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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
Below are a number of important terms, concepts and people that are stressed in the Global History Curriculum.
Along with these important terms, concepts and people are words/phrases that are often associated with them. Use
these lists when trying to remember basic ideas associated with major terms/concepts/people!
WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS…
…THINK OF THAT
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
NEOLITIHC REVOLUTION
PERMANENT
SETTLEMENTS (TOWN &
VILLAGES)
Location near river valleys;
geography
FARMING,
Food surplus;
Domestification of plants
and animals
irrigation systems to
promote farming
Nomad become farmers; settle
near rivers
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
Louis Leakey British
archaeologist
discovered fossil
remains in Africa
EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS
ALONG RIVER
VALLEYS/FERTILE SOIL
Bantu Migration – Africa tribe
travel southern Africa
NILE, INDUS, HUANG-HE,
TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
Contributions – architecture, ,
pyramids, ziggurats,
hieroglyphic, pictographs
cuneiform,
RIVER VALLEYS
FERTILE SOIL
TRADE AND
TRANSPORTATION;
Development of Civilization
GEOGRAPHY/GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
INFLUENCE PEOPLE’S
CULTURE OR WAY OF
LIFE
AFFECTS DISTRIBUTION
OF POPULATION
Island – isolation
ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN
SOCIETY
REFLECT OR TELL US
SOMETHING ABOUT THAT
CULTURE
IN TOTALITARIAN
SOCIETIES IT REFLECTS
THE WILL OF THE RULER
REFLECTS A SOCIETIES
TECHNOLOGY
HAMMURABI’S CODE
(Babylon)
SOCIAL ORDER
STRICT – “EYE FOR AN
EYE”
1st written CODES OF LAWs –
influenced other laws
MANDATE OF HEAVEN/DYNASTIC
CYCLE
SIMILAR TO THE
EUROPEAN THEORY OF
DIVINE RIGHT
BELIEVED AUTHORITY TO
RULE CAME FORM GOD
ENDS IN 1911 (1ST CHINESE
REVOLUTION)
CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY
NATURAL BOUNDARIES –
Desert, mountains
ISOLATION
ETHNOCENTRISM (MIDDLE
KINGDOM)
JAPAN’S GEOGRAPHY
ARCHIPELAGO/ LACK OF
NATURAL RESOURCES/
MOUNTAINOUS
ISOLATION (UNTIL 19TH
CENTURY) AND
HOMOGENEITY
DEPENDENCY ON TRADE
W. EUROPE’S GEOGRAPHY
IRREGULAR COASTLINES
TRADE
DEVELOPMENT OF A
NAVY/IMPERIALISTIC
NORTHERN AFRICA’S GEOGRAPHY
SAHARA DESERT
DISTINCT CULTURE FROM
SUB-SAHARAN CULTURE
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S
GEOGRAPHY
ABUNDANCE OF
MINERALS AND
RESOURCES
EUROPEAN INTEREST
THROUGH IMPERIALISM
DIFFICULTY WITH TRADE,
COMMUNICATION &
TRAVEL
Mali, Ghana, Songhai Gold and Salt trade
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
REGULAR/SMOOTH COASTLINES
NO NATURAL BAYS AND
HARBORS – makes trade
LITTLE TRADE
AFRICA
1
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION,
INDUS CIVILIZATION,
MESOPOTAMIA
Tigris/Euphrates – Mesopotamia
Nile River – Egypt
Yellow River – China
Indus River – Ancient India
Mountains – terrace
farming; barriers to cultural
diffusion
Rivers – Travel/ trade/
transportation
difficult
LATIN AMERICA’S GEOGRAPHY
DIVERSE GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
DIVERSE CULTURES –
DIFFICULT TO UNIFY AS
ONE NATION because of
geography – Andes, Amazon,
Atacama
DIFFICULTY IN
TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION
MONSOONS
INDIA AND SOUTHEAST
ASIA
SEASONAL WINDS THAT
BRING MUCH NEEDED
RAIN
COULD BE DEVASTATING
(IE- IN BANGLADESH)
ISOLATION FOR MOST OF
ITS HISTORY until Britain
colonized
ABUNDANCE OF MINERALS
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
INDIA’S GEOGRAPHY
South Asia/ Monsoons
HIMALAYAS/HINDU KUSH
STRAITS
STRATEGIC LOCATIONS
FOR TRADE
BOSPOROUS,
DARDANELLES,
MALACCA, HORMUZ &
MAGELLAN
CONSTANTINOPLE
MIDDLE EAST GEOGRAPHY
ARID/SCARCITY OF
WATER/ desert
CULTURAL CROSSROADS
ABUNDANCE OF OIL/OIL AS
A WEAPON/O.P.E.C.
