Download Seventh Period A.P. U.S. History Final Exam Review Fall Semester

Seventh Period A.P. U.S. History
Final Exam Review
Fall Semester
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By: Alexis Aviles
Native Americans
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-Iroquois Confederacy- located where New York state is along with parts of Canada
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Haudenosaunee- People of the long house
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Consisted of Five Nations, later Six- (Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, and Tuscarora joined in 1722)
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Was a democracy.
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-Mound Builders- From 1800 B.C.- 700 A.D (Woodland Period)
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Known as this because of their practice of making burial mounds
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Consisted of Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippians and were located in the Atlantic, the Midwest and the Ohio Valley to Mississippi Valley
regions
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Would not have existed have it not been for corn, beans and squash, also known as the three sisters
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-Pueblo- Communities of Native Americans that lived in adobe apartment like housing that could house many people, the mostly liven in
the New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona area.
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-Creek Indians- Also known as the Muskogee, was a union between some of the Indian tribes in the region, occupied the Georgia and
Alabama then were forced westward towards what is now Oklahoma.
The Amerindian culture in America is what helped the colonists survive in this land. They weren’t really aggressive and some were eventually wiped
out because of how the colonists persecuted them. Their technology was not as advanced as the Europeans which are what made it easier for them
to be taken over.
Columbus- Brought the Americas to Europe’s attention when he landed there in 1492; landed on the Bahamas on an island he names San Salvador.
He made the Native Americans there slaves and forced them to search for gold (the land really didn’t have much gold) and eventually drove them to
extinction. Died in 1506.
-St.Augustine- Was founded in 1565 by the Spanish making one of the oldest European settlements in the Americas. The Spanish treated the
natives well, not like the English. They conquered the area from the French.
-Samuel De Champlain- Founder of New France (French part of Canada).His settlement eventually became Quebec. He had well relations with the
natives and had a very successful fur trading network.
European culture was mostly good for the Europeans but the Indians got the short end of the stick. They brought disease with them and that was
one of the major contributors to the deaths of many Indians. Some were able to settle and had a stable and good relation with the Indians while
others treated them very poorly. The Indians gained a lot of technology that would not have been available to them had the Europeans not come;
however, they also lost their home territory.
Native American culture did not have much of an impact on the European culture as they did on them. The most important impact they had was the
introduction of very nutritious food that revolutionized the European diet.
The Spanish were mostly harsh with the Native Americans. They made slaves out of them and wiped out several tribes. Although most treated the
natives horribly, some did treat them respectfully like the settlement of St.Augustine.
-New Mexico-Francisco Vásquez de Coronado came to this area searching for gold. He and his men treated the natives living there very badly
which, in later years, made relations hostile.
-Encomienda- It was a legal system that the Spanish came up with so that they would be able to define the native’s status in the colonies. It gave
permission to a soldier or a conquistador to protect the natives and teach them the Christian faith as long as they gave something back: gold or
(most commonly) labor. It soon turned into a form of enslavement and eventually faded out as the natives began to die off.
-Mestizo-A person of mixed blood. They were usually a native and European mixture. Usually in South and Central America.
-Mission system- The Spanish crown ordered Father Junipero Serra to spread Christianity to the natives in Alta California. Many missionaries
popped up along California. The people who lived in the missionaries were called Franciscans and they specialised in making brandy. Eventually
these became part of Mexico then the U.S
-Pope’s Rebellion- It was the rebellion of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish rule on August 10, 1692. The rebellion was led by a man named
Pope, who was a native Tewa who was a prisoner of the Spanish. The rebellion was a success and the Spanish fled from that region.
The French were really different from the other European powers. They had really good relations with the natives and caused some minor
problem, unlike the Spanish and English. They learned some of the costumes of the natives and made a lot of money thanks to the natives help with
the fur trade.
-Algonquins- They first had contact with Samuel de Champlain. He met with the clan leaders and befriended them. They helped the French with the
trading of beaver pelts in exchange for some of the European merchandise. Some of the people they traded with were the coureur de boi, who were
French woodsman that traded fur with the natives without the permission of the authorities, and the voyageurs, which did the same thing only with a
license. They aided the French many times and the French aided them when they were fighting against the Iroquois. They were moved from their
original territory (due to the Iroquois Confederacy) and now live around Quebec.
-Jesuits- The Church sent some Fathers to start a missionary on the settlements but they both failed miserably due to the English raiding and later
occupying the settlement Quebec.
The British were very harsh on the natives, even though it was thanks to their help that they were able to survive the first years in the colonies.
They just took their land without any sort of payment, had no respect towards them whatsoever (except for those few exceptions), and attacked them
even when they did not provoke them.
-New England•
Pilgrims and Wampanoags- The natives were the reason that the pilgrims survived (mostly to Squanto). He taught them how to survive in
the new land. At first the relations between the both were peaceful. The natives shared their land with them and thanks to the pilgrims help they were
able to survive the attacks from neighboring villages. This soon changed after more people started coming in. They grew hostile towards the natives
now that they did not need them anymore. The colonist kept moving them eastward so that they wouldn’t be a problem.
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Pequot War, 1636- The Pequot Natives were against the English settling in and with the Wampanoangs helping them survive. They raided
villages and attacked innocent people. After some battles with the Dutch (they also attacked their settlements along with other tribes up north) and
the English, the tribe was completely destroyed.
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New England Confederation- After the Pequot war the English settlements agreed to form a protection alliance. The delegates meet in
Boston. Each settlement was to send 2 delegates (at the time there were 4 settlements: Connecticut, New Haven, Massachusetts Bay and
Plymouth Colony) to meet regularly to make sure everything was safe. Mostly about the dealing with natives and the slave runaway problem.
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Praying Towns- Developed by Puritans to try and convert the natives to Christianity. Mostly natives joined because there was no other
option or they stopped believing in their faith. For the most part this idea did not work to well as the natives were still not treated with respect and
they had a hard time converting.
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King Philip’s War (1675-76) - King Philip was a native that was in charge of the Wampanoag after his brother was murdered by the
English. After he realized that the English were never going to be satisfied with whatever they are given and the mysterious death of his brother he
starts to plot against them. A native convert rats him out and is later killed. At last the war begins between the natives and the English. The natives
raid the village and in return the English attack their village. Eventually Phillip is killed and the war ends. His tribe and family are sold to slavery and a
lot of the tribes are extinct while others seek refuge in other tribes.
-Pennsylvania- Started by William Penn who was given the land by the King as a way to pay a debt.
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Quakers- A Christian religion that was pacifist, refused to pay English taxes, had no alliances or oaths, and was tolerant of other religions.
They were viewed as dangerous by other people.
-Chesapeake- Consisted of Virginia and Maryland
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Jamestown- One of the 1st English colonies. Founded on 1601. It nearly died its first year. It survived thanks to the help of the Powhatans
Natives. They introduced tobacco to John Rolfe, who in turn shows it to the settlers. The settlers eventually turned it into a cash crop and became
very wealthy. In order to keep the relations between the English and the native John married Pocahontas, a daughter of the Chief. This town is
famous for the House of Burgesses- and elected body that was a sort of legislature.
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Anglo-Powhatan Wars- The first war lasted from 1609-1613. The natives started attacking after John left. Then the new governor was
killed and then Thomas West took over. He applied Irish tactics to the battle and eventually won. They made an agreement that was settled with the
marriage of John and Pocahontas. The second war was on 1644. It was the last shot that the natives had to get the whites off their land. They lost
and ended up losing their lands to the English and were forced to move.
-Carolinas- Founded by * noble men, the land was granted to them by King Charles II
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Tuscaroras- Were the native tribe that was living were North Carolina is. They got into a war with the settlers in 1710-1713. They lost the
war, along with their land.
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Yamasee- Natives that lived where Florida is. They had a bad relationship with the white settlers because they got to dependent on they're
supplies. They eventually had to pay them, but the settlers took women and children as payment, which caused an attack on the part of the natives.
The attack drove the settler back, but they came back with reinforcements, Georgia and North Carolina and the Cherokee. They were forced back to
Florida where they were killed off by the Creeks.
Colonies in Order
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Virginia (1607)
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Massachusetts (1620)
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New Hampshire (1623)
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New Jersey (1623)
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New York (1624)
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Maryland (1633)
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Rhode Island (1636)
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Connecticut (1636)
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Delaware (1638)
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North Carolina (1653)
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South Carolina (1663)
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Pennsylvania (1682)
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Georgia (1732)
Southern Colonies
By: Joanna Mateos
Early New England and Other New England Colonies
By: Kim Carbajal
Early New England – Plymouth and MBC other New England Colonies
The founding of the New England colonies was religious freedom. The freedom to worship God, but it did not extend that freedom to everyone.
Those who expressed a different approach to religious worship weren’t welcomed. For example, the puritans would not accept different views than
