Download Chapter 10 - Fort Bend ISD

Chapter 10
Lesson 1
What Is in Tobacco?
Tobacco contains three substances that are especially harmful to health:
 Nicotine, a drug that makes tobacco users crave even more nicotine
 Tar, a liquid that coats the lining of the lungs and causes diseases
 Carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced when tobacco
burns
Harmful Substances in Tobacco Smoke
Cyanide is a deadly poison.
Carbon monoxide prevents the body from getting all the oxygen it needs.
Tar forms a sticky coating on the tubes and air sacs inside the lungs.
Nicotine speeds the heartbeat, raises blood pressure, increases the craving for tobacco,
and causes dizziness and upset stomach.
Formaldehyde is an irritating, acidic gas used in laboratory disinfectants and
preservatives.
Methanol, a poisonous liquid alcohol, is known to cause blindness.
Forms of Tobacco
Tobacco products can be smoked, chewed, or inhaled.
Products that are smoked:
 Cigarettes
 Cigars and pipes
Smokeless products:
 Chewing tobacco
 Snuff
Cigarettes
Cigarettes are made from shredded tobacco leaves. Filters in cigarettes reduce the amount
of nicotine and tar in cigarette smoke. Filters, however, do not decrease the harmful
chemicals passing through a smoker’s lungs.
Cigars and Pipes
Shredded tobacco leaves are also used in cigars and pipes.
Dangers of using cigars or pipes:
 Cigar smoke contains 25 times more carbon monoxide and up to 400 times more
nicotine than cigarette smoke.
 Cigar and pipe smokers are more likely to develop cancers of the lip, mouth, and
tongue than nonsmokers.
Smokeless Tobacco
Smokeless tobacco, such as chewing tobacco and snuff, is placed in the mouth or inhaled
rather than smoked. The nicotine in smokeless tobacco is just as harmful and addictive as
that in cigarettes.
Users of smokeless tobacco:
 Face a higher risk of developing cancers of mouth, esophagus, larynx, and
pancreas than tobacco users.
 Can also develop gum diseases and stomach ulcers.
How Tobacco Harms the Body
 Respiratory System: Tobacco smoke damages the alveoli. This damage may lead
to emphysema. Smokers are also between 12 and 22 times more likely than
nonsmokers to develop lung cancer.
 Digestive System: All forms of tobacco increase the risk of cavities and gum
disease. Tobacco use is linked to cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus,
stomach, and pancreas.
 Circulatory System: Tobacco use is linked to heart disease.
 Nervous System: Tobacco use reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain, which can
lead to a stroke.
 Excretory System: Smokers have at least twice the risk of developing bladder
cancer as nonsmokers. Smokeless tobacco can also put users at risk of developing
bladder cancer.
Regulating the Tobacco Industry
To control health hazards caused by tobacco, the federal government has passed the
following regulations:
 Cigarette packs must feature warnings on the health risks of smoking.
 Cigarette ads are banned from radio and television.
 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under age 18; in some states, the
age is even higher.
Reviewing Terms and Facts
1. Nicotine is an addictive drug found in tobacco.
2. Name four substances in tobacco smoke that are harmful to the body.
Thinking Critically
3. What might you say to persuade a friend to quit chewing tobacco?
Vocabulary Review
Nicotine is an addictive drug found in tobacco.
Tar is a thick, dark liquid that forms when tobacco burns.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced when tobacco burns.
Alveoli are fragile, elastic, microscopic air sacs in the lungs where carbon monoxide from
body cells and fresh oxygen from the air are exchanged.
Emphysema is a disease that destroys alveoli.
Lesson 2
Oxygen for Life
Your body cannot survive without the oxygen you take in every time you take a breath.
The respiratory system is a set of organs that supplies the body with oxygen and rids the
body of carbon dioxide.
Parts of the Respiratory System
Nose/Mouth Passages for air; nose lined with cilia
Epiglottis Flap of tissue in back of mouth that covers the trachea to prevent food from
entering it
Trachea Tube in throat that takes air to and from lungs
Bronchi Two tubes that branch from the trachea; one tube leads to each lung
Lungs Two large organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Diaphragm Large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that expands and relaxes to
produce breathing
How Breathing Works
Breathing consists of three main stages:
When you inhale, you take air into your lungs.