DESERTS
LIMIT COMMUNICATION
LIMIT TRAVEL AND
TRADE
ACT AS BARRIERS
RIVERS
IMPROVE
COMMUNICATION
IMPROVE TRAVEL AND
TRADE
Four River Valley – led to
development of civilization
RUSSIA’S GEOGRAPHY
HISTORICALLY DRIVEN
BY ITS NEED FOR ACCESS
TO WARM WATER PORTS
– PETER THE GREAT
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
PLAIN WAS A FREQUENT
INVAISON ROUTE BY
ENEMIES – Hitler/ Napoleon
RUSSIAN WINTER: Defeated
the SWEDES, FRENCH AND
GERMANS
Climate – geographic feature
ISLAM
Book - THE KORAN/QURAN
/MOHAMMED AND ALLAH
Rules: FIVE PILLARS OF
ISLAM
Fasting, pray 5x per day, trip to
Mecca, proclamation of faith,
Almsgiving – give to charity
MONOTHEISTIC religion
Influenced the Middle East;
Muslim, Mecca, Mosques
JUDAISM
MONOTHEISTIC
Influenced Christianity &
Islam
Ten commandments
THE TORAH – holy book
Abraham, Moses – Prophets
THE COVENANT -THE
PROMISED LAND – ISRAEL
Diaspora
Zionism
CONFUCIANISM
Ancient Chinese Philosopher
SOCIAL ORDER &
STABILITY
THE FIVE RELATIONSHIPS/
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY
AND ETHICS
Book - ANALECTS
Filial Piety – respect authority
HINDUISM
THE CASTE SYSTEM/RIGID
CLASS SYSTEM
Untouchables –outcastes
treated with discrimination
REINCARNATION/
DHARMA AND
KARMA/MOKSHA
Caste system is illegal today
but still in effect in some parts
of India
IndiaSacred cow
Books – Vedas; bhagavad gita
Famous hindu – Gandhi
BUDDHISM
SIDDHARTA GUATAMA
Spread to China, korea, Japan
REINCARNATION/
NIRVANA
4 NOBLE TRUTHS AND
EIGHTFOLD PATH
Enlightenment
Middle Path/ Middle Way
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
2
CHRISTIANITY
MONOTHEISTIC
ROOTS IN JUDAISM
JESUS CHRIST/SAVIOR
SHINTOISM
SPIRITS IN NATURE; Kami,
tea ceremony, nature worship,
polytheistic
PRACTICED IN JAPAN
A FORM OF ANIMISM
ANIMISM
PRACTICED IN AFRICA
SIMILAR TO
SHINTOISM/SPIRITS IN
NATURE
TRADITIONAL AFRICAN
SOCIETIES
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
EXCHANGE OF IDEAS
BETWEEN DIFFERENT
CULTURES
BUDDHISM SPREADING
FROM INDIA INTO CHINA
& SOUTHEAST ASIA
INTERDEPENDENCE
GROWING TRADE AND
DEPENDENCE AMONG
NATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS
OIL AND O.P.E.C. NATIONS
Oil cartel – OPEC – controls the
price of oil
ANCIENT ATHENS
BIRTHPLACE OF
DEMOCRACY
ATHENS – DIRECT
DEMOCRACY
Olympics, marathons,
architecture, philosophy, Greek
Mythology
QUESTIONING SPIRIT AND
CURIOSITY – PhilosophersPlato, Socrates, Aristotle
PERICLES AND THE
GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS
POLIS – City state
Acropolis – city on a hill
Geography of Greece
Islands, mountains
Led to development of
city states; separate
cultures
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE,
SILK ROAD; Crusades
encouraged Cultural diffusion
Macro Polo / IBN Battuta –
explorers who wrote books;
shared ideas
MILITARISTIC SPIRIT
ANCIENT SPARTA
Alexander the Great
EARLY FORM OF A
TOTALITARIAN
GOVERNMENT
Conquered large land
empire – middle east –
Persia – tried to conquer
India – failed
Cultural diffusion
Hellenism – a blend of
Greek; Egyptian, Persian
Culture
WAR CULTURE- NOT A
GOLDEN AGE – NO WORKS
OF ART, ETC
Spread of greek culture; blended
greek culture with conquered
culture
Preserved Greek Culture
ELECTED LEADERS
ROME WAS A
REPRESENTATIVE
DEMOCRACY – SENATORS
PATRICIANS/ PLEBIANS
12 TABLES OF LAW –
WRITTEN LAWS
Architectural Achievement
Latin language
Law/ Government influenced
the world
POLYTHEISTIC:
BORROWED FROM GREEK
CULTURE
IMPERIAL ROME
(27AD-476 AD)
CENTALIZED
GOVERNMENT –
CAESAR - LEADER
COLLAPSED IN 476 AD –
BAD LEADERS, ENMEIES,
HIGH TAXES LED TO
CHAOS AND DISORDER IN
EUROPE
DIVIDED EMPIRE –
EAST/WEST
COLLAPSE LED TO RISE OF
FEUDALISM
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
(300 AD –1453 AD)
JUSTINIAN’S
CODE/PRESERVATION OF
GREEK AND ROMAN
THOUGHT
CAPITAL CITY
(CONSTANTINOPLE):
IMPORTANT TRADING
CENTER
EASTERN ORTHODOX
RELIGION AND CULTURAL
DIFFUSION WITH RUSSIA
CONSTANTIONOPLE
TRADING CENTER
BETWEEN EUROPE AND
ASIA
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
CONQUERED BY MUSLIMS
– RENAMED ISTANBUL
1453 – CITY WAS
CONQUERED BY MUSLIMS
