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Exploration and Commercialism
Identify:
1. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)–Portuguese explorer, commissioned by
Charles V, 1519, first to circumnavigate the globe, although he was killed in the
Philippines, first to sail through the strait of Magellan connecting the Atlantic
with the Pacific oceans, 3 years, began with 273 men and five ships, returned with
one ship and 18 men. Named the Pacific ocean – Latin Pacificus “peaceful”
2. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) – Son of King John I, Portugal,
responsible for the organization and finance necessary for the voyages to the
Indies and Africa
3. Hernando Cortés (1485-1547) – Spanish conquistador who defeated and
conquered the Aztec Empire
4. Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) - The Portuguese navigator who led an expedition at
the end of the 15th century that opened the sea route to India by way of the Cape of
Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
5. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) – French explorer, discovered the St. Lawrence
River
6. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) – a mysterious and controversial figure who
has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history, a visionary
genius, a mystic, a national hero, a failed administrator, a naive entrepreneur, and
a ruthless and greedy imperialist, navigator, colonizer, and explorer, Columbian
Exchange – plants, animals, diseases, foods b/w the Old World and the New.
7. Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) – King of Aragon (1479), King of Castile,
(1474), King of Sicily (1468), King of Naples (1503), underwrote voyages of
Christopher Columbus, married Isabella of Castile (1469) “New Monarch” – laid
the foundation for the unification of Spain, Spanish Inquisition established to
expel Jews and Muslims, lays the foundation for the modern nation state,
grandson Charles V
8. Isabella of Castile (1451-1504) – “New Monarchs”, Catholic Monarchs, political
marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon, youngest daughter Catherine of Aragon married
Henry VIII, daughter Joanna was the mother of Charles V
9. Bartholomew Diaz – (c. 1450-1500) – Portuguese explorer first to sail around the
tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) 1488 – 16 months, 17 days, died in a violent
storm, Columbus, Da Gama, and Cabral all used charts created by Dias.
10. Alvares Cabral – (c. 1467 – 1520?) – Portuguese navigator, claimed the coast of
Brazil, used force as a means of diplomacy, goal - spread Christianity.
11. Francisco Pizarro – (1475-1541) – Spanish explorer, conquistador, conqueror
the Inca Empire, founded the city of Lima, Peru
12. Vasco Núnez de Balboa – (Spanish explorer, 1513 crossed the Isthmus of
Panama, reached the Pacific Ocean – called it the “south sea”, realized the New
World was not part of Asia, accompanied by Pizarro.
13. John Cabot – (1475-1519) – Spanish explorer and conquistador, first European
to see the eastern part of the Pacific ocean, calling it the “South Sea”(1513),
crossed the Isthmus of Panama, Pizarro was one of the men on his crew. Socalled friends framed and convicted him of treason – he was publicly executed by
beheading. The currency in Panama is called a Balboa
14. Henry Hudson – (1565-1611) – English explorer, hired by the Dutch East India
Company in 1609 to find a Northwest Passage, discovered the Hudson River,
Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, 1611 his crew mutinied (wanting to return home)
leaving him, his son, and his crew adrift in a small open boat in the Hudson Bay
presumed to have died.
15. Montezuma II – (1480-1520) – Trained as a priest, Aztec leader (1502) at the
time of Spanish conquest and the zenith of the Aztec Empire, controlled most of
Mexico and Central America including Tenotchillan (Mexico City), Cortes
arrived in 1519, Montezuma allowed Cortes and the Spaniards to live among the
Aztec, in 1520 he was either killed by a rock my his own people or stabbed by the
Spaniards depending on who tells the story.
16. Samuel Champlain (1567-1635) – French Explorer, navigator, and mapmaker,
Father of the New France, founded a settlement and a fur trading post along the
St. Lawrence River (city of Quebec-1608), (1609), discovered the Lake that bears
his name, traveled back and forth to France crossing the Atlantic Ocean 21 times
over a period of 20 years.
17. Francis Drake (1540-1596) – English explorer, “sea dog”, Elizabeth I chose him
in 1577 to circumnavigate the globe, looting Spanish ships along the way he
returned to England in 1580, knighted by Queen Elizabeth I, paved the way for
English colonization, Vice Admiral of the English fleet the defeated the King
Phillip II Spanish Armada (1588)
18. James Cook (1728-1779) – English explorer, navigator, and cartographer,
conducted three expeditions to the Pacific, and Antarctic, Artic, and around the
world, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, searched for the Northwest Passage
in North America, killed on the Sandwich Islands (named for the Earl of
Sandwich) present day Hawaii, a native mob killed him as he took the chief
hostage in order to get a stolen boat returned, first to feed crew fruit to help
prevent scurvy (lack of Vitamin C)
19. Robert La Salle (1643-1687) – “father of the Louisiana Territory”, first European
to sail down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, learned a lot from the
Iroquois Indians, claimed area for France and Louis XIV, assassinated by three of
his own men in Texas.
Identify the following concepts or events:
1. Mercantilism – dominant school of economic thought from the 16th – 18th
centuries, ruling government plays a protectionist role, using tariffs, encouraging
exports and discouraging imports, trade value represented in bullion (Gold,
Silver) led to European wars, and colonization
2. Conquistadores – Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who took part in the
gradual conquest of large parts of the Americas and Pacific Asia – Cortes, and
Pizarro are two good examples – motivated by wealth, power, prestige,
opportunity, converting heathens, building a Spanish empire – oppression and
exploitation of the Native Indians
3. Caravel – small, highly maneuverable two or three-masted ship created by the
Portuguese used for long voyages and exploration during the15th century - best
sailing ship of the time due to its economy, speed, agility, and power. Prince
Henry the Navigator choose this ship to carry out his goals. The design of the
ships varied over time (16th century) nation, and expedition. Two of Columbus’s
ships Nina and the Pinta
4. Dutch East India Company – (1602-1798) – created to protect trade in the
Indian Ocean and to assist in declaring independence from Spain. Virtual
monopoly from the Cape of Good Hope to the Strait of Magellan, drove British
and Portuguese from Spice Islands (Indonesia) – first multi-national organization
– joint-stock company – first to issue stock 18% dividend for 200 years
5. Commercial Revolution – (1500-1700) Period of European economic expansion,
colonialism, and mercantilism, increase in commerce, investing, banking. With
roots in the Middle Ages – Guilds – Hanseatic League – Enhanced by New
Monarchies (Spain, Portugal, England, the Netherlands) and Exploration
6. Bullionism – monetary policy of mercantilism – 16th-17th Spain –theory to
increase nations supply of precious metals (gold, silver)
7. Joint Stock Company – a company that has some features of corporation and
some features of a partnership. Individuals bought stock in companies which
purchased supplies and ships necessary for exploration, hoping to realize a profit
from their investment (Dutch East India Company, British East India Company,
Virginia Company of London)
8. Reconquista – Spanish word for “Reconquest” – period of 800 years in which the
Christian kingdoms of present day Spain (Aragon, Castilla, Portugal, Leon)
expanded at the expense of the Muslim population. By the 8th Century almost all
of the Iberian Peninsula was under Islamic control. By the 13th century Christians
re-captured all except Grenada (1492) – Ferdinand II (Aragon) and Isabella I
(Castilla) utilized the Inquisition to drive out both Muslims as well as Jews.