Inside the lungs, oxygen from the air enters the bloodstream and replaces the carbon
dioxide that must leave your body.
When you exhale, you breathe out the carbon dioxide.
The Breathing Process
1. Inhaling
Your diaphragm moves down and your rib cage expands, creating more room in your
chest. This causes air to rush into your body. The air enters through the nose or mouth,
and then moves past the epiglottis and into the trachea and bronchi.
2. Inside the Lungs
Your diaphragm pushes up, and your ribs move in and down, forcing air out of your
lungs. The air, now containing carbon dioxide, moves back through the bronchioles and
bronchi, up the trachea, and out through the nose or mouth.
3. Exhaling
The bronchi divide into smaller passages called bronchioles. Air passes through the
bronchioles into the alveoli, which are surrounded by capillaries. Here the oxygen in the
air moves into your bloodstream, and carbon dioxide from the blood enters the alveoli.
Problems of the Respiratory System
The following factors can easily damage the many complex parts of the
respiratory system:
 Germs
 Tobacco smoke
 Inhaled chemicals
 Environmental pollution
Problems of the Respiratory System (cont’d.)
 Cold/Flu
o Diseases caused by viruses; symptoms include runny nose, cough, fever,
aches
 Bed rest and fluids; vaccines can prevent some types of flu
 Pneumonia
o Bacterial or viral disease that affects the lungs; symptoms include fever, chest
pain, breathing difficulty
 Antibiotics for bacterial type; bed rest for viral type
 Asthma
o Disease in which airways narrow; symptoms include wheezing, shortness of
breath, coughing
 Medication to relieve symptoms; avoiding activities or substances that
trigger attacks
 Tuberculosis
o Bacterial disease that affects the lungs; symptoms include cough, fatigue; can
be fatal
 Antibiotics
 Emphysema
o Disease in which alveoli harden and disintegrate; symptoms include extreme
difficulty breathing; almost entirely caused by smoking
 No known cure; pure oxygen can make breathing easier.
 Lung Cancer
o Uncontrolled growth of cells that produce abnormally in lungs; often caused
by smoking
 Surgery, radiation, and medication; Survival rates are very low
Caring for Your Respiratory System
Here are some simple tips to care for your respiratory system:
 Do not smoke.
 Avoid people and situations that would expose you to tobacco smoke in the air.
 Take care of your body when you have cold, flu, or any other respiratory illness.
Reviewing Terms and Facts
1. The _______________ is a set of organs that supplies your body with oxygen and
rids your body of carbon dioxide.
Reviewing Terms and Facts
2. List the parts of the respiratory system through which air passes when you inhale.
 Nose/Mouth
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs
Thinking Critically
3. How do cilia and the epiglottis protect the respiratory system?
Vocabulary Review
The respiratory system is a set of organs that supplies the body with oxygen and rids the
body of carbon dioxide.
The trachea is a tube in the throat that takes air to and from lungs.
The bronchi are two tubes that branch from the trachea; one tube leads to each lung.
The diaphragm is a large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that expands and relaxes
to produce breathing.
Lesson 3
Tobacco Addiction
Nicotine is as addictive a drug as alcohol, cocaine, or heroin. Nicotine addiction leads to
more diseases and deaths than all other addictions combined. Reducing or cutting off the
supply of nicotine causes withdrawal.
Psychological Dependence
A tobacco user first becomes psychologically dependent on tobacco. Psychological
dependence is an addiction in which a person believes that he or she needs a drug in order
to feel good or function normally. To break a psychological dependence on tobacco,
users need to change their habits.
Physical Dependence
Physical dependence is an addiction in which the body develops a chemical need for a
drug. Physical dependence on tobacco is directly related to nicotine; as a person
continues to use tobacco, the body’s tolerance for nicotine increases. Tolerance is the
body’s need for larger and larger doses of a drug to produce the same effect. The smoker
will always feel an urge to smoke more.
Why Teens Begin Using Tobacco
 PEER PRESSURE
 Parents or family members use tobacco
 Wanting to seem grown up
 Wanting to look “cool”
 Wanting to be just like a favorite celebrity
 Too hooked to be able to quit
According to the American Lung Association of all teens who smoke a first cigarette, 42
percent will become regular smokers. Approximately, one-third of these smokers will die
from a tobacco-related illness.
