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Gram Positive Cocci
Bacteria
Staphylococcus
aureus
Diagnosis
Diseases Caused
morphology
/physiology
- catalase pos
- coag pos
- beta hemolytic
- yellow pigment
- endocarditis
- scalded skin syn
- septic embolism
- TSS
- food poisoning
- pneumonia
- Bacteremia
-UTI
-Wound infections
- grape like clusters
- facultative anaerobe
epidermidis
- catalase pos
- coag neg
-grape like clusters
- facultative anaerobe
saprophyticus
- catalase pos
- coag neg
- β hemolytic
- PRY pos
- catalase neg
- Medical device related
infections
- IV line sepsis
- UTI
-UTI in sexually active women
Streptococcus
pyogenes
agalactiae
pneumoniae
mutans
Enterococcus
faecalis &
faecium
- β hemolytic
- catalase neg
- CAMP pos (staph a
inc hemolysis)
- bile sensitive
-
- catalase neg
- PYR pos
- bile e. pos (black
plate)
Acute:
-Phyryngitis (strep throat)
- Scarlet fever
- Skin infections
- necrotising faciitis
- Strep TSS
Antibody Mediated
- Rhematic Fever (classI)
- glomerulonephritis (M12)
- neonatal septicemia,
meningitis & pneumonia
(during birth)
-grape like clusters
- facultative anaerobe
- long chains
- not quite round
- cocci in chain
- facultative anaerobe
- Pneumonia (opportunistic)
- Meningitis
- URI
- Otitis Media
- Bacteremia
- TSS
- Dental caries
- Endocarditis
- lancet-shaped
(diplococci)
- UTI
- Baceteremia
- Endocarditis
- Local trauma infections
- nosocomial (hs)
- facultative anaerobe
- facultative anaerobe
Virulence
Protective Proteins
-Protein A
-coagulase
-hemolysins
-leukocidins
-penicillinase
Tissue Destroying
-hyaluronidase
-staphlyokinase
-lipase
- Exfoliative toxins
- enterotoxins
- TSST-1
-polysacch capsule
- highly antibiotic resistant
Epidemiology
Treatment
- normal flora
Penicillinase –
resistent PNCs
Vacomycin
Clindamycin
- normal flora
- Vancomycin
- hand washing
-normal flora
-PCN
- phage encoded
- Capsule
- Lipoteichoid acid (adherence)
- M-protein (70 types) & F
- Pyrogenic exotoxins
- Streptolysin S and O
- Streptokinase
- DNAase
- anti-C5a peptidase
- Capsule
- Lancefield Group A
-Bacitracin
- Group B
- normal flora of URT &
female genital
- Bacitracin
resistent
- PCN G
- Capsule (quellung rxn, specific
antibodies for this cap)
- IgA protease
- Teichoic Acid
- Pneumolysin O
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Thick polysacch capsule
- adherence and acid production
during fermentatio
- some have no antibiotic
susceptibilities
- Pili
- surface polysacch
- VRE
- Viridans Group
- highly communicable
- droplets
- risk factors: COPD and
alcoholism
- PCN
- Vancomycin
- vaccine
- Viridans Group
- normal flora Gu & GI
- optochin resistant
- Group D
- normal flora colon & GU
- can survive for weeks on
dry surface
- PCN
- ampicillin
~ Lancefield group antigens - categorized by Group-Specific Carbohydrates ( C carb in cell envelope, A-S)
Bacteria
Bacillus cereus
anthracis
Clostridium
botulinum
Diagnosis
- gram pos
- β hemolytic
- gram pos
- nonhemolytic
- gram pos
Diseases Caused
morphology
/physiology
- gastroenteritis
Emetic- if you ate, growing in
food, vomit
Diarrheal- diarrhea
-Anthrax
cutaneous –edema & necrotic
lesion
GI/orophary – internal sores
Inhalation – cp, high fever &
mortality
-Biowarfare
Botulism
- foodborne
- infant, spores grow
Virulence
Epidemiology
Treatment
- rods
- spore forming
- aerobic
- NO capsule
- motle
- Enterotoxin
- heat stable – emetic
