. Respiration
IB11
IIB5 Essay:
Exp: measure O2 Process energy by
chloroplast &
consumption rates
mitochondrion;
of mouse &
inter-relationship
grasshopper;
manometer
(a) Cell respiration
(i) Aerobic respiration
-- Glycolysis
-- Krebs cycle
-- Oxidative
phosphorylation
(ii) Anaerobic respiration
IA4
Exp. of yeast;
glucose
IIA1
ATP
(b) Energy release
(c) Gaseous exchange
IIA1(c)
between organisms and
Contrast gaseous
environment
(i) Gaseous exchange in exchange betw
human adult &
mammals
foetus
IIC10 Essay:
Smoking; health
problems; impact
on community
(ii) Gaseous exchange
in other organisms
3. Transport in organisms
(a) The circulatory system
in mammals
IA5
IB12
IIB6 Essay:
IB10
Bohr effect;
Pressure changes in Water transport in
O2 dissociation
diagram; signific.
heart chambers;
flowering plats & curves of blood of
cardiac cycles
mammals
amphibian &
IIA1(a)(b)
tadpole at diff. PH
Lymph;
lymphatic system
IIA2
Draw
mitochondrion;
originated from
bacterium;
evolution; virus
(b) Transport in
angiosperms
IA6
IIA2(c)
Photomicrograph; Translocation of
xylem; phloem; sucrose; mass flow
features in
hypothesis
transport
4. Support and movement
(a) Support in animals
IIB6 Essay:
Support in
herbaceous dicot &
tetrapedal
mammals in
terrestrial envir.
(b) Support in plants
IA8
EM of skeletal
muscle cell;
relaxed state
(c) Locomotion in animals
IA6
Mass flow
hypothesis;
translocation of
sucrose
IIA2(a)(b)
IIA1
IA8
Hydroskeleton;
Neural pathway; Aquatic; fish; squid
exoskeleton;
voluntary muscle
invertebrates;
cause bending of
locomotion without arm; elbow joint
muscle involved
(d) Movement in plants
IA1
Non-flowering
plant; sporangium;
ploidy no.
5. Perpetuation of species
(a) Asexual reproduction
(b) Sexual reproduction
IA7(b)
IIA1(a)
IB9
(i) The structure and
Progesterone &
Contrast embryos Hormonal levels'
function of flowers
oestrogen in oval
of mammals &
changes;
(ii) The reproductive
contraceptives
leguminous plants; menstrual cycle
system in mammals
formation of seeds
(iii) The transfer of
IA7(a)
& fruits
gametes & fertilization
Contraceptive
(iv) The formation of
methods
the seeds and fruits
IIA2(c)
(v) The germination of
Contrast gaseous
seeds
exchange in foetus
(vi) The mammalian
foetus and the newborn & human adult
6. Growth and
development
(a) The measurement of
growth
(b) Primary and secondary
growth in plants
(c) Metamorphosis in
animals
(d) The control of growth
and development
7. Response and
coordination
(a) The detection of
environmental conditions
(i) The skin
(ii) The eye
(iii) The ear
(a) Response to the
environment
(b) Nervous coordination in
mammals
IB12(a)(b)
Growth curves;
body weight of
cows;
newborn cows
IA9
Photomicrograph
of maize grain;
germination
IIB6 Essay:
Requirements for
sexual
reproduction;
mammals &
flowering plants
IIA2(a)
Contrast growth
patterns of
perennial plants &
insects
IIA2(b)
Hormones involved
in development;
puberty in male &
female
IIA2(a)(i)
Balance;
blindfolded man;
semi-circular
cannals
IIA2
Balance;
blindfolded man;
brain & spinal
cord; leg muscles
IA3
Fluid movement in
cochlea;
semi-circular
canals
IA5
Draw diagram of
synapse
IIA1(b)
N.S. & hormonal
systems;
breast-feed
(c) Hormonal coordination
in mammals
(d) Phytohormones
IA3
Photomicrograph;
testis; drug-treated
IIA3(c)
Cytokinins; fx &
applications
IIA2(c)
Contrast tropic
movement in
flowering plants &
reflex action in
mammals
IA4
Membrane
potential of axon;
action potential
IA7
Motor control;
brain & spinal
cord; (CO2)
chemoreceptors
IIB4 Essay:
Lost in mountain;
cold, hungry &
frightened; nervous
& hormonal
responses
IB13
Photoperiodic
response; no. of
day to flower;
daylength
8. Homeostasis
(a) Regulation of water and
mineral salts
IA4(b)
ADH &
aldosterone in
osmoregulation