CODES OF LAW
REVISED THE 12 TABLES:
ROMAN LAW
REPUBLIC ROME
JUSTINIAN’S CODE;
HAMMURABI’S CODE
3
PAX ROMANA – PEACE IN
ROME
PAX – MEANS PEACE
Ten commandment, code
of Hammurabi – purpose is
to promote ethical
NAPOLEONIC CODE – ALL
EXAMPLES OF WRITTEN
LAWS
conduct/ good behavior
SILK ROAD
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
TRADE BETWEEN ASIA
AND EUROPE
BUBONIC PLAGUE SPREAD
ALONG THE SILK ROAD
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
SPREAD OF ISLAM
NORTHERN AFRICA/
MIDDLE EAST ;
Persevered Greek/ Roman
Culture
MOHAMMED & THE
JIHAD – holy wars
Crusades – conquered
Byzantine, Spain, North Africa
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
CRUSADES
Spread into West African
Civilization -
THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM
(800-1200 AD)
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE
AND MATH
CALLIGRAPHY
Timbuktu – center of learning –
libraries
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
(500 AD-1300’S AD)
MANORIALISM/
FEUDALISM/
DECENTRALISED
POLITICAL SYSTEM
POWERFUL CATHOLIC
CHURCH/MAIN GOALSALVATION (THE
HEREAFTER)
GOTHIC CATHEDERALSTALL SPIRES/STAINED
GLASS WINDOWS
FEUDALISM
RIGID SOCIAL CLASS
SYSTEM
the manor system and the
importance of land ownership
manor/ fiefdom –
land given in exchange for
food or protection
NEED FOR STABILITY
SECURITY AND ORDER
SIMILAR TO JAPANESE
FEUDALISM
Land ownership determined
status
Serfs – peasants who worked
the land
system in which land is
exchanged for military service
and loyalty
CODE OF CHIVALRY
STRESSED HONOR AND
LOYALTY
SIMILAR TO THE CODE
OF BUSHIDO
CODE FOLLOWED BY
MEDIEVAL KNIGHTS
THE CRUSADES
(1095-1300’S)
POSITIVE RESULT OR
EFFECT- INCREASED
TRADE BETWEEN ASIA
AND EUROPE
ORIGINAL PURPOSERECLAIM THE HOLY
LAND (JERUSALEM)
NEGATIVE EFFECTLASTING HATRED
BETWEEN CHRISTIANS
AND MUSLIMS
JAPANESE FEUDALISM
CODE OF BUSHIDO
RIGID SOCIAL CLASS
SYSTEM
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
ISOLATION
THE CENTRAL ASIAN STEPPE
ENVIRONMENT OF THE
MONGOLS
SEMI-ARID AND GRASS
LAND
NOMADIC PEOPLE UNITL
GENGHIS KHAN
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
(1200’S-1400’S)
Conquered the largest land
empire in the history of the
world
SPREAD FROM ASIA TO
EASTERN EUROPE
Pax Mongolia led to regional
stability, increasing trade on
the Silk Road.
ISOLATED RUSSIA FOR
SEVERAL CENTURIES –
Russia was not as advanced as
Western Europe; but developed
a strong central government due
to Mongol Influence
AXUM AND KUSH
EARLY AFRICAN
TRADING CIVILIZATIONS
EASTERN AFRICA
CULTURAL DIFFUSIONCHRISTIANITY
GHANA, MALI AND SONGHAI
EARLY AFRICAN
TRADING CIVILIZATION –
WESTERN AFRICA
CULTURAL DIFFUSION:
ISLAM FROM NORTHERN
4
Tokugawa Shogunate Isolationism
SALT AND GOLD
AFRICA
Spread along trade routes
THE BLACK PLAGUE BUBONIC
PLAGUE
(1348-1351)
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
COLLAPSE
BREAK DOWN OF
FEUDALISM
THE RENAISSANCE
(1400 AND 1500’S)
HUMANISM AND
INDIVIDUALISM
PATRONAGE – supporting
artists – Medici family – rich
family who gave money to the
arts
REBIRTH OF THE IDEALS
OF CLASSICAL
CIVILIZATIONS (GREECE
AND ROME)
Geography – brings in Italy
because of trade routes
SECULARISM – separated
religion from everyday life
Michelangelo, Di Vinci,
Donatello,
Commercial Revolution
Beginning of capitalism;
change in business
Joint stock companies,
banking system
Craft guild – unions
Investment/ loans
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
Renaissance writer
“ENDS JUSTIFY THE
MEANS”
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
INTERESTS OF THE STATE
AND LEADER ARE MOST
IMPORTANT
Book: THE PRINCE
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
MACHIAVELLI
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
MARTIN LUTHER
95 theses
Printing Press – spread ideas of
Reformation
PROTEST AGAINST THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH
Sale of Indulgences – corruption
in Catholic Church
MARTIN LUTHER
95 THESES
Christian sect - believes in
Bible, Jesus, DOES NOT
believe in the POPE
SPEAKING OUT ABOUT THE
PRACTICE OF SELLING