- heat labile – dirrheal
- endospores
- β lactam resistant
- large “box-car” rods
- spore forming
- facultative anaerobe
- 2 plasmids one encodes toxin, other
colonization
- capsule of poly-D-glutamic acid
- Exotoxin: protective antigen, edema
& lethal factor
-protective antigen B
- lethal factor, kills cells
- edema factor
- zoonotic (sheep, goats,
cattle)
- endospores
- PCN
- vaccine
- rods
- anerobe
- motile (flagella)
- disease associated c Type A, B, E, F
- A/B neurotoxin (inhibits
- toxin released upon death
of bacteria
- antitoxin
- hyperbaric
Gram Positive Endosporous Bacilli
difficile
Bacteria
Corynebacterium
perfringens
diphtheriae
- gram pos
Diagnosis
- gram pos
gramacid
posfast test
-- neg
- reduces tellurite
(black)
- Elek test (test toxin)
tetani
mycobacterium
tuberculosis
-- gram
gram pos
pos
- catalase pos
- pos acid fast test
- wound
- A mediated secretion
- B breakdown
of Caused
colonic
Diseases
epithelium
- rod
- anaerobe
morphology
- Diptheria
- Gangrene
- Necrotising fasciitis
- Food poisoning
- club shaped
lg rectangular rods
-- aerobe
-- non
motile
nonsporing
- anaerobes
-- Tetanus:
general, cephalic,
TB
local, neonatal
-- banjo
/ drumstick
thin rods
-shaped
aerobe
-- spores
cord (in virulant)
- anaerobe
/physiology
acetylcholine)
- Enterotoxin (A)
- Cytotoxin (B)
Virulence
- Adhesion Factor (binds to colon)
-- Sporulation
psuedomembrane formation in
- binds to motor neurons, blocks
pharnyx
acetylcholine
- A/B-like exotoxin
of toxins
--huge
A inh#prot
syn by ADP-ribosylation
-ofToxin
EF-2 A most common in US
- toxin on phage
-- inhibition
of efferent
BCG is vaccine
strainneuron,
in fibrous
continuous
musclein
-resulting
TB makes
tubercules
constriction
lungs
- Tetanospasmin – inhibits GABA &
gly
- Tetanolysin
Gram Positive Non-sporing Bacilli
- overgrowth during
antibiotic
use
Epidemiology
- 5%of people normal flora
-- spores
can live in soil
aerosolized
replicates rapidly
-- noninvasive
-- normal
flora GI
V or L form
- soil
- stop other
antibiotics
Treatment
-- soil
slow growth
endospores through
-- opportunistic
wound
- only found in humans
-Isoniazid
give Botulism
-toxin
TB shows inc
-resistance
DPT vaccine
- antitoxin
wound
cleaning
-- DPT
vaccine
- antibiotics
- hyperbaric
Bacteria
leprae
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
other than tb
(MOTTs)
- Lowenstein-Jensen
agar
- PPD
test
Diagnosis
- gram pos
-- catalse
pos
gram neg
- oxidase pos
- grow on Choc agar,
but not reg
- gram pos
Nocardia
asteroides
- gram pos
- part acid fast
Lysteria
monocytogenes
- gram pos
- waxy lipids cell wall
Diseases Caused
- Leprosy = Hansen’s disease
tuberculoid
- Gonorrhea (TT)
– tram in sex &
-granuloma formation
birth
-* loss
of sensation
human
only
few lesions
-- sterility
lepromatous
(LL)
- Fitz-Huge-Curtis
- nerve damage
(perihepatitis)
-- loss
of sensation
Proctitis
- numerous lesions
-hair loss
- M. avium
- M. kansasii
- brochopulmonary infection
- wound, cu, subcu
- diarrhea in healthy
- sepsis & meningitis in
neonates and imm comp
morphology
/physiology
- diplococci, bean
shaped
- mostly aerobic
- non motile
- produces niacin
Virulence
- facultative intracellular
Epidemiology
- skin
-- armadillo
pads
no maltosefoot
fermentation
- obligate intracellular
organism
- intracell growth
- pili
- por proteins (prevent phage fusion
- opa proteins (adherence
- Rmp proteins
-lipopolysacch
- IgA1 protease
- travels c Chlamydia