IA6
Active & passive
reabsorption in
kidney tubule
IIB4 Essay:
IA7
IIA1(b)(c)
Adaptations of Nephron; control of Xerophytes &
terrestrial plants & sodium in body
halophytes;
animals to
adaptations;
desiccation
terrestrial mammal
(b) Regulation of body
temperature
(c) Regulation of blood
glucose level
IIC7 Essay:
(d) Defence against disease
Transmit diseases
in mammals
through contact
with blood ;
disease of blood
IA2
Inflammatory
response; humoral
immune response
IIC8 Essay:
Development of
new drugs for
mankind
Syllabus Topics
IA6
Vaccinations
require booster
dose
IIB4 Essay:
Body responses of
infection; boy's
injury
IIC7 Essay:
Human parasitic
infection
IIC8 Essay:
Use of antibiotics
IIA3
Diff. Betw
infections &
inheritable
diseases; 1 st line
of defence
Years
Section IV
Genetics and Evolution
1. Genetics
95
(a) Nature and action of the
gene
IA4(a)
Transcription &
translation
96
97
IIC11 Essay:
IIA3(a)
Impact of
Genetic variations
molecular biology in flowering plants
of human genes on
mankinds; ethical
implications
98
99
IIA3
Genetic code;
polypeptide &
protein synthesis
IIC7 Essay:
Genetic
engineering;
gene cloning;
safety & bioethics
IA7(a)
Diff. Betw gene &
allele
IIB6 Essay:
Mitosis & meiosis
in flowering plants
& mammals
(b) the role of gametes in
inheritance
(c) The inheritance of
discrete characters
IB11
Flower size &
internode length;
linkage
IIA3(b)
Sepal form & petal
colour of flowers;
genotypes
IB12
No. of days to yield
ripened tomato;
continuous
variation
(d) Discontinuous and
continuous variation of
characters
(e) Mutation
2. Evolution
(a) Evidence of evolution
(b) The mechanism of
evolution
3. Plant and animal
breeding
IIA3(c)
Pedigree;
hereditary disease;
sex-linkage
IIA3
Homology;
divergent
evolution;
species formation
Syllabus Topics
Section V
Inter-relationships of
Organisms with Each
Other and With Their
Environment
1. Populations
2. The ecosystem
(a) Concept of the
ecosystem
Years
95
96
97
98
99
IA8
Leguminous plant;
root nodules
IA4
Zooplanktons;
predator-prey;
graph
IIA3(a)
Properties of soil
affect plant growth
IIC9 Essay:
Ecotourism
IA3
Pyramid of energy;
pyramid of biomass
(b) Energy flow and
nutrient cycling in the
ecosystem
IB5 Essay:
Cycling of nitrogen
(c) Interdependence of
organisms
IIC10 Essay:
Significance of
species diversity
IB11
Viability of rice
seedlings; bacteria;
fungi on roots;
significance
IB11
Periodic fires;
forest tree
community
(d) Succession
IIC7 Essay:
IIC9 Essay:
Ecological roles of Food preservation;
microbes in nature unhygienic food
exploited by man
occurred in HK
3. The economoc
significance of
micro-organisms
4. Man’s impact on the
environment
IIC11 Essay:
IIC10 Essay:
Effects &
Endangered species
applications of
ionising radiations
IIC10 Essay:
Tropical rain
forest;
deforestation;
ecological
consequences
(a) Resource exploitation
IIC7 Essay:
Agriculture
(b) The effects of
agriculture
(c) Pollution
(i) Atmospheric
pollution
(ii) Water pollution
IA4(c)
Greenhouse effect
& ozone depletion
IA11
Phytoplankton
community; toxin
level in oyster;
coastal areas of
HK; D.O.
IIC8 Essay:
Marine pollution in
HK; measures
made by
government to
alleviate the impact
5. Man’s responsibility
for environmental
protection and
conservation
Miscellaneous
IIC9 Essay:
IIC8 Essay:
Bio. Importance of
Tree planting
HK countryside;
improve living
benefits to
environment in HK
inhabitants
IIC10 Essay:
Marine Parks in
HK as coastal
conservation area
IIB5 Essay:
Roles of pigments
in plants & animals
THE END
IIC9 Essay:
Man's activities;
consequences;
conservation
IIC8 Essay:
Land reclamation
dredging; impact
on marine
ecosystems
IB10 Essay:
Water quality
monitoring
programme in HK;
various parameters;
marine fish culture
zone; red tide