their own.
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The disaffection of religion was from disagreements with Anglican Church. The ones who reform Anglican religion practices to purify the
church were known as the puritans. They argued that the church of England was following religious practices that would make like resemblance in
Catholism in structure and ceremony. Puritans called for a Congregationalist structure in which each individual church would govern them.
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The Plymouth colony
Another view were the separatists, small group who opposed any accommodation with the Anglican church. But not like the puritans which were also
called the non separatists. The separatists left England for the more tolerant atmosphere for the Netherlands but after a while, the children were
adopting Dutch habits and culture. Separatists accepted the offer to settle on land and so in 1620, they went to America on the mayflower:
separatists became known as the pilgrims, people who undertake a religious journey. But instead, they landed in Massachusetts because they were
outside the jurisdiction of the company, the leaders signed the mayflower compact, an agreement establishing a civil government under king James
I.
Pilgrims had rough times during their first years with disease and starvation. The relations with the relations in the area were mixed and their
supposedly peaceful “ first Thankgiving”, the truth is that piligrims used force to control the local tribes.
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John Calvin was one of the early leaders of the protestant reformation. In 1533, he experienced a powerful religious conversion which
convinced him on 2 things:
The absolute glory and power of god
Absolute sinfulness of human beings.
It was in Basel, Switzerland where he wrote his famous, “institutes of Christian Religion” , a book where it played a big role in the development of
religion in france and its language.
Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther – German monk, he was bothered by the selling of indulgences, indulgence, a religious pardon that realeased
a sinner from performing specific penalties. Could be bought from a church official. To expresxs his concern over this church corruption he wrote his
famous 95 Theses, which called for a full reform of the Christian Church.
William Bradford – A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called plymouth rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. Conducted experiments of
living in the wilderness and wrote about them, known as for “Of Plymouth Plantation.”
Predestination, the “elect” - john calvin and puritan souls who have been destined for eternal bliss or eternal torment, since the beginning of time, this
was talked about in “institutes of the christian religion.”
“visible saints” - religious belief by John Calvin held that a certain amount of people were presdestined to go to heaven by god. It figured a major part
in the doctrine of the puritans who settled in NE during the 1600's.
Predestination – primary idea behind calvinism; states that salvation or damnation are foreordained. Core belief of Puritans.
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
Reasons for leaving: Charles I, Archbishop Puritans in england became persecuted and with the accession of Charles I to the throne, everything
became worse.
Johny winthrop- immigrated from the MBC in the 1630's to become the first governor and led a religious experiment. He once said, “We shall be a
city on a hill.”
Half way covenant- was adopted to address the problem. Allowed church members baptized children would receive baptism after all, without
sainthood, but they could neither vote on church matters nor take communion.
Salem Witch Trials- Belief in witches and demonic possession, middle aged women, were accused of witchcraft. The extent of the hysteria was a big
event, which led to the imprisonment and execution. The outbreak was the rivalries between families and ties with many accused Anglicans,
Quakers, and Baptists, which Puritans considered heretics.
New England Politics and Middle Colonies
By: Maria Islas
New England confederation- formed to provide the defense of the four New England colonies, it also acted as a court in disputes between the
colonies.
Pequot war (1636-37)- Pequot War 1637 The first of the many wars between whites and Indians was fought in 1637 between the Pequots and New
England settlers. The Pequots were a warlike tribe centered along the Thames River in southeastern Con Pequot War 1637 The first of the many
wars between whites and Indians was fought in 1637 between the Pequots and New England settlers. The Pequots were a warlike tribe centered
along the Thames River in southeastern Connecticut.
King Phillips war, 1675- - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip.
The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of
the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
Dominion of New England-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a
single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.
Charles II-Charles II named the Carolinas in honor of his father, Charles I. The Latin for Charles is "Carolus".Charleston, South Carolina is named
after Charles II, and Charlotte, North Carolina, honors Queen Charlotte, the consort of George III.
Mercantilism-an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial
interests commerce: transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services).
Navigation laws: 1st in 1651- English laws in the 17th - 18th centuries that required the use of English or colonial ships to carry English trade. The
laws were designed to encourage English ship building and restrict trade competition from England’s commercial revivals especially the dutch.
Sir Edmund Andros- governor of Massachusetts bay colony.
“glorious revolution”--1688 - “first American revolution” The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James
II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III
of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of
England.
English bill of rights-Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also
limited the king’s powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.
Middle colonies!
Characteristics: crops, geography, immigrants - The middle colonies produced staple crops, primarily grain and corn.
New York-New York became an important urban center due to its harbor and rivers, which made it an important center for trade.
Peter Minuit, New Amsterdam- : Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24 (1580-1638);a settlement
established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island; annexed by the English in 1664 and renamed
New York.
Peter Stuyvesant-The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept.
8, 1664.
Patroon system-Patronships were offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50 people within 4 years. Few people were
able to accomplish this.
Leisler’s rebellion, NY 1691-When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled
and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the
representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.
Pennsylvania, 1681, William penn-William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven
for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.
“holy experiment”- William Penn’s term for the government of Pennsylvania, in which was supposed to serve everyone and provided freedom for all.
Quakers- Religious Society of Friends: a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers.
Religion in the colonies!
Congregational church- (Puritanism)- this was founded by the separatists that felt that the church of England had too many Roman Catholic beliefs
and practices. Pilgrims were part of this church,
Anglican church- The national church of England that was founded by King Henry VII, in which this church had ideas from the Roman Catholics, and
the protestants.
MD,PA,RI, -- the founders , established churches- Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn, a Quaker, to provide protection for Quakers. Maryland:
Formed as a colony where Catholics would be free from persecution. Rhode Island: Formed to provide a haven for all persecuted religions, including
all Christian denominations and Jews
Maryland act of toleration 1649- Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large
Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
Great awakening- Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the
decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to
unify the colonies.
Jonathan Edwards-Part of the Great Awakening, He was the one that was threatening everyone with religion and scaring them “going to hell”
George Whitefield- Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."
Old lights, new lights-The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational
church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.
Baptists-a member of a Christian denomination that baptizes believers by immersion and that is usually Calvinistic in doctrine.
College of William and Mary, 1639-The College of William & Mary in Virginia (also known as The College, William & Mary, or W&M) is a public
research university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a royal charter (by a British letters patent) issued by King
William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States after Harvard University.
Presbyterian church- a protestant denomination based on the doctrines of john calvin and governed by elders. Founded in Scotland and established
It there, government supported it.
The Colonial Economy, Colonial Society, Events that fostered the democratic ideal in the English Colonies
By: Carol Escamilla
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Regional differences:
-New England: Included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Life in the North was centered on religion and family.
-Middle Colonies: “Bread basket”, the middle colonies produced staple crops, primarily grain and corn. Included New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and Delaware. Was the most ethnic and religiously diverse.
-Southern Colonies: Included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Overall characteristics are that there a plantation
society, slavery, sparsely populated, and are members of the Church of England. (apstudent.com/ ISN)
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Mercantilism: The British Authorities embraced a theory, called mercantilism, that justified their control over the colonies. Mercantilist
believed that wealth was power and that a country’s economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury.
Governments exercised control over industries and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security came from having more exports
than imports. It was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s trough 1700s.The possession of colonies provided countries with both raw materials
and markets for manufactured goods. The colonies were forced to buy the exported goods from Great Britain.(textbook/apstudent.com)
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Navigation Acts: They were a series of British regulations in which goods imported from the colonies were taxed from places that weren’t
Britain, or sought to control and regulate trade in the colonies. They increased trade between Britain and the colonies and tax revenues. The
Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War since Britain needed to pay off debts acquired during the war, and to pay the cost of
maintaining a standing army in the colonies. Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696, were British regulations designed to protect British
shipping for competition. They stated that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least ¾ of
the crew of the ship were British. (apstudent.com/hw spiral)
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Triangular Trade: Was infamously profitable, though small in relation to total colonial commerce. It was the backbone of New England’s
during the colonial period.
-Geography: Went across the Atlantic Ocean. The Triangular Trade included England, Golf Coast of Africa, West Indies, and North American
Colonies
-Products: New England first sailed to Africa exchanging rum for slaves. From England to the colonies goods included rum, salt, weapons, flour for
English textiles, and diseases like small pox were also spread. From the colonies to England ships would take wood, sugar, tobacco, and rice. From