- like CO2
Treatment
- PCNresistant
- silver nitrate
- opportunistic
- filamentous
- branching rods
- aerobe
- flagella
- actin after infect
- can grow at 4ºC
- escapes phagosome and enters
cytoplasm
Gram Negative Cocci
- frequently
misdiagnosed as TB
- aerosolized
- facultative intracell
growth
- food born
- can cross placental
-PCN
Bacteria
meningitididis
Diagnosis
largest group of
gram neg rods
- gram neg
- oxidase
pos
- gram neg
- grow
on Choc
- oxidase
neg agar
Moraxella
catarrhalis
- gram neg
- oxidase pos
- pharyngitis
- arthritis
Diseases Caused
- conjunctivitis
Meningococcus
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syn
(adrenal hemorr)
- Pneumonia
- Arthritis
- Urethritis
- otitis media
- bronchitis
- sinusitis
morphology
- mostly
aerobic
/physiology
non motile
-- rods
- peritrichous flagella
-diplococci
- short rods
- resitance: PCN binding mutation,
cell surface prot,β lactamase (protein
Virulence
on plasmid, cleaves
PCN)
- maltose fermentation
- large capsule A,B, C
-endotoxin
pili
-- Capsule
endotoxin outer
mem
-- antimicrobial
resis.
- vaccine
against A,C,Y, W135, (B =
-serum
resistence
cases) Growth F
-50%
sequester
-phase variation (change antigen
presented)
Enterobacteriaceae - Gram Negative Bacilli
Epidemiology
- intracellular survival
- -ferment
like CO2 glucose (& some
others)
- bind Fe
- normal flora UR
Treatment
- PCN
- vaccine high
risk
- PCN resistant
Escherichia Coli
Bacteria
Vibrio Cholera
- black on EMG
agar
Diagnosis
- pink
MacConkey
- fast lactose
fermenter
Salmonella typhi
- UTI
- Septicemia
Diseases
Caused
- Neonatal
Meningitis
- Gastroenteritis
Cholera
watery diarrhea (no
- medical– cath
pus)
- rod
morphology
/physiology
- curved rod
- single polar flagella
-Typhoid Fever
-gastroenteritis
-septicemia
-osteomyelitis in sickle cell pt
- gastroenteritis
paratyphi
typhimurium
enteritidis
Shigella
Plague
- buobonic
-pneumonic
enterocolitica
- gastroenteritis
pseudotuberculosis
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
-indole neg
Proteus mirabilis
- indole neg
-gastro enteritis
-pneumonia
-UTI (hs)
-wound infection (hs)
-septicemia (hs)
- septicemia
-UTI, can precipitate kidney
stones
- human colon
- contaminated crops
Epidemiology
- fecal-oral
- A/B toxin
- causes extreme water
loss (1L/hr)
-carried on phage
- contaminated water
sources
-humans sole known
reservoir (gall bladder)
-fecal-oral route
-poultry, egg, dairy
- antibiotics
Treatment
- treat typhoid
Mary
- usually don’t
treat
dysenteriae (severe)
-bloody diarrhea
flexneri (3rd world
boydii
sonnei (US)
Yersinia pestis
Strains: ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EHEC,
EAEC, DAEC
Virulence
Adhesions
-P-phili binds to uroepithelium
--Colonization
Toxin coregulated
Factorpili
Ag
-Exotoxins
accessory cholera enterotoxin
-- zonnula
occludens
heat stable
or labiletoxin
-- mucinase
hemolysis
-- motility
Shiga-like toxins (food
--Vi
seriotyped
capsule by O antigen O1 and
- glucose (no lactose) fermenter
-initial colonization in Mcells small
intestine
- rod
- Shiga toxin- inhibits protein syn
- binds GB3 glycolipid
- IpaA-D proteins
- actin based motility
- non mobile
- fecal oral transmission
- glucose fermentation
- antiphagocytic Capsule
- serum resistance
- plasmid-encoded virulence genes
Bubonic
- urban plague –rats/flea
-sylvatic plague –
squirrels, etc
Pulmonary-aerosolized
- growth in terminal ileum
-mimic appendici.