INDULGENCES
COUNTER
REFORMATION/CATHOLIC
REFORMATION
COUNCIL OF TRENT
IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA AND
THE JESUITS
ZHENG HE
CHINESE EXPLORATION
(EARLY 1400’S)
(1517)
END OF RELIGIOUS UNITY
IN EUROPE
Protestant vs. Catholic –
religious wars in Euorpe
Protest – to go against –
protestant- against the
catholic church
REAFFIRM CATHOLIC
DOCTRINE BUT REFORM A
LITTLE
ENDED BECAUSE OF
CONFUCIUS BELIEFS
ABOUT TRADE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
(“THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE” IN
1800’S)
SPREAD OUT OVER PARTS
OF EASTERN EUROPE AND
THE MIDDLE EAST
ISLAMIC EMPIRE
Collapses after WWI
Ottoman Empire becomes
Turkey – led by Kemal Atatuk –
Westernized Turkey
SULEUMAN THE
LAWGIVER – leader of the
Ottoman Empire
MOTIVES FOR EUROPEAN
EXPLORATION
(OLD IMPERIALISM)
NEED FOR A NEW TRADE
ROUTE TO ASIA AFTER
CONSTANTINOPLE FALLS
TO THE OTTOMANS IN
1453
DESIRE TO FIND RICHES
AND SPICES
CURIOSITY ABOUT THE
WORLD THAT WAS
STIMULATED BY THE
RENAISSANCE
EUROPEAN EXPLORERS
(1500-1600’S)
COLUMBUS “DISCOVERS”
THE AMERICAS
FERDINAND MAGELLAN
CIRCUMNAVIGATES THE
WORLD
DA GAMA AND DIAS
TRAVEL AROUND AFRICA
TO GET TO ASIA
AZTEC EMPIRE
LOCATED IN PRESENT
DAY MEXICO AND
CENTRAL AMERICA
HIGHLY ADVANCED AND
UNIFIED UNDER ONE
LEADER
TAKEN OVER BY THE
SPANISH AND CORTES
- SPANISH MORE
TECHNOLOGICALLY
ADVANCED
INCA EMPIRE
LOCATED IN PRESENT
HIGHLY ADVANCED
TAKEN OVER BY THE
5
DAY PERU
Terrace Farming on the Andes
Mountains
Build extensive road system
Advance civilization of early
Latin America
SPANISH AND PIZARRO
- SPANISH MORE
TECHNOLOGICALLY
ADVANCED
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD
FIRST SLAVES WERE
INDIANS BUT TOO MANY
DIED FROM DISEASE
AFRICANS REPLACE THE
INDIANS in latin American
social system
TRIANGULAR TRADE
BETWEEN EUROPE,
AFRICA AND THE
AMERICAS
MIDDLE PASSAGE
(BETWEEN AFRICA AND
THE AMERICAS)
ARABS, AFRICAN AND
EUROPEANS INVOLVED IN
THE SLAVE TRADE
Atlantic Ocean –
geographic feature
connecting Africa, Europe,
Americas
MERCANTILISM – economic policy of
imperialism
ECONOMIC THEORY
DEVELOPED AND
PRACTICED BY
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
DURING THE 1500’-1700’S
MAIN OBJECTIVEINCREASE THE AMOUNT OF
BULLION (GOLD AND
SILVER) A NATION
POSSESSES/FAVORABLE
TRADE BALANCE
LED TO AN UNEQUAL
TRADE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE PARENT
COUNTRIES (EUROPEAN)
AND THE COLONIES
Benefits the Mother Country
Latin American plantation
system
ECONMIENDA SYSTEM
PRACTICED IN THE
AMERICAS AND
ENFORCED BY THE
EUROPEANS
EXPLOITED THE NATIVE
WORKERS/FORCED LABOR
Peninsularies, Mestizos,
ABSOLUTISM
(1500’S-1700’S)
GOVERNMENT IS
DOMINATED BY ONE
PERSON - USUALLY A
KING OR QUEEN
EXAMPLES: LOUIS XIV,
IVAN THE TERRIBLE,
PHILLIP II, AKBAR THE
GREAT AND CHARLES II
PETER THE GREAT
ABSOLUTISM - Monarch with
total control – LouisXIV – Sun
king “ I am the State”
THEORY OF DIVINE RIGHT: god given
right to rule
SIMIALR TO MANDATE OF
HEAVEN IN THAT IT WAS
BELIEVED THAT RULER
RECEIVED AUTHORITY TO
RULE FROM GOD
MOST ABSOLUTE RULERS
BELIEVED IN THE THEORY
OF DIVINE RIGHT
IDEA OF THEORY OF
DIVINE RIGHT DEVELOPED
BY JACQUES-BENIGNE
BOSSUET
JOHN LOCKE- Enlightenment thinker/
philosopher
BELIEVED IN NATURAL
RIGHTS- LIFE, LIBERTY
AND PROPERTY AND
PROTECTION OF THEM
(SOCIAL CONTRACT)
THOMAS HOBBES
PEOPLE WERE
NATURALLY (BORN) BAD
MAGNA CHARTA
(1215)
FIRST DOCUMENT TO
LIMIT THE POWER OF THE
ENGLISH KING
Influenced American,
French Latin Revolution
PEOPE WERE NATURALLY
(BORN) GOOD
PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT
TO OVERTHROW A
GOVERNMENT IF IT
DOESN’T PROTECT THEIR
NATURAL RIGHTS
BELIEVED IN ABSOLUTISM
Early attempts at
Democracy
Democracy; limited
monarchy
ALSO KNOWN AS THE
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
LIMITED THE POWER OF
THE MONARCHY OF
ENGLAND
MADE PARLIAMENT AS
POWERFUL AS THE
ENGLISH KING
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
(1500 AND 1600’S)
INVOLVED THINKERS
LIKE COPERNICUS,
NEWTON AND GALILEO
THINKERS FOCUSED PN
NATURE AND HOW IT
WORKED
Scientific method