Africa to West Indies (Caribbean) ships would bring hundreds of enslaved people in horrible conditions (The middle passage). In the Caribbean, the
slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England where the molasses were used to make rum. (HW spiral/
Textbook/ apstudent.com)
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Molasses Act, 1733: Bowing to pressure from influential British West Indian planters, Parliament passed the Molasses Act, aimed to crush
North American trade with the French West Indies. If it was successful it would have struck a crippling blow to American international trade ad to the
colonists’ standard of living. British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than
Britain and the colonies. This act angered New England colonies, which imported many molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular
Trade. British had difficulty enforcing the tax because most colonial merchants didn’t pay it. American merchants responded to the act by bribing and
smuggling their way around the law. (Textbook/ apstudent.com)
Colonial Society
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“Old Immigration”: 1600-1776,
-Royal colonies: (or crown colonies) were formed by the king, so the government had total control over them.
-Charter colonies: Were founder by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people. British government had some control over
charter colonies.
-Proprietary colonies: Were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were controlled by the proprietor.
-Colonial political structure:
-Council—upper house: The upper house was appointed by the governor and was merely a figure head.
-Assemblies (lower house)—most important: Most colonial legislatures had two houses. A lower house was elected by the people of the colony. Over
time this house became more powerful because it reflected the needs and desires of the people.
-Primogeniture: The law of Primogeniture stated that the oldest son got the fortune
-Entail: Legal term that meant a landed estate was tied in a way that the person who inherited it would have only its income and couldn’t sell it. It was
the legal basis of the British aristocracy’s ability to transmit their estates intact down through centuries. (linoreburkard.com)
-Women lack property rights: An unmarried woman could own land but once married all her property went to her husband. (apstudent.com)
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Benjamin Franklin: Was a famous printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and a Founding Father. He was one the few Americans
who was highly respected in Europe for the most part because of his discoveries in the field of electricity. Was perhaps the only first –rank scientist
produced in the American colonies.
- Poor Richard’s Almanack: First published in 1732, Written by Benjamin Franklin, was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and
common sense advice.
“Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise”, a saying that first appeared in this almanac. It was the most popular almanac in
the colonies. (apstudent.com/ HW spiral)
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Phillis Wheatley: First published black woman in American. An African domestic in the colonies, and a well known colonial poet. Her poetry
was elaborate and ornate. (HW spiral/ apstudent.com)
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Age of Enlightenment: Started in Europe in the 1700’d and spread to the colonies, was a philosophical movement. Emphasized reason and
the scientific method. Writers tended to focus on government, ethics, and science rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members
of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism. (apstudent.com)
-Classical Liberalism: Political philosophy that gives high value to individual freedom (laits.utexas.edu)
-Important Thinkers:
-John Locke: (1632-1704) his theories. Was an English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American Revolution. He also
wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic
government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.
-Natural rights: He wrote that human beings have a right to life, Liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights.
-Rights to rebel: Believed that government was based upon an unwritten “social contract” between the rules and their people, and if the
government failed to uphold its ends of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and establish a new government. (apstudent.com/ HW spiral)
-Baron de Montesquieu: Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called The Spirit of Laws in 1748. In his book he described
what he thought would be the best government and states that it should be divided according to its powers.
-3 branches: Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system the branches would Check and
Balance each other helping protect people’s liberties. (regentsprep.org)
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Deism: The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He
left it to run by its own natural laws. They denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life and reject the concept of original
sin. Wanted people to look at science rather than the bible to see the reality of God (reason rather than revelation). Many of the Founding Fathers,
including Jefferson and Franklin, embraced the liberal doctrines of Deism that Paine promoted. (apstudent.com/ISN/Textbook)
Events that fostered the democratic ideal in the English Colonies
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House of Burgesses (1619): The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Later would be adopted
by other colonies. (apstudent.com)
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Mayflower Compact (1620): Was the first agreement for self-government in America. Signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a
government for the Plymouth colony(apstudent.com)
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New England Town Meeting (after 1629):
-Royal charter: Gives permission to extend exploration and voyages and allows settlement.
-Proprietary colonies: Colonies controlled and directed by the king.
-Colonial political structure: It was a royal colony with the governor appointed by the king. Most of them had a representative body but never directly
consulted with British parliament.
-Assemblies controlled spending
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): The basic law of the Connecticut colony. The most influential were Thomas Hooker, John
Haynes, and Roger Ludlow in framing the document. (HW spiral)
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New England Confederation (1643): A path-breaking experiment in union was launched when four colonies banded together to form the
New England Confederation. It consisted of the two Massachusetts colonies and the two Connecticut colonies. The primary purpose of the
confederation was defense against foes or potential foes. Purely inter-colonial problems, such as runaway servants and criminals who had fled from
one colony to another, also came within the jurisdiction of the confederation. (textbook)
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Maryland Act of Toleration (1649): Passed by the local Representative assembly. It Guaranteed toleration to all Christians. But, less
liberally, it decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus. Thus the law sanctioned less toleration than
had previously existed in the settlement, but extended a temporary cloak of protection to the uneasy Catholic minority. (textbook)
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Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): About a thousand Virginians broke out of control, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon had ignited the smoldering
unhappiness of landless former servants.(HW spiral)
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“Glorious Revolution”, Bill of Rights (1689): Drawn apart by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain
rights of the British people. Also limited the king’s powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime. (apstudent.com)
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Failure of Dominion of New England: James II was apprehensive about the New England colonies’ increasingly independent ways. In
1686, all of new England was joined in an administrative merge, the Dominion of New England. The Dominion experienced little success, due largely
to colonial intransigence. (ushistory.com)
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Leisler’s Rebellion (1691): In New York a democratic movement was in place. An armed mob seized Fort James and installed Leisler as
the head of the new government.
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“Salutary Neglect” (begins in 1713): Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily
concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the
colonies. (apstudet.com)
-Impact on colonial government (assemblies): Colonies became more self sufficient and eventually led them to a feeling of individuality that they
feared losing, thus bringing forth the Declaration of independence. Britain’s policy of salutary neglect permitted the colonist to create many legislative
assemblies which were independent from British decree. In 1619, the House of Burgesses was created.
-The economy: It allowed colonies to trade with France
-Religion: Had a devastating impact, colonists experienced extraordinary religious tolerance and freedom.
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Whig ideology: Were mainly concerned with making sure that parliament ruled the King. The whigs joined up with Radicals to form the
Liberal party
•
Impact of the Enlightenment: New ideas is science and the arts. New ideas shaped political attitudes as well.
•
Zenger Case (1734): Judges made clear that in order to prove the charge of “seditious libel” , which Zenger (printer) was being accused,
prosecutors only need to prove that the statements in question were printed.
•
Albany Congress (1754): Met in 1754, only 7 of the 13 colonies showed up. Wanted to unite all of the colonies but was hated by many
individual colonists. The immediate purpose was to keep the scalping knives of the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war. The
longer-range purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster the common defense against France. “Join, Or Die”, snake political
cartoon by Benjamin Franklin. (Textbook)
•
Paxton Boys (1764): On Philadelphia, protesting the Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy toward the Indians, and a few years later
spearheaded the Regulator movement. (Hw spiral)
•
Regulator Movement (177): Movement in North Carolina, small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony’s affairs.
(Hw spiral)
Great Britain v. France and Road to Independence
By: Victoria Rodriguez
Revolutionary War, Articles of Confederation, and Constitution
By: Christian Barbosa
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Patriots rebelled against Brittan. Torries supported the monarchy system. Loyalist were those who stayed loyal the crown during the war.
•
The Battle of Trenton occurred after Washington crossed the Delaware River in which a small army defeated a large number of hessian
soldiers in 1776.
•
The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the American Revolutionary War. Led by General Benedict Arnold in 1777
•
Valley Forge was the site where the Continental Army camped during the winter of 1777- ’78, Washington chose the site because it
allowed him to defend the Continental Congress if necessary. Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) was a major foreign military expert who
helped train the colonial armies at Valley Forge.
•
First constitution of the U.S. that said how the federal government was going to work.
•
Alliance between the U.S. and France established in 1778 that helped the U.S. in the revolutionary war against Britain.
•
While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His
troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis
surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
•
This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory
from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.
•
No “Reign of Terror” beginning of abolitionism. Anglican Church dies.
•
5000 African Americans served as soldiers, spies, and guides. They proved to be honest and brave. Some of them were: Crispus Attucks,
Jack Sisson, and Thomas Peters
•
Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the home front. She urged her