Reviewing Terms and Facts
1. Define the terms addiction and withdrawal.
Addiction is a psychological or physical need for a drug or other substance.
Withdrawal is the unpleasant symptoms that someone experiences when he or she stops
sing an addictive substance.
Reviewing Terms and Facts
2. Describe the difference between psychological and physical dependence.
Psychological dependence is an addiction in which a person believes that he or
she needs a drug in order to feel good or function normally. Physical dependence is an
addiction in which the body develops a chemical need for a drug.
Thinking Critically
3. Which part of tobacco addiction do you think is more powerful—psychological or
physical dependence? Why?
Vocabulary Review
Addiction is a psychological or physical need for a drug or other substance.
Withdrawal is the unpleasant symptoms that someone experiences when he or she stops
using an addictive substance.
Psychological dependence is an addiction in which a person believes that he or she needs
a drug in order to feel good or function normally.
Physical dependence is an addiction in which the body develops a chemical need for a
drug.
Tolerance is the body’s need for larger and larger doses of a drug to produce the same
effect.
Lesson 4
Tobacco Free: The Best Choice
To strengthen your decision to avoid tobacco products, you need to:
 Practice your refusal skills ahead of time.
 Find and take part in tobacco-free events in your community.
 Choose friends who also want to stay tobacco free.
Kicking the Tobacco Habit
Tips to quit using tobacco:
 Make a list of the reasons to quit using tobacco.
 Set small goals.
 Avoid people who use tobacco.
 Change any habits that are linked to using tobacco.
 Learn stress-relieving techniques.
 Engage in physical activity.
Programs That Help
In the “cold turkey” method of quitting tobacco, the user simply stops all use of tobacco
products. The user’s body is nicotine free three or four days later, although withdrawal
symptoms may last longer. Some tobacco users who quit need help to overcome
withdrawal symptoms.
For these users, doctors might recommend the following:
 A nicotine gum or patch that supplies the body with small amounts of nicotine to
lessen severity of withdrawal symptoms
 A non-nicotine medication that reduces a person’s urge to smoke
How Tobacco Affects Nonsmokers
Even if you do not smoke, breathing in secondhand smoke can harm your health.
These are two types of secondhand smoke:
 Mainstream smoke
 Sidestream smoke
Mainstream smoke becomes environmental smoke after it passes through the smoker’s
lungs and, in some cases, through a filter.
Sidestream smoke enters the air directly from the burning tobacco.
Exposure to secondhand smoke causes people to become passive smokers.
Passive smoking is harmful because:
 It can cause respiratory problems, including lung cancer, just like smoking.
 It may irritate the nose and throat and cause itchy and watery eyes, headaches, and
coughing.
Children and Unborn Babies
Tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with the following:
 Increased chance of miscarriage
 Increased chance of stillbirth
 Low birth weight.
Infants whose mothers smoke during and after pregnancy are three times more likely to
die from a condition known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome than are infants whose
mothers do not smoke. Children of smokers experience higher rates of allergies, asthma,
chronic bronchitis, ear infections, and heart problems.
Rights of Nonsmokers
As a nonsmoker, you have the right to:
 Breathe air that is free of tobacco smoke.
 Express your preference that people not smoke around you.
Laws protecting the rights of nonsmokers:
 In 1989, the federal government banned smoking on all domestic airplane flights.
 Almost every state government has put restrictions on smoking.
 Employers have a legal right to restrict smoking in the workplace, and many have
banned smoking.
Reviewing Terms and Facts
1. Name five benefits of saying no to tobacco use.
 Better health
 Saving money
 Fewer allergies
 More energy and endurance
 Healthy skin
 Fresh breath
 Honesty towards parents and friends
 Better smelling clothes and hair
2. Define secondhand smoke.
Secondhand smoke is air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke.
3. What is the difference between mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke?
 Mainstream smoke is the smoke that a smokerinhales and then exhales.
 Sidestream smoke is smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe,
or cigar.
Vocabulary Review
Secondhand smoke is air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke.
Mainstream smoke is the smoke that a smoker inhales and then exhales.
Sidestream smoke is smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar.
Passive smokers are nonsmokers who breathe secondhand smoke.