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
DEVELOPED – sun is the
center of the Universe; replaced
geocentric theory Ptolemy
believed Earth was the center –
so did the Catholic Church –
ENGLISH REVOLUTION
(1689)
6
until Galileo challenged Church
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
(1600 AND 1700’S)
INVOLVED THINKERS
LIKE ROUSSEAU,
MONTESQUIEU AND
VOLTAIRE
ALSO KNOWN AS THE AGE
OF REASON
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
EXAMPLES-MARIA
THERESA & CATHERINE
THE GREAT
ABSOLUTE RULERS WHO
ALSO WORKED TO
IMPROVE THEIR SUBJECTS’
LIVES
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
(1789-1799)
INSPIRED BY THE
SUCCESS OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
AND THE IDEAS OF THE
ENLIGHTENMENT
PLIGHT OF THE 3RD
ESTATE/UNFAIR SOCIAL
SYSTEM
Unfair taxation
FRANCE ALMOST
BANKRUPT
Louis XVI was not meeting the
needs of the people
HIGH TAXES On the 3rd Estate
Rich paid nothing; poor paid all
taxes
EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
Killed the king/ queen of
France
Reign of Terror
RISE OF NAPOLEON
DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
INSPIRED LATIN
AMERICAN REVOLTUIONS
LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS OF
THE 1800’S
IMPORTANT
INDIVIDUALS- SIMON
BOLIVAR, TOUSSAINT
L’OUVERTURE, & JOSE DE
SAN MARTIN
CAUSED BY THE
INEQUALITIES,
ESPECIALLY IN LAND
OWNERSHIP, INHERENT IN
THE COLONIAL SYSTEM
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(HELD 1814-1815 DURING
NAPOLEON’S LAST DAYS)
MAIN GOALS:
COMPENSATION,
LEGITIMACY AND
BALNCE OF POWER
REACTIONARY IN NATURE:
(WANTED TO TURN THINGS
IN EUROPE BACK TO THE
WAY THEY WERE BEFORE
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION)
NATIONALISM
THE DESIRE TO HAVE
ONE’S OWN
INDEPENDENT NATION
(A.K.A. SELFDETERMINATION)
LOVE AND DEVOTION TO
ONE’S NATION
NATIONALIST GROUPS
INDIA NATIONAL
CONGRESS
THE ZIONISTS
THE SLAVS/PAN SLAVISM
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1700’S AND 1800’S)
STARTED IN ENGLAND
MASS PRODUCTION
FACTORY SYSTEM
ASSEMBLY LINE
CITIES DEVELOPED – NEW
URBAN WORKING CLASS
NEW TECHNOLOGY
POOR WORKING
CONDITIONS AND PAY
MARX WRITES A BOOK
ABOUT POOR CONDITION
FOR THE POOR
FACTORY
SYSTEM/GROWTH OF
CITIES
RISE OF A MIDDLE CLASS
LABOR LAWS/ UNIONS
CREATED TO PROTECT
WORKERS
ADAM SMITH
DEVELOPED LAISSEZFAIRE THEORY (HANDS
OFF)
PROLETARIAT –WORKING
CLASS
BOURGEOIS – RICH,
WROTE THE WEALTH OF
NATIONS
FREE TRADE
THOUGHT WORKERS WERE
BEING EXPLOITED AND
URGED THEM TO UNITE
WROTE THE COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO AND DAS
KAPITAL (“Workers of the
KARL MARX
7
SPOKE OUT AGAINST
ABSOLUTISM/INFLUENCED
REVOLUTION
Influenced American, French
Latin American, Haitian
Revolution
Bolivar wanted the Spanish
out of Latin America – he
wanted a united South
America
METTERNICH
WEALTHY CLASS
POOR SHOULD
OVERTHROW RICH
WORKERS OF THE WORLD
UNITE
world unite”) WANTED TO
OVERTHROW CAPITALISM
AND DEVELOP A FAIRER
SYSTEM (COMMUNISM)
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
(LATE 1800’S)
NEED FOR RAW
MATERIALS AND NEW
MARKETS
BELIEF THAT EUROPEAN
CULTURE WAS SUPERIOR
TO THAT OF THE NATIVES
(SOCIAL DARWINISM)
DESIRE TO BECOME MORE
POWERFUL AND WHITE
MAN’S BURDEN
BERLIN CONFERENCE
(1884-1885)
MAJOR EUROPEAN
NATIONS CARVED UP OR
DIVIDED AFRICA INTO
COLONIES
ALSO KNOWN AS THE
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
AREAS IN CHINA THAT
WERE TAKEN OVER OR
DOMINATED BY
EUROPEANS
EUROPEANS CARVE UP
CHINA INTO PIECES
CHINESE REVOLUTION
(1911)
BOXER REBELLION
HELPED TO CAUSE IT
ENDED DYNASTIC RULE IN
CHINA
SUN YAT-SEN
THREE PRINCIPLES:
DEMOCRACY,
NATIONALISM &
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING
“FATHER OF MODERN DAY
CHINA”
MEIJI RESTORATION IN JAPAN
(LATE 1800’S)
JAPAN WESTERNIZES OR
MODERNIZES
Ends Feudalism
Begins Westernization- copy
the west
JAPAN DOESN’T FALL
VICTIM TO IMPERIALISMJapan starts to modernize and
practice a policy of imperialism
IMPERIALISTIC JAPAN
(LATE 1800’S – EARLY 1900’S)
DRIVEN BY ITS NEED FOR
RESOURCES
BECOMES AN ASIAN
POWER
Starts a war with Russia and
wins.