husband to remember America’s women in the new government he was helping to create.
•
The first set of constitutions drafted by the individual states placed most of the government’s power in the legislature, and almost none in
the executive in order to promote democracy and avoid tyranny. However, without the strong leadership of the executive, the state legislatures
argued among themselves and couldn’t get anything done. After the Constitution was written, the states abandoned these old constitutions and
wrote new ones that better balanced the power between the legislative and the executive.
•
The articles of confederation ended primogeniture and inheritance of land could be equally divided among the family.
•
The Cincinnati society provided a means of pension for revolutionary war veterans.
•
One of the three accomplishments on Jefferson’s tombstone. It supported the establishment and free exercise clause that said congress
couldn’t make a law that does not respect religion
•
Quakers were the first to denounce slavery. Quock Walker was a slave who sued and won for his freedom using language in the Mass.
Constitution that said all men are created equal.
•
The government tried to keep peace in the northwest territory by putting down insurrections
•
Women should raise children to be good republicans and uphold its ideas
•
The quality of having supreme authority over an area.
•
The ideology of governing a nation as a republic. Where the head of state is appointed by means other than heredity
•
Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Federalism Individual Rights Government exists for the purpose of serving the people
•
Maryland did now claim any land west under the articles of confederation. Although the land claims were sparking reason to fight again
after the war had just ended.
•
Strengths were that postal service, coin money, maintain army/navy, govern west lands for benefit of union, they had some sort of union at
least, foreign affairs, make peace, declare war, negotiate treaties, resolve disputes between states
weaknesses were that they could not enforce only appeal and suggest, they couldn’t tax, they couldn’t regulate commerce, no sovereignty, only one
branch, no balance among the states, not enough control by government
•
The ruler of the Algiers chosen by local civilian military and religious leaders to govern for life. William Bainbridge had to carry out the task
of paying the dey so that merchant ships could not be captured by them in the Mediterranean, but he had to embarrass himself and serve as the
Dey’s messenger boy.
•
Unpaid Revolutionary War veterans staged a protest outside Congress’ meeting hall, forcing Congress to move to Princeton, New Jersey.
•
The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their
pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control
of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.
•
A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.
•
A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest Territory. The Ordinance
provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for
statehood.
•
This treaty between the U.S. and Spain would have given the U.S. special privileges at Spanish ports in exchange for giving Spain
exclusive rights to the Mississippi River. The U.S. needed access to the Mississippi more than they needed privileged trade with Spain, so this treaty
was never signed.
•
Occurred in the winter of 1786-7 under the Articles of Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to
courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt. The federal government was too weak to help
Boston remove the rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren’t working effectively.
•
A precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. A dozen commissioners form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and
Virginia met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal
government’s debts to Revolutionary War veterans. Little was accomplished, except for the delegates to recommend that a further convention be
held to discuss changes to the form of the federal government; the idea was endorsed by the Confederation Congress in February, 1878, which
called for another convention to be held in May that year in Philadelphia.
•
Caused by a post-war decrease in production and increase in unemployment, and also caused by tough interstate commerce rules which
decreased trade.
•
Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except
Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September
17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.
•
His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for
drafting most of the language of the Constitution.
•
The Virginia Plan called for a two-house Congress with each state’s representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan called
for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation. The Connecticut Plan called for a two-house Congress in which both types
of representation would be applied, and is also known as the Compromise Plan.
•
Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state population.
•
The South’s slave trade was guaranteed for at least 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution. But everywhere else it ended in 1808
•
Each of the three branches of government "checks" the power of the other two, so no one branch can become too powerful. The president
can veto laws passed by Congress, and also chooses the judges in the Supreme Court. Congress can overturn a presidential veto if 2/3 of the
members vote to do so. The Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress and the president unconstitutional, and hence invalid.
•
The Commerce Compromise is when The Constitution allowed the federal government to tax imports but not exports.
•
The Electoral College consists of the popularly elected representatives (electors) who formally elect the President and Vice President of
the United States. It’s an example of indirect election
•
Through the 17th amendment Senators are elected through popular vote
•
Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state conventions. Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state legislatures.
Proposal by Congress, ratification by state conventions. Proposal by Congress, ratification by state legislatures.
•
To guide the basic reasons for the constitution.
•
Supporters of the Constitution were the Federalist, Anti Federalist opposed it.
•
He opposed the Constitution because it didn’t protect individual rights. His opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
•
Massachusetts farmers opposed the Constitution because they felt it protected trade more than agriculture, but Massachusetts became the
6th state to ratify. New York was opposed to the Constitution; the Federalist Papers were published there to gain support for it. Virginia and New
York would not ratify until the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution.
•
This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government.
It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
Politics in the 1790s, Foreign Affairs in the 1790s, Jeffersonian Democracy
By: Darrick Thomas
Politics in the 1790s
•
Bill of Rights: Written by Madison and passed by Congress in 1791. It is the first part of the United States Constitution and lists basic rights
for US citizens.
1.
Religious and Political Freedom
2.
Right to Bear Arms
3.
No Quartering of Troops
4.
Unreasonable Search and Seizures are Forbidden
5.
Right to Life, Liberty, and Property
6.
Protection in Criminal Trials
7.
Suits at Common Law
8.
Excessive Fines and Unusual Punishments are Forbidden
9.
Concerning Rights Not Enumerated
10.
Powers Reserved to States and People
•
Judiciary Act of 1789: Passed in 1789, created Supreme Court which consisted of 1 Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5 associate justices. Also
constructed the position of Attorney General, Federal District, and Circuit Courts where normal cases took place.
•
President Washington (1789-1787): First President of the US, lived at Mount Vernon Estate, fought in American Revolution, leader of
Continental Army, deeply involved in neutrality, head of Constitutional Convention in 1787.
•
Vice President John Adams: VP to Washington, Federalist.
•
Cabinet: During Washington’s presidency, he constructed a group of consultants known as the cabinet. At the time this was considered
unconstitutional, but later became the precedent for each following president.
Washington’s cabinet:
•
Sec of State: Thomas Jefferson
•
•
Sec of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Sec of War: Henry Knox
•
Hamilton and Jefferson, while being similar people, had a different political philosophy towards each other.
Hamilton Federalists
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Ruled by best people
•
Hostility towards extension of democracy
•
Strong cent govt/no states rights
•
Loose interpretation of Constitution
•
Powerful central banks
•
No free speech/ press
•
Concentrated along coastline
•
Strong navy to protect shipping
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Hamilton
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Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
Ruled by informed masses
Extension of democracy
Weak central govt/ states rights
Strong interpretation of Constitution
State banks
Relative free speech and press
Concentrated along south and southwest, rural and backcountry
Minimal navy for coastal defense
Jefferson
Antifederalists
•
With Hamilton being Sec of Treasury he devised a 4-step financial plan to take care of national debt which became known as Hamilton’s
Four Step Financial Plan. As a result of the “elastic” or “necessary and proper” clause, the National Bank was established as it could effectively help
the government functions. All steps put into action:
1.
Assumption of state debts by National Government (21.5 mil)
2.
Tariffs- Revenue Act of 1789; 8% tax on imported goods
3.
Excise tax on whiskey
4.
National Bank
•
Federalists believed in loose interpretation of Constitution while Dem-Reps had strict interpretation.
•
Due to the financial plan Virginia requested that the Capitol, District of Columbia, be placed on the Potomac River. The deal was later
passed in 1790.
•
Whiskey Rebellion: Following the excise tax on whiskey, many whiskey lovers namely the so-called Whiskey Boys became upset. In 1794
Washington quickly sent troops to put down the rebellion in one swift stroke. This showed that the govt under the new Constitution could act quick
and efficiently.
•
When Washington stepped down in 1797 he presented 4 main points in his Farewell Address which he had hoped would guide America
along a better and safe path to development. Unfortunately many of his warnings were ignored.
1.
No permanent alliances
2.
Avoid political parties
3.
Do not get involved in foreign affairs
4.
Avoid sectionalism
•
In the Election of 1796, John Adams defeats Thomas Jefferson to become 2nd president a year later.
•
Two-party system: Following Washington’s first term in 1793, the formation of two political parties began to emerge. They became known
as the Hamilton Federalists and Jeffersonian Dem-Reps (Antifederalists) (Dem-Reps).
•
The finale of the Northwest Indian War came with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in the Ohio River Valley/ Northwest Territory. General “Mad”
Anthony Wayne led the battle which went in favor of the US. Tensions were finally ended in 1795 when the Treaty of Greenville was signed.
Foreign Affairs in the 1790s
•
French Revolution, “Reign of Terror”: 1789-1799, France vs. Austria; King Louis XVI beheaded. Federalists supported the Revolution but
then stopped.
•
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793: Issued during French and British War to prevent the US from becoming a victim of circumstance due to
the Franco-American alliance. This was seen as a backstab and violation of the alliance. Citizen Genet, French ambassador during Revolution,
asked Washington to withdraw his neutrality.
•
Jay Treaty of 1794: Negotiation conducted by John Jay, was meant to settle tensions between US and Britain. He asks that they leave the
US, stop seizures, pay for damages, and stop supplying Indians. Britain did not cease supplying or seizures. America would pay pre-revolutionary
debts to Britain. Was seen as an alliance with Britain which caused tension between US and France.
•
Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795: As a result of Jay’s Treaty, Spain soon signed this treaty in 1795 which allowed Americans free navigation of
the Mississippi River and disputed North Florida.
•