- affects northern
populations
- can multiple in cold
- can grow in blood products
- large mucoid polysacch capsule
- lactose fermenter
- Capsule
- nonmotile
- strong urease rxn
- non lactose fermenter
Other Gram Negative Bacteria
- normal flora URT, colon
- enviro or human origin
parahaemolyticus
- likes salt
- seafood poisoning
Campylobacter
jejuni
- oxidase pos
- Guillain-Barre Syn
- most common cause infectious
diarrhea
Helicobacter pylori
- oxidase pos
- chronic gastritis
- Duodenal ulcers
-stomach cancer
- motile, curve
-microaerophilic
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
- oxidase pos
- fruity grape like
odor
-aerobe
Bordetella
pertussis
Bordet-Gengou
(potato) agar
- 10% nosocomial infection
- septic shock
- resp tract CF
- burn/wound infection
- UTI from cath
- swimmers ear
- endocarditis IV drug use
- pertussis
- parapertussis
-rabbit fever
-zoonosis
- Ulceroglandular
- Ocularglandular
-Pneumonic
B. melitensis
-fever, flulike
Undulant form Chronic
-inc treatment
- children
meningitis
-aerobe
-Pontiac Fever
-Legionnares Disease
pleomorphic rods
Fracisella
tularensis
Brucella
Haemophilus
influenzae
Legionella
- Chocolate agar c
factors V (NAD)
and X (hematin)
- Charcoal yeast
extract c Fe and
Cysteine
- silver stain
Anerobic Rods
- curved rod
- single polar flagella
- motile, curve slight
spiral
--microaerophilic
- small rods
-aerobes
O139 cholera toxin strains
- beta-hemolysis Kanagawa
- low infectious dose
- 25% food poisoning in
Japan
- zoonotic infections
- chickens
- grows at 42ºC
- motility
- urease
- cytotoxin
- req oxidative stress
- non fermenter
- mucoid capsule
- tons of endotoxins
- exotoxin A
- modified porins in outer mem,
blocks antibiotics
- human natural reservior
- only treat if
causing prob
- found everywhere
- some GI colonization
- notorious
antibiotic
resistence
- filamentous hemagglutinin
- pertussis toxin
- adenylate cyclase/hemolysin toxin
- other cytotoxins & LPS
- non fermenter
-fastidious
-antiphagocytic capsule
-can survive a while in water
- sensitive, hard to grow
- childhood
vaccine
-capsule
-IgA protease
-needs X and V factor to
grow
-flora nasopharynx
- natural source
- water sys
-HVAC systems
-facultative intracellular
- inhalation of airborn bac
- tick bite
- from dead/sick animals
-no person to person trans
-potential for bioterr
childhood
vaccine for B
Hib
Bacteroides fragilis
-Prevotella melaninogenicus
-Fusobacterium nucleatum
- porphymonas gingivalis
Obligate Intracellular Organisms (cannot make ATP)
Bacteria
Rickettsia
prowazekii
Diagnosis
Diseases Caused
Typhus
-Epidemic
-Recrudescent (Brill-Zinsser)
reactivation many yrs later
morphology
/physiology
Virulence
Epidemiology
- unsanitary conditions
- body louse
-(S) flying squirrels
Treatment
-Sporadic
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- rash
rickettsii
Orentia
Ehrlichia
chaffeenis
Coxiella
- morula formation
Chlamydia
trachomatis
- replication in endothelial cells
Scrub typhus
- monosytic er
Sennetsu fever
- Q fever
acute – ha, fever, chills, musc
chronic – heart, liver, pulmo
- replicates in vacuoles
- prevents fusion of phagosome
- multiply in phagolysosomes
- antigenic variation
I acute, mix I and II for chronic
- stable outside host
- elementary bodies- infectious
element
- reticulite body – non infectious
- no peptidoglycan
- serovars D-K
Chlamydia
Trachoma – A,B,Ba,C
PID, urethritis
- conjunctivitis, proctitis
Lyhphogranuloma venereum -L
- URI