SINO-JAPAN WAR(1894)
AND RUSO-JAPAN WAR
(1904)
WORLD WAR I
(1914-1918)
TRENCH WARFARE/USE
OF POISONOUS GAS
1st Industrialized War
ALLIANCE SYSTEM AND
“THE SPARK”
Assassination of Archduke franz
Ferdinand
Sinking of the Lusitania – ship
w/ US passengers
CENTRAL POWER ( Austria
Hungary, Germany, Ottoman
Empire) VS. ALLIED
POWERS ( Britain, America,
Russia, France
IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA
BRITISH SOLD DRUGS TO
CHINESE
UNEQUAL TREATIES
(TREATY OF NANKING)
PLACED ON CHINA AFTER
OPIUM WAR
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED WORD/PHRASE
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
(AKA- BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION)
1917
Inspired by Marx’s Communist
Manifesto
LED BY Vladmir LENIN
Slogan of revolution: “BREAD,
LAND AND PEACE”
LED TO NATIONALIST
SENTIMENT IN CHINA
(BOXERS)
BOXERS FOUGHT
EUROPEANS BUT FAILED
LED BY SUN YAT- SEN
(A.K.A – SUN YIXIAN) AND
HIS THREE PRINCIPLES
Nationalist – ended
dynastic rule in China –
wanted democracy, jobs
(livelihood) and he wanted
to rid china of Foreign rules
JAPAN ITSELF BECOMES
IMPERIALISTIC; goes through
an Industrial Revolution
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ENDED ROMANOV
DYNASTY AND RUSSIA
BECAME IST COMMUNIST
NATION
Got Russia out of WWI
Killed czar & his family
Introduced the NEP – New
Economic Plan- Communism
with elements of capitalism -
Lenin dies & Stalin takes over
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
(1919)
KEMAL ATTATURK
Ended WWI
TREATY SIGNED AFTER WWI
League of Nations - weak peace
keeping organization -
Blamed Germany
HEAVY REPARATIONS PAID
BY GERMANY
OTTOMAN EMPIRE FALLS
AFTER WWI – ATTATURK
BECOMES RULE OF NEW
NATION – TURKEY
FATHER OF MODERN DAY
TURKEY
WESTERNIZED AND
MODERNIZED TURKEY
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GERMANY AND
HYPERINFLATION - THE
RISE OF HITLER
SIMIALR TO THE SHAH OF
IRAN – SECULAR ISLAMIC
SOCIETY
MOHANDIS GHANDI
FOUGHT FOR INDIAN
INDEPENDENCE FROM
BRITAIN
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE/
PASSIVE RESISTANCE
NON VIOLENCE
NON COOPERATION
MUNICH AGREEMENT
(1938)
POLICY OF APPEASEMENT
AND NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN
Appease means to please to avoid
conflict
SUDETENLAND
ADOLF HITLER
ANTI-SEMITISM/
HOLOCAUST/GENOCIDE/FINAL
SOLUTION
ULTRANATIONALISTIC
GERMANY
Control of media
Demands total loyalty
Decision: invasion of Poland (
1939) lead to WWII
Invasion of Russia led to defeat
in WWII
NAZI PARTY/FASCISM
WORLD WAR II
(1939-1945)
AXI POWERS VS. THE ALLIED
POWERS
Britain, America, Russia, France v.
germany, Italy Japan ( fascist
nations)
TOTAL WAR
Two front war
Atomic bomb
Destroyed Europe & Japan
KEY EVENTS-D-DAY AND
bombing of HIROSHIMA &
NAGASAKI
Nuremburg trail – put Nazi on
trail for Human Rights
Violations
Germany divided east &
west, Berlin Airlift
JAPAN: NEW
CONSTITUTION IS WRITTEN
AND MILITARY IS LIMITED
POST-WORLD WAR II
MARSHALL PLAN- money plan
PLAN TO REBUILD EUROPE
Truman doctrine – protection plan
Domino theory – fear of
communism spreading; arms race,
space
SALT MARCH AND
HOMESPUN MOVEMENT
Britain allowed Nazi
Germany's annexation of
Czechoslovakia's areas
Holocaust/ Anti Semitism –
million killed under Hitler’s rule
TWO SUPERPOWERS (THE
U.S. AND THE SOVIET
UNION) BEGIN THE COLD
WAR
JOSEF STALIN
(1929-1953)
SOVIET UNION COMMUNIST
LEADER – help defeat Hitler
Forced famine on the Ukraine
Secret police used, terror tactics
Totalitarian dictator
MAKES THE SOVIET UNION
A POWERFUL NATION
THROUGH
COLLECTIVIZATION AND
FIVE YEAR PLANS
COMMUNES – Collective
farms
KILLS OR EXILES THOSE
WHO CHALLENGE HIM
(THE GREAT PURGES)
THE COLD WAR
(1945-1989)
COMMUNIST SOVIET UNION
VS. DEMOCRATIC U.S.
WARSAW PACT
(COMMUNIST ALLIANCE)
VS. N.A.T.O. (DEMOCRATIC
ALLIANCE)
COLD WAR EVENTSBERLIN AIRLIFT, SPACE
RACE, CUBAN MISILE
CRISIS, ETC. Korean War 38th
Parallel
Vietnam War – 17th Parallel
UNITED NATIONS replaces League of
Nations
ASSEMBLY OF
REPRESENTATIVES FROM ALL
OVER THE WORLD
MAJOR PURPOSE: TO
PROMOTE PEACE AMONG
NATIONS
SECURITY COUNCIL AND
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
EUROPEAN UNION/COMMON
MARKET
END TARIFFS BETWEEN
NATIONS
PROMOTE COOPERATION
BETWEEN EUROPEAN
NATIONS
SIMILAR TO
N.A.F.T.A./GREATER
INTERDEPENDENCE
N.A.F.T.A.
(NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT)
END TARIFFS BETWEEN
THE U.S., CANADA &
MEXICO
PROMOTE COOPERATION
BETWEEN NORTH
AMERICAN COUNTRIES
PROMOTES
INTERDEPENDENCE
O.P.E.C. (ORGANIZATION OF
PETROLEUM EXPORTING
COUNTRIES)
MAINLY MADE UP OF
MIDDLE EASTERN
COUNTRIES
SEEKS TO OFTEN LIMIT
THE AMOUNT OF OIL
EXPORTED TO THE
WORLD’S MARKET
Cultural revolution –
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CHINESE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION
(LATE 1940’S)
LED BY MAO TSE TUNG(
1949) Mao Zedong
Long March – recruitment plan
Great Leap Forward –
Economic Plan - million die
but he make China a world
power
DEFEATED THE
NATIONALIST FORCES LED
BY CHIANG KAI-SHEK – he
flee to Taiwan
Two China Policy
Destroy the 4 oldsMao Red Book – Red
Guards
MAO TSE TUNG
GOT THE SUPPORT OF THE
PEASANTS
GREAT LEAP FORWARD
THE CULTURAL
REVOLUTION – tries to cover
up failure of great leap forward;
tries to influence youth of China
DENG XIAOPING
FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
ALLOWED FOR SOME
CAPITALISTIC ELEMENTS
CRUSHED THE STUDENT
PROTESTS (TIANANMEN
SQARE MASSACRE)
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
(1947)
THE FORMER COLONY OF
INDIA PARTITIONED INTO
TWO-HINDU INDIA &
ISLAMIC PAKISTAN
MASSACRE BETWEEN THE
HINDUS AND THE
MUSLIMS DURING THE
GREAT MIGRATION
DISPUTE OVER KASHMIR
AFRCAN INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENTS
(MAINLY IN THE 1960’S)
BOUNDARIES MADE UP BY
THE EUROPEAN NATIONS
DURING IMPERIALISM
DIDN’T ACCOUNT FOR
THE TRIBAL/ETHNIC
DIFFERENCES
DECOLONIZATION TOOK
PLACE AFTER WWI
BECAUSE FORMER
EUROPEAN MOTHER
COUNTRIES WERE TOO
WEAK TO KEEP COLONIES
MOST AFRICAN NATIONS
STILL STRUGGLING AFTER
INDEPENDENCE
Independence leaders:
Jomo Kenyatta – Kenya
Kwame Nhrumah – ghana
THE SYSTEM OF APARTHEID IN
SOUTH AFRICA
BLACKS SEPARATED AND
VIEWED AS INFERIOR TO
THE WHITES
Apartheid –legalized racism
ORGANIZATION THAT
SOUGHT TO END
APARTHEID-AFRICAN
NATIONAL CONGRESS
(A.N.C.)
A.N.C. LEADER – NELSON
MANDELA
South African leader –F.W.
DeKlerk
VIETNAM INDEPENDENCE
ENDED FRENCH
COLONIAL RULEFrench wanted rubber & rice
VIETNAM WAR
17th parallel
Gulf of Tonkin Incident led to
US involvement
HO CHI MINHREVOLUTIONARY
NATIONALIST LEADER
AND COMMUNIST
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
CREATION OF ISRAEL
(1948)
GOAL OF ZIONISM
FULFILLED
Zionism – belief that Jews
deserve a homeland n Israel as
promised by the Bible
DAVID BEN GURION AND
THEODORE HERZL believed
in Zionism – Israel belongs to
the Jews
ARAB-ISRAELI WARS/
INSTABILITY IN THE
MIDDLE EAST
THE P.L.O. (PALESTINIAN
LIBERATION ORGANIZATION)
LED BY YASSIR ARAFAT
FIGHTING FOR AN
INDEPENDENT
PALESTINIAN NATION
TERRORISM
OFTEN OCCURRING IN THE
MIDDLE EAST (ISLAM AND
ARAB VS. JEWISH
CONFLICT)
OFTEN TARGETS
INNOCENT CIVILIANS
THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
(1979)
LED BY AYATOLLAH
KHOMENI
Anti- American
Anti-Western
OVERTHREW THE SHAH
AND SET UP AN ISLAMIC
THEOCRACY – religious
government based on law in the
Koran
RETURNED IRAN TO AN
ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND
GOVERNMENT
PERSIAN GULF WAR important water
way
SADDAM HUSSEIN leader of
Iraq invaded Kuwait
Oil rich country located at the
mouth of the Persian Gulf
IRAQ’S DISPUTE WITH
KUWAIT
US fights Iraq to defend Kuwait
against an illegal occupation by
Sadam Hussein – America wins,
Saddam withdraws
IRAQ DEFEATED BY A
COALITION OF FORCES LED
BY THE U.S.
10
Two state solution –
Palestinians living in the
land given to the Jews
want their own homeland
Violence used to achieve
a political goal
Dispute was about control of
Persian Gulf and natural
resources: OIL
COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM IN
EASTERN EUROPE
(LATE 1980’S & EARLY 1990’S)
FAILURE OF COMMUNISM
TO MEET ECONOMIC
NEEDS AND POLITICAL
DESIRES
BERLIN WALL IS TAKEN
DOWN
(1989)
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV:
Perestroika – economic
restricting
Glasnost – political freedom
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV
SOVIET UNION LEADER
DURING THE 1980’S AND
EARLY 1990’S
HIS POLICIES OF
PERESTROIKA AND
GLASNOST HELPED TO
END COMMUNISM IN THE
SOVIET UNION
WAS REPLACED BY BORIS
YELTSIN BECAUSE HIS
REFORMS DIDN’T GO FAR
ENOUGH
THE AFTERMATH OF COMMUNISM
IN EASTERN EUROPE
FORMER COMMUNIST
NATIONS HAVING
DIFFICULTY MAKING THE
TRANSITION TO
DEMOCRACY AND
CAPITALISM
ETHNIC CONFLICT IN
SEVERAL FORMER
COMMUNIST NATIONS
YEAR 2001: A FEW
COMMUNIST NATIONS
LEFT – NORTH KOREA,
CHINA & CUBA
COMMUNIST CUBAN REVOLUTION
(1959)
LED BY FIDEL CASTRO
Anti- American Anti- capitalist
- America tried to kill him so he
aimed nuclear weapons at the
US
CUBA BECAME THE FIRST
COMMUNIST NATION IN
THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE
Geographic feature: island in the
Atlantic Ocean located 90 miles
from Florida
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
AND THE CUBAN MISSILE
CRISIS
Trade embargo
Human Rights Violations –
Cubans have limited Freedom
ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS TENSION
TODAY
NORTHERN IRELAND –
CATHOLICS VS.
PROTESTANTS
British took over Northern
Ireland – South and North want
to be reunited – British wont
leave – also religious conflict
CHINESE & THE TIBETANS
Chinese want to control Tibet Tibet has a large Buddhist
population
Communism prohibits religion
because it compete with the
government’s poewr
ISLAMIC PALESTINIANS VS.
THE JEWS
Jews were given Israel by the
British – Muslim were living
there. Muslims want their own
homeland too.
TERM, CONCEPT OR PEOPLE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
ASSOCIATED
WORD/PHRASE
INTERDEPENDENCE
A TREND IN THE WORLD
SINCE THE 1950’S
DEPENDENCE AMONG THE
VARIOUS NATIONS OF THE
WORLD ON EACH OTHER
MAINLY DUE TO A
SCARCITY OF A RESOURCE
BY ONE NATION AND ITS
DEPENDENCE ON
ANOTHER FOR IT
TODAY’S
ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL
CONCERNS
DEFORESTATION –
MAINLY IN SOUTH
AMERICA
DESERTIFICATION –
MAINLY IN AFRICA
(SAHEL)
GLOBAL WARMING AND
DEPLETION OF THE OZONE
LAYER
DEFORESTATION
RAINFORESTS
CONTRIBUTE TO GLOBAL
WARMING AND LOSS OF
ENDANGERED SPECIES
CUT DOWN FOR LOGGING
OR GRAZING
GREEN REVOLUTION
ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE
GREATER AMOUNT OF
CROPS
ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE
CROPS THAT ARE MORE
RESISTANT TO DISEASE
DEVELOPING NATIONS OF THE
WORLD
(POORER NATIONS)
MAINLY IN THE
SOUTHERN SPHERE OF
OUR WORLD
MOST WERE AT ONE TIME
COLONIES OF OTHER
NATIONS
MOST ARE STRUGGLING
WITH POVERTY, HUNGER,
ILLITERACY, DISEASE,
LACK OF MEDICINE AND
LACK OF TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPED NATIONS OF THE
WORLD
(RICHER NATIONS)
MAINLY IN THE
NORTHERN SPHERE OF
THE WORLD
MOST WERE AT ONE TIME
MOTHER COUNTRIES OF
VARIOUS COLONIES
MOST HAVE HIGH
TECHNOLOGY, LITTLE
POVERTY, LITTLE HUNGER,
11
Green revolution – India –
finding ways to feed a
huge population with new
agricultural methods
HIGH LIFE EXPECTANCY,
HIGH LITERACY AND HIGH
EMPLOYMENT
GRAVE CONCERNS OF HUMANKIND
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
AIDS EPIDEMIC
Global terrorism – difficult to
fight – decentralized threat
COMPUTER
REVOLUTION/INFORMATION AGE
THE INTERNET
CONCERN FOR PRIVACY
INFORMATION WITHIN
SECONDS
HOT SPOTS OF THE WORLD TODAY
INDIA AND PAKISTAN –
Nuclear conflict
Religion differences due to
partition and independence
after British left in 1947
NORTH AND SOUTH
KOREAKim family – Kin Jung Un –
current leader
War 1950 -1953
CHINA AND TAIWAN
Two china Policy
China wants Taiwan back
Taiwan does not want to reunite
because they have their own
form of capitalism – China has
threatened Taiwan
Afghanistan
Invaded by Soviet Union
during Cold
Invaded by US to fight
Taliban/ terrorist
Muslim country
Drugs – opium/ poppy
plant used to finance
terrorism
Violent discrimination
against women
FAMOUS FEMALES
MARGARET THATCHER –
HELPED TO END COLD
WAR; PRIME MINISTER OF
ENGLAND 1970-80S
CONSERVATIVE – CUT
TAXES – PROBLEMS WITH
IRA – IRISH REPUBLICAN
ARMY
FOUGHT WAR IN
ARGENTINA
QUEEN ELIZABETH
KEPT ENGLAND
PROTESTANT
GOLDEN AGE IN ENGLAND
– PATRONAGE OF
SHAKESPEARE
TIME OF PEACE,
PROSPERITY UNDER HER
RULE
GOLDA MEIR PRIME
MINISTER OF ISREAL 19691974 LED ISREAL WHEN IT
WAS UNDER ATTACK BY
ARAB NATIONS
FAMOUS FEMALES
INDIRA GANDHI – PRIME
MINSITER OF INDIA –helped
make India a powerful country
Assassinated by her body guard
over a religious conflict
JOAN OF ARC – FRENCH
FEMALE SOLDIER WHO
FOUGHT AGAINST BRITSH
QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN
– GAVE COLUMBUS MONEY
TO EXPLORE
12