XYZ Affair: Adams sends John Marshall to France for negotiations of peace in 1797; Marshall approached by 3 agents known as X, Y, and
Z who attempted to bribe Marshall $32 million for war expenses and another 250,000 just to speak to French Prime Minister Talleyrand. Marshall
returns to US and they prepare for war by expanding the naval branch and establishing the United States Marine Corps.
•
“Quasi-War”: After preparing for war with France, in 1798 an undeclared naval battle took place between the two countries and ended in
1800.
•
Alien and Sedition Acts: More results of the XYZ Affair were the S and A Acts which were aimed to lower numbers of Dem-Reps by
increasing naturalization from 5 to 14 yrs. Also said that the president could jail illegal aliens at any time. The Sedition Act prevented slander of
government officials, except vice president.
•
Convention of 1800: During this meeting the Franco-American alliance had officially ended and damages caused by France to American
ships were paid. This eventually led to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The Convention was considered the best thing done in Adams’ presidency.
•
Virginia (Madison and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions: These resolutions spoke out against the Alien and Sedition Acts, said that states
had the right to nullify, or cancel out, unconstitutional laws. No other states followed them. Compact theory is the idea that the federal government is
composed of the states and that they should have the final say-so of unconstitutionality.
•
“High Federalists”: Also known as the Federalist Party was one of the first political parties to emerge. Led by Hamilton in 1795.
Jeffesonian Democracy (1800-1824)
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Election of 1800- Jefferson (Dem) and Adams (Fed) face off in election, resulting in Adams losing.
•
“Revolution of 1800”: Jefferson becomes president and Dem-Reps start a “revolution” along with party switch.
•
12th amendment: When an election results in a tie it goes to the House of Reps.
•
“Government for the people”: Jefferson becomes president and makes the government more towards the people.
•
“We are all Federalists we, we are all Republicans: Was said by Jefferson in his inaugural speech, and means that even thought the
Federalists are nearly gone everyone has a little bit of Federalism inside themselves.
•
Sec. of Treasury Albert Gallatin: Longest living Sec of Treasury, active against Federalist Party, immigrant who was removed from position.
•
Maintenance and reversal of Federalist policies: Jefferson removes Alien and Sedition Acts and pardons all who were harmed by them.
Naturalization Law of 1802 brings citizenship down to 5 yrs, and he also removes excise tax.
Nationalism and Sectionalism to 1828
By: Trung Tran
President Monroe: James Monroe was the fifth President of The US and served from 1817-1825. He’s well known for the Monroe Doctrine, which
was actually written by his Sec. of State, John Q. Adams. The doctrine, written in 1823, highlighted the relationship issues with foreign alliances.
Sec. Of State John Quincy Adams: John Q. Adams was known to be a very successful Sec. Of State. He served under James Monroe and later
became the sixth President of the United States. His most noticeable mentions are requiring Florida from Spain, and also the Treaty of 1818. This
treaty let us share the still untamed Oregon territory with Britain, and also fixed the Louisiana boundary. It should be noted that Adams was a better
secretary than he was a president.
The Era Of Good Feelings: The “Era of Good Feelings” is the name given to Monroe while he was in office. It was so called this, because America
had just won the War of 1812, and Americans were hyped on the idea of Nationalism. The name however is somewhat misguiding, although
America did have a time of “tranquility and prosperity”, it was a troubled one. Sectionalism was beginning to arise, and the conflict between slavery
was getting harsher. (The American Pageant p.243)
Henry Clay’s American System: The American System was a three point system which aimed to improve America’s economic image. Henry clay
wanted to:
●
Create a National Bank which issued a single currency. This idea was to help with the changing wages from place to place. The 2nd Bank of
The US was constructed in 1816
●
●
Have a protective tariff, which was the first tariff to be issued for the sole purpose of protection. A 20-25% tax was imposed on imports.
Improve America’s infrastructure. This included better roads to drive on since most of America’s roads were back breaking just to walk on.
Panic of 1819: The panic of 1819 was essentially when America’s economy went into a slump. “It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank
failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses known as debtors’ prison”(AP p.243). This was the first depression America
experienced since Washington’s presidency. Everybody was hit with the depression, but none harder than the farmers, which had their farms foreclosed. The causes of the panic were mainly due to overspeculation in frontier lands.
John Marshall, Federalist: Marshall served in the House of Rep., then S.o.S, and finally Chief Justice. As C.J, Marshall was involved in a lot of
interesting cases such as the 1803 case of Marbury V. Madison which declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.
Marbury V. Madison, 1803: A court case which helped in giving authority to the Supreme Court and deemed Marbury’s appeal based on the J.A of
1789 unconstitutional. This created the idea of “judicial review”- the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of
constitutionality. (AP p.219)
Martin V. Hunter’s Lessee, 1816: A court case that gave the ultimate decision and authority over state courts regarding federal law.
McCulloch V. Maryland, 1819: The attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its
notes. John Marshall, speaking for the Court, declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. This case
determined that Congress was allowed to charter the bank.
Cohens V. Virginia, 1821: A court case that founded the Cohens guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, appealed to the
highest tribunal. Virginia “won,” in the sense that the conviction of the Cohens was upheld. But in fact Virginia and all of the individual states lost
because Marshall resoundingly asserted the right of the S. Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving
powers to the federal government. The states’ rights proponents were aghast. (AP p.247)
Gibbons V. Ogden, 1824: This suit grew out of an attempt by the state of N.Y to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce
between N.Y and N.J. Marshall sternly reminded the upstart state that the Cons. conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce.
This struck a blow to states’ rights, while upholding with the other the sovereign powers of the federal government. (Ap p.247)
Fletcher V. Peck, 1810: The notorious case arose when Georgia legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country
(Mississippi) to private speculators. The next legislature, yielding to an angry public outcry, canceled the crooked transaction. But the S. Court, with
Marshall presiding, decreed that the legislative grant was a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws “impairing” contracts. The decision
was perhaps most noteworthy as further protecting property rights against popular pressures. It was also one of the earliest clear assertions of the
Supreme Court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution. (AP p.250)
Dartmouth College V. Woodward, 1819: Dartmouth College had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769, but the democratic N.H state
legislature had seen fit to change it. Dartmouth appealed the case, employing as council its most distinguished alumnus, Daniel Webster. He did all
that he could, but to no avail. Marshall put the states firmly in their place when he ruled the original charter must stand. The Constitution must protect
contracts. (AP p.250)
Daniel Webster: Known as the Expounding Father of the Constitution, he was a premier orator and statesman. Webster served many years in
Congress and in the house. Often regarded as presidential timber, he was somewhat handicapped by an overfondness for good food and drink and
was frequently in financial difficulties. (AP p.250)
Tallmadge Amendment: a bill proposed on February 13. 1819 by Rep. James Tallmadge of New York to amend Missouri enabling legislation by
forbidding the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and declaring that all children born of slave parents after the admission of the state should
be free upon reaching the age of twenty-five. The bill provoked heated debate in Congress and nationwide agitation, marking the beginning of
sectional controversy over the expansion of slavery. The slave section was convinced of the necessity of maintaining equal representation in the
Senate. The House adopted the amendment but the Senate rejected it. The Missouri Compromise (1820) settled the issue.
(Source:http://www.answers.com/topic/tallmadge-amendment)
Missouri Compromise of 1820: A compromise that lasted 34 years. The man behind it was the brilliant, Henry Clay. The compromise admitted
Missouri as slave state and Maine as a free state. This kept the balance between the slave/free states to 12 each. Although Missouri was permitted
to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line on 36, 30’- the southern boundary of
Missouri. (AP p.245)
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817: agreement between the United States and Great Britain concerning the Canadian border. It consisted of the exchange
of notes signed by Richard Rush, Acting Secretary of State of the United States, and Charles Bagot, British minister in Washington. In 1818 the U.S.
Senate gave its consent to the notes, thus giving them the authority of a treaty. The convention provided for practical disarmament on the U.S.Canadian frontier; each nation should have no more than four warships, none to exceed 100 tons, on the Great Lakes. The agreement, a result of
negotiations begun after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, was important because it set a precedent for the pacific settlement of Anglo-American
difficulties and because it inaugurated a policy of peace between the United States and Canada.
(Source:http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Rush-Bagot+Treaty)
Convention of 1818: On October 20, 1818, a convention was signed by the United States and Britain which established part of the present-day
border between the United States and Canada. The agreement stipulated that 49 degrees north latitude (or the 49th parallel) would mark the
boundary, from Lake of the Woods (in present-day northern Minnesota, southwestern Ontario, and southeastern Manitoba) west to the Rocky
Mountains (in present-day Montana and Alberta). The two countries further agreed that for 10 years they would jointly occupy the Pacific Northwest
territories—the area that begins at 42 degrees north latitude (the southern boundary of present-day Oregon) and extends north to 54 degrees 40
minutes north latitude (in present-day British Columbia). However, even before the agreement was made, and even before the United States and
Britain had fought the War of 1812 (1812–1814), American expansionists had begun to demand the seizure of Canada from Great Britain. Thus,
after the eastern boundary had been established by the Convention of 1818, expansionists began to suggest that the Pacific Northwest territories
ought to be part of a strategic claim made by the United States.
(Source: http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eueh_01/eueh_01_00208.html)
Adam-Onis Treaty 1819: The Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain was negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
and the Spanish Minister to the United States, Don Luis de Onís, and signed in February 1819. The principal elements in the treaty were the
acquisition of Florida by the United States and the establishment of a boundary line between Spanish territory and the United States
(Source: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/a/ad004.html)
Monroe Doctrine: The Monroe Doctrine (along with the development of the United States as an economic and military power), was instrumental in
establishing a continent devoid of European imperial interests and instead dominated by U.S. interests. Beginning with expansion of settlement to
the West Coast, the doctrine and its corollary eventually defined the United States as a major player in Latin American policy. The doctrine contains
three principles: the establishment of separate spheres of influence for the United States and Europe, a call for an end to European colonization in
the "New World" and a demand for nonintervention by Europe in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
(Source:http://www.ehow.com/facts_5463350_summary-monroe-doctrine.html#ixzz17SAvQcTX)
Jacksonian Democracy and Manifest Destiny
By: Isabel Oviedo
Rise of the National Economy and Social Reform
By: Angela Dodd
Samuel Slater- He was Born on May 4 1768 and died April 1835. He was an early American Industrialist known as the “Father of the factory
system”. He emigrated from England to America in the 1970’s and brought with him plans to an English factory (Textiles). With these
plans he helped to build the first factory in America.
Boston Associates- A group of Boston Businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Massachusetts, they opened a factory run
by Lowell. Their Factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it, instead of making it themselves.
Lowell Girls- The name used for female textiles workers in Lowell, Massachusetts in the 19 th century. The girls worked in the factory, and
usually lives together in boarding houses, giving the women very close relations to each other, and later helped against unfair mill
conditions due to the wage cuts ; Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for girls that worked in his factory. He hired girls because
they could do work just as well as men or even better for cheaper. He only hired unmarried because they needed money and wouldn’t get
distracted by domestic duties.
General Incorporation Laws- Allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature. It also refers to a law enabling a
certain type of corporation, such as railroads, to exercise eminent domain and other special rights without a charter from the legislature.
Limited Liability- Type of investment in which a partner or investor cannot lose more than the amount invested, thus the investor or
partner is not personally responsible for debts and obligations of the company in the event that these are not fulfilled.
Northern “wage slaves”- Refers to a situation where a person’s livelihood depends on wages, especially when the dependence is total and
immediate. The term “wage slave” was used originated from the labor protests of the Lowell mill girls in 1836.
Transportation Revolution- By the 1850’s railroad transportation was fairly cheap and widespread. Allowed goods to be moved in large
quantities over long distances, and it reduced travel time. This linked cities economies together.
Lancaster Turnpike-The first engineered and planned road in the United States was the Lancaster Turnpike, a privately constructed toll
road built between 1793 and 1795. Connecting Philadelphia and Lancaster in Pennsylvania, its 62-mile length had a maximum grade of 7
percent and was surfaced with broken stone and gravel in a manner initially uninfluenced by the work of Telford and McAdam. However,
pavement failures in 1796 led to the introduction of some of the new European methods.
National Road (also known as the Cumberland Road)-The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it
stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the
West.
Robert Fulton-A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America’s first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the
Nautilus, the first practical submarine.
Erie Canal; DeWitt Clinton- DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828), often referred to as the "Father of the Erie Canal," served in the New York State
Legislature and the U.S. Senate, and was Mayor of New York City and Governor of New York State. He strongly advocated building a canal
through upstate New York to connect the east with the Midwest, and became such a strong supporter of the plan that his opponents
called it "Clinton's Ditch".
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, was a case regarding the Charles River Bridge and the Warren Bridge of Boston, Massachusetts,
heard by the United States Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. The case settled a dispute over the
constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract. In 1785, the Charles River Bridge Company had been granted a charter to construct
a bridge over the Charles River connecting Boston and Charlestown. When the Commonwealth of Massachusetts sanctioned another
company to build the Warren Bridge, chartered 1828, that would be very close in proximity to the first bridge and would connect the same
two cities, the proprietors of the Charles River Bridge claimed that the Massachusetts legislature had broken its contract with the Charles
River Bridge Company, and thus the contract had been violated. The owners of the first bridge claimed that the charter had implied
exclusive rights to the Charles River Bridge Company. The Court ultimately sided with Warren Bridge. This decision was received with
mixed opinions, and had some impact on the remainder of Taney's tenure as Chief Justice.
10-hour movement-The Ten Hour Movement began in 1844 as mill girls were asked to sign a petition to pressure the mills to change to a
ten hour work day. Many feared that if they signed a petition calling for a ten-hour day, they would be fired and blacklisted from working at
any mill. By 1845, a 130 foot long scroll with 4,500 names on it was sent to the government. The Ten-Hour Movement petition was not
passed at that time. In 1874, the law was passed, but girls were not working in the mills any more. Immigrants had taken their places.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)- Was a landmark legal decision issued by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of
labor unions. Before this decision, based on Commonwealth v. Pullis, labor unions which attempted to 'close' or create a unionized
workplace could be charged with conspiracy. However, in March 1842, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that unions were legal
organizations and had the right to organize a strike.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin/ Interchangeable Parts- (December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825) was an American inventor best known for inventing
the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the antebellum South.
Whitney’s invention made short staple cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery. Despite the
social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost his profits in legal battles over patent infringement, closed his business and
nearly filed for bankruptcy. He also developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus,
interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke,
it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney
first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. This system of Interchangeable parts Strengthened mass
production.
Elias Howe- Invented the first American-patented sewing machine in 1846 which increased the north’s industry.
Isaac Singer-He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine
Company. Many had patented sewing machines before Singer, but his success was based on the practicality of his machine, the ease with
which it could be adapted to home use, and its availability on an installment payment basis
John Deere- was an Illinois blacksmith and manufacturer. Early in his career, Deere and an associate designed a series of farm plows. In
1837, on his own, John Deere designed the first cast steel plow that greatly assisted the Great Plains farmers. The large plows made for
cutting the tough prairie ground were called "grasshopper plows." The plow was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could
cut through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deere's factory was selling over 10,000 steel plows a year.
Cyrus McCormick- was from Virginia and he was responsible for liberating farm workers from hours of back-breaking labor by introducing
the farmers to his newly invented mechanical reaper in July, 1831. By 1847, Cyrus McCormick began the mass manufacture of his reaper
in a Chicago factory.
Samuel E.B Morse- United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)
Second Great Awakening- This was a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed
Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through revivals. It enrolled millions of new members, and led to the formation
of new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening
stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus
Christ.
Deism- Deism is a natural religion. Deists believe in the existence of God, on purely rational grounds, without any reliance on revealed
religion or religious authority or holy text. Because of this, Deism is quite different from religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The
latter are based on revelations from God to prophet(s) who then taught it to humans. We like to call natural religions by the title "bottomup" faiths and revealed religions as "top-down."
The opposite of Deism is Atheism -- the lack of a belief in god(s).
Unitarianism- A system of Christian belief that maintains the One personality of God, rejects the Trinity and the divinity of Christ, and
takes reason, conscience, and character as the criteria of belief and practice .
Liberalism- a political philosophy based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, and the autonomy of the
individual and standing for the protection of political and civil liberties; specifically : such a philosophy that considers government as a
crucial instrument for amelioration of social inequities (as those involving race, gender, or class)
Charles Grandison Finney- Often called "America's foremost revivalist," was a major leader of the Second Great Awakening that had a
profound impact on the history of the United States. He had a paradigmatic personal conversion from rationalist skepticism to fervent
Christian faith, and applied his training as a fledgling lawyer to the task of convincing his audiences of their personal guilt and need for
Jesus Christ. In the process he captured a shift in American religiosity from "wait on the Lord" to "make your decision now." He
pioneered revivalism as a "scientific method" he called the "new measures," a template developed by revivalists ever since. He ignited a
wave of spiritual transformation among a sector of American society that emphasized the human responsibility to dramatically improve, if
not perfect, the self and society. In its wake, converts generated movements for social reform in morality (temperance, anti-tobacco, antiprostitution), honoring the Sabbath, the humane treatment of prisoners, the insane and the handicapped, women's rights and the abolition
of slavery was where they had their greatest impact.
Peter Cartwright-was an American Methodist revivalist and politician in Illinois. Born in Amherst County, Virginia, Cartwright was a
missionary who helped start the Second Great Awakening and personally baptized twelve thousand converts. He settled in Illinois. He lost
against Abraham Lincoln for a United States Congress seat in 1846. As a Methodist circuit rider, Cartwright rode circuits in Tennessee
and Kentucky. His Autobiography (1856) made him nationally prominent.
Circuit Riders- a popular (as opposed to official) term referring to clergy in the earliest years of the United States who were assigned to
travel around specific geographic territories to minister to settlers and organize congregations. Circuit riders were clergy in the Methodist
Episcopal Church and related denominations.
"Burned-over district"- refers to the religious scene in Upstate New York, particularly the western and central regions of the state, in the
early 19th century, which was repeatedly "burned over" by religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening . The term was coined by
Charles Grandison Finney who in his 1876 book Autobiography of Charles G. Finney referred to a "burnt district" (p78) to denote an area
in central and western New York State during the Second Great Awakening. The name was inspired by the notion that the area had been
so heavily evangelized as to have no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert).When religion is related to reform
movements of the period, such as abolition, women's rights, and utopian social experiments, the region expands to include areas of
central New York that were important to these movements.
"Millerites"- (Adventists) predicted Christ's return on October 22, 1844. When this prophesy failed to materialize, the movement lost
credibility.
Joseph smith- (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, a group of churches whose
adherents regard him as a prophet. During the late 1820s he became the leader of a small group of followers who believed that an angel
had given him a book of golden plates containing a religious history of ancient American peoples. Smith said he had translated the writing
on the plates from an unknown language into English; and 1830, he published the translation as the Book of Mormon and organized what
he said was a restoration of the early Christian church.
Brigham Young- was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the western United States. He was the
President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death and was the founder of Salt Lake City
and the first governor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.
Wilderness Utopias
1. During this boom of reform there were several utopia (perfect society) experiments. They all failed.
2. Robert Owen started New Harmony, Indiana (1825). It attracted intellectual types but failed due to infighting and confusion.
3. The Brook Farm was started in Massachusetts (1841). It attracted Transcendentalist intellectuals. It kept its head above water for 5
years, then a major building burnt down and the whole thing was lost to debt.
4. The Oneida Community started in New York (1848). A couple of "kooky" things went along with it…
1. It was communal and embraced free love, birth control, and selecting parents to have planned children.
2. Though started as a communistic-style project, it was capitalism that saved it. They started selling baskets for a profit. Then, they sold
flatware and cutlery (today, the Oneida company is still a huge seller of forks, spoons, and knives).
5. The Shakers were begun by Mother Ann Lee as a religious sect. They stressed simplicity in their lives and separated the sexes. This
led to them dying off by 1940.
Temperance:
American Temperance Union- The American Temperance Union, established in 1836, published the Journal of the American Temperance
Union for adults and Youth’s Temperance Advocate for young people. The Union published a variety of books, reports, pamphlets and
other materials that were influential in promoting the temperance movement.
The Maine law- passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the
United States.
Neal S. Dow- (March 20, 1804 – October 2, 1897), nicknamed the "Napoleon of Temperance" and the "Father of Prohibition", was mayor of
Portland, Maine. He sponsored the "Maine law of 1851", which prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. Dow was widely criticized for
his heavy handed tactics during the Portland Rum Riot of 1855.
Women’s Rights:
The Seneca Falls Convention- was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It
was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her speaking
ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized
the meeting
along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the
early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls,
New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States
Lucretia Coffin Mott (January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and proponent of
women's rights. She is credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 19th century but was, more accurately, the initiator of
women's political rights.
Susan Brownell Anthony- (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in
the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She traveled the United States, and
Europe, and averaged 75 to 100 speeches per year.
Grimke Sisters- Sarah Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Grimké Weld (1805-1879), known as the Grimké sisters, were 19th-century
American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.
Sojourner Truth- was the self-given name, from 1843, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist.
Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, “Ain't I a Woman?” was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio
Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.
"Republican Motherhood"- identifies the concept related to women's roles as mothers in the emerging United States before, during, and
after the American Revolution (c. 1760 to 1800). It centered on the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of
republicanism, making them the ideal citizens of the new nation. Republican motherhood meant a new and important role for women,
especially regarding civic duty and education, but it did not soon lead to the vote for women.
Catharine Esther Beecher (September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on women’s
education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education
“cult of domesticity”- women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses. The women who abided by and promoted these
standards were generally literate and lived in the northeast, particularly New York and Massachusetts. Women were put in the center of
the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive,
delicate, and virtuous creature. These women were also expected to be pious and religious, teaching those around them by their Christian
beliefs, and expected to unfailingly inspire and support their husbands.
Godey's Ladybook- Godey's Lady's Book, alternatively known as Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book, was a United States magazine
which was published in Philadelphia and popular among women during the 19th century. In the 1860s Godey's considered itself the
"queen of monthlies".
Education:
Noah Webster- October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English spelling reformer, political
writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education." His blue-backed speller books
taught five generations of children in the United States how to spell and read. In the U.S. his name became synonymous with "dictionary,"
especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language.
William McGuffey- was an U.S. educator remembered chiefly for his series of elementary readers. McGuffey taught in the Ohio frontier
schools and then at Miami University (1826 – 36). His elementary school series, starting with The Eclectic First Reader, was published
between 1836 and 1857. Collections of didactic tales, aphorisms, and excerpts from great books, the readers reflect McGuffey's view that
the proper education of young people required their introduction to a wide variety of topics and practical matters. They became standard
texts in nearly all states for the next 50 years and sold more than 125 million copies. In these years McGuffey also served as president of
Cincinnati College (1836 – 39) and of Ohio University, Athens (1839 – 43). He was a founder of the common school system of Ohio. In 1845
he was elected to the chair of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, a position he held until his death.
Horace Mann (May 4, 1796 – August 2, 1859) was an American education reformer, and a member of the Massachusetts House of
Representatives from 1827 to 1833. He served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1834 to 1837. In 1848, after serving as Secretary of the
Massachusetts State Board of Education since its creation, he was elected to the US House of Representatives. Mann was a brother-in-law
to author Nathaniel Hawthorne.Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into
disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in his Whig Party, for building
public schools. Indeed, most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the
program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. Mann has been credited by many educational historians as the "Father of the
Common School Movement"
Other Reformers:
Dorthea Dix-A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for
improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many
states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the
Civil War.
The American Peace Society - was formed in 1828 out of the Massachusetts Peace Society (1815) and other local and state groups. Its
principal organizers, William Ladd (1778–1841) and George Beckwith (1800–1870), recruited members, edited its journal—The Advocate of
Peace—and publicized Ladd's idea of a league of nations with an international court of arbitration. The society embraced peace advocates
of every persuasion, although in the 1840s it found the attraction of absolute pacifism very strong. It opposed the Mexican War of 1846–
48, but endorsed the Civil War.
The Auburn system- named after the Auburn prison in New York, was a variation on the Quaker-run
Pennsylvania penitentiaries of the 19th century. Combining hard labor with solitary confinement, the prison
system sought to rehabilitate criminals while using them to offset the expenses of running a jail. While many
of the brutal disciplinary practices used in the Auburn system have been replaced, its foundations remain the
model for many prisons throughout the world.
Literature
Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)-Author who wrote many poems and short stories including "The Raven," "The Bells," "The Tell-Tale Heart,"
and "The Gold Bug." He was the originator of the detective story and had a major influence on symbolism and surrealism. Best known for
macabre stories.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)-Author, diplomat. Wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow." He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)-Internationally recognized poet. Emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on
the present.
Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Leaves of Grass-Leaves of Grass (1855) was his first volume of poetry. He broke away from the traditional
forms and content of New England poetry by describing the life of working Americans and using words like "I reckon", "duds", and
"folks". He loved people and expressed the new democracy of a nation finding itself. He had radical ideas and abolitionist views - Leaves
of Grass was considered immoral. Patriotic.
Hudson River School of Art-In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which
were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.
Alexis de Tocqueville/Democracy in America- De Tocqueville came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in
government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of
the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict
between the masses and individuals.
Transcendentalists-Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson (who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them
formed cooperative communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed together with the philosophy as their
guide. "They sympathize with each other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary than practical Brook Farm lasted only from 1841 to 1847.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)-Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which
still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the
Abolitionists.
Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1817-1862)/ "On Civil Disobedience"-A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden
Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and
political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in
jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851), The Spy, The Pioneers
American novelist. The Spy (1821) was about the American Revolution. The Pioneers (1823) tells of an old scout returning to his boyhood
home and is one of the Leatherstocking Tales, a series of novels about the American frontier, for which Cooper was famous.
(Leatherstocking is the scout.) Cooper later stayed in Europe for seven years, and when he returned he was disgusted by American
society because it didn't live up to his books. Cooper emphasized the independence of individuals and importance of a stable social
order.
Nativism:
“Know Nothings”-A political party which emerged in the United States circa 1849. The party's central premise was an objection to
immigration, particularly immigration by Irish Catholics. The term "Know-Nothing" was actually a nickname, earned because the party had
clandestine roots and members, if asked if they belonged, were instructed to answer, "I know nothing." The party's official name was the
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, and later the American Party. It emerged from the remains of the Whig Party, and peaked by electing
40 Congressman in 1854. Within a few years it faded into disarray and obscurity
South and Slavery
By: Nayeli Contreras


Black belt
were most slave lived.
from South Carolina and Georgia into Alabama Mississippi and Louisiana.


Free Soilers
those who opposed to extend slavery to the western territories.
The free-soil party originally came from New York.

Cotton kingdom
the explosion of cotton agriculture that demanded for large amounts of labor.


Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts in 1793.
One of the main key inventions during the Industrial Revolution



Sojourner Truth
a free black women that lived in New York.
she fought for black emancipation and women's rights.
leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for rights of women.
Frederick Douglas




abolitionist
self educated lived in the North
best known for being a good abolitionist speaker.
escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer. in the North.


Gabrielle Richmond Revolt.
1800.
planned to free some slaves but failed and was hanged.




Denmark Vesey
1822.
free black that inspired slaves to seize Charleston
one of them betrayed them and all
37 followers and himself were hanged.

Nat Turner
Black preacher
that lead a rebellion in Virginia on August 21. 1831
killed many whites, when he was captured him and others were executed.



Theodore Weld
belonged to the abolitionist movement
American reformer and educator
help found the American anti-slavery society in 1833




Angelina Grimke,
best known abolitionists
women's rights advocates of the nineteenth century
1838 married to Theodore Weld.
believed in equal rights for men and women.




Elijah Lovejoy
From Alton Illinois
abolitionist
editor
was killed in 1837 and showed that violence against abolitionist.



Missouri Compromise of 1820
this was for both pro-slavery and anti-slavery movements.
This Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the parallel 36’30.
Except for Missouri.



Liberty party
(1839) formal political party.
first anti-slavery political party in
merged with the free soil party in 1848.



Election of 1844
James K. Polk(Democratic) vs. Henry Clay(Whig)
Polk favored the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed.
James K. Polk won.

Gag rule

passed by congress all antislavery movements should go to the house of representatives

American Colonization of Slavery
1817 To transport all slaves back to Africa

William Lloyd Garrison
wrote the liberator.

also was a spiritual child of the second great awakening


American Antislavery society
an abolitionist organization formed by William L. Garrison Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass that wanted to end slavery once and for all.
Also called out for improvement of women's rights.



Wendell Phillips
leader of the radical abolitionists
fought for women's rights
Advocate for Native Americans and orator.

Golden Trumpet
Allamanda, also known as Yellow Bell, Golden Trumpet or Buttercup Flower, is a genus of tropical shrubs or vines belonging to the dogbane family



Harriet Tubman
escaped slave from Maryland
started underground railroads to rescue slaves.
Lead 30 slaves to freedom

Underground railroad
a secret network that helped slaves get to the north and obtain freedom



Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s cabin.
published in 1852.
was the most powerful attack on slavery ever written.


Prigg v. Pennsylvania
1842. US
Supreme Court voted that slave authorities could not return slaves back to the South


Personal liberty laws
this was a result because of the Prigg v. Pennsylvania.
laws passed by some US states because of the Fugitive State Act of 1793 and 1850


Fugitive state law
Northerners had to capture runaway slaves.
If they did not follow this they would be sentenced to jail or even killed.
The 1850s
By: Jake Munks
The United States presidential election of 1848 was an open race. President James Polk, having achieved all of his major objectives in one term and
suffering from declining health that would take his life less than four months after leaving office, kept his promise not to seek re-election.
Taylor vs. Cass
The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848
andhttp://sn126w.snt126.mail.live.com/default.aspx?wa=wsignin1.0 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a third party that
largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State.
Van Buren: 8th President of the United States.
The Wilmot Proviso, one of the major events leading to the civil war, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the
Mexican War or in the future.
California's application for state hood, 1850, application for admission as a free state refueled the controversy over the expansion of slavery,
triggering a decade of compromise that saw widespread violence between migrants on either side of the debate, especially Kansas.
Gold Rush began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California.
Webster's 7th of March Speech
William H. Seward - 12th governor of New York, United States Senator and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew
Johnson.
Compromise of 1850 was proposed by Henry Clay, 8 resolutions of this compromise admitted California as a free state, specified that slavery would
continue though slave trade would not in the district of Columbia, strengthened provisions for the capture of fugitive slaves and kept the Federal
Government from interfering in interstate slave trade.
Henry Clay was the 19th american statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and House of Representatives, where he
served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825-1829.
fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one
state into another or into a public territory.
Nashville convention was a meeting held in Tennessee to consider a possible course of action if U.S. congress decided to ban slavery in new
territories being added to the country as a result of Westward Expansion and the Mexican American War.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American abolitionist and author. She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin that depicted life for Americans under slavery; it
reached millions as a novel and play.
Southern Defense of slavery
election of 1852 was the end of the whig party and a replay of election 1844. Once again. the president was a whig who had succeeded to the
presidency upon the death of his war predecessor; in this case, it was Millard Fillmore who followed General Zachary Taylor.
President Pierce was the 14th president of the U.S.
Commodore Matthew Perry was commodore of U.S. navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the convention of Kanagawa in
1854.
Ostend Manifesto was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for us. to purchase cuba from Spain and implied the U.s. should
declare war if Spain refused.
Gadsden purchase in 1853 U.S. purchased a strip of land along the us-mexico border for 10 million, now in New Mexico and Arizona.
Stephen A. Douglas a U.S. politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a
famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln.
Kansas-Nebraska Act created territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border
Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and
1858.
The New England Emigrant Aid Company (originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company) was a transportation company created to transport
immigrants to Kansas Territory to shift the balance of power so that Kansas would enter the United States as a free state rather than a slave state.
"Beecher's Bibles" was the name given to the breech loading Sharps rifles that were supplied to the anti-slavery immigrants in Kansas.
raid on lawrence was the attack on August 21, 1863, targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for
Redlegs and Jayhawkers, which were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking and destroying farms and plantations in Missouri's
pro-slavery western counties.
sumner-brooks affair - The caning of a slave.
John Brown was an American abolitionist, and folk hero who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the
Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
The Lecompton Constitution was the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and
followed by the Leavenworth and Wyandotte).
The United States presidential election of 1856 was an unusually heated election campaign that led to the election of James Buchanan, the
ambassador to the United Kingdom. Republican candidate John C. Fremont condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and crusaded against the Slave
Power and the expansion of slavery, while Democrat James Buchanan warned that the Republicans were extremists whose victory would lead to
civil war.
Buchanan: 15th President of the United States
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857) commonly referred to as the Dred Scott decision, was a ruling by the U.S. Surpreme Court that people of
African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants, whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the
Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens.
Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864, and was the first Roman
Catholic to hold that office.
The Panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United States caused from the declining international economy and overexpansion of the domestic
economy. Beginning in September of 1857, the financial downturn did not last long, however a proper recovery was not seen until the American Civil
War.
The House Divided Speech was an address given by Abraham Lincoln (who would later become President of the United States) on June 16, 1858,
in Springfield, Illinois, upon accepting the Illinois Republican Party's nomination as that state's United States senator.
Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 (Illinois) is sometimes also called values debate because it traditionally places a heavy emphasis on logic, ethical
values, and philosophy.
The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois.
John Brown was an American abolitionist, and folk hero who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the
Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s
on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant democratic
party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern
state.
John Bell was a U.S. politician, attorney, and plantation owner. A wealthy slaveholder from Tennessee, Bell served in the United States Congress in
both the House of Representatives and Senate.
Constitutional Union Party was a former political party in the United States; formed in 1859 by former Whigs who hoped to preserve the Union.
John Breckenridge U.S. Representative and Senator, Vice President of the United States, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War.
Southern Democrats are members of the U.S. Democratic Party who reside in the American South. In the early 19th century, they were the definitive
pro-slavery wing of the party, opposed to both the anti-slavery Republicans and the more liberal Northern Democrats.
Stephen Douglas was a United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he
engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln.
The Crittenden Compromise (December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S.
secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from
the United States.
Civil War
By: Eli Diaz
Lincoln’s Inaugural