Chlamydophilia
psiticci
pneumonia
- quick onset, fever, chills
- Southeast US
- hard ticks
- reservior rats
- reproduction in vacuoles
- Lone Star ticks
- deer and pets
- livestock
- aerosolized
- humans
- nonciliated epithelial cells
of UG, Resp, conjunctiva
- often asymptomatic
- travels c gonorrhea
- birds
- condoms
- URI
Cell Wall-less Bacteria
Bacteria
Diagnosis
Diseases Caused
Mycoplasm
pneumoniae
- Atypical pneumonia (walking)
Ureaplasma
urealyticum
Urethritis
Prostatisis
Renal calculi
morphology
/physiology
- fried egg
Virulence
- no cell wal, no peptidoglycan
- sterols, rigidity
- binds to resp epitheliam via P1
adhesion, inhibits ciliary action
- no cell wal, no peptidoglycan
- sterols, rigidity
- urease production
Epidemiology
- free living
- human resp, droplets
- free living
- STD
Treatment
Gram Negative Cocci
Bacteria
Diagnosis
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
- gram neg
- oxidase pos
- grow on Choc agar,
but not reg
-Thayer-Martin
(VCN) media
- ferments glucose
meningitididis
- gram neg
- oxidase pos
- grow on Choc agar
- ferments maltose
Moraxella
catarrhalis
- gram neg
- oxidase pos
Diseases Caused
- Gonorrhea – tran in sex &
birth
* human only
- sterility
- Fitz-Huge-Curtis
(perihepatitis)
- Proctitis
- pharyngitis
- arthritis
- conjunctivitis
Meningococcus
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syn
(adrenal hemorr)
- Pneumonia
- Arthritis
- Urethritis
- otitis media in kids
- bronchitis
- sinusitis
morphology
/physiology
- diplococci, bean/
doughnut shape
- no true capsule
- mostly aerobic
- non motile
- mostly aerobic
- non motile
-diplococci
- short rods
Virulence
Epidemiology
Treatment
- no maltose fermentation
- pili
- por proteins (prevent phage fusion)
- opa proteins (adherence)
- Rmp proteins (block bacteriacide)
-lipooligosacch
- IgA1 protease
- resitance: PCN binding mutation,
cell surface prot,β lactamase (protein
on plasmid, cleaves PCN)
- maltose fermentation
- large capsule A,B, C
- pili, lipooligosacch
- endotoxin outer mem
- vaccine against A,C,Y, W135, (B =
50% cases)
- pili
- β lactamase
- human is only host
- no immunity from repeat
infections
- intracell growth
- travels c Chlamydia
- like CO2
- PCNresistant
- silver nitrate
- human only host
- intracellular survival
- respiratory transmission
- like CO2
- PCN
- vaccine high
risk
- normal flora UR
- risk, smoking
- PCN resistant
Spirochetes
Bacteria
Treponema
pallidum
endemicum,
pertenue,
carateum
Borellia
burgdorferi
Diagnosis
- cannot culture
- dark-field
microscophy
- RPR, VDRL
- difficult to culture
- gram neg
recurrentis
Leptospira
interrogans
- dark-field
microscophy
Diseases Caused
Syphilis
1º- chancre, painless
2º- flulike sx, rash, wartlike,
mucous mem lesion, hairloss
3º- gummas – granulomatous
lesions, CNS
-Bejel
- Yaws
-Pinta
Lyme Disease
-Early – erythema migrans (at
site of bite)
-Late – I neuro/cardio, II joint,
arthritis
Relapsing Fever- sharp, chills
- epidemic – louse, human
- endedmic – tick, zoonosis
Leptospirosis – flu-like, GI
- Weil’s disease – hepatic/renal
morphology
/physiology
- microaerophilic
Virulence
- 1 and 2 reesolve spontaneously
- 1/3 of people progress to 3
Epidemiology
- human pathogen, STD
- cross placenta
- children in poor areas
- direct contact
- microaerophilic
- large
- immune complexes
- tick
- reservior mice, deer
- microaerophilic
- arthropods
- aerobic
- thin, question mark
shape
- zoonoic, spread animal
urine
Treatment
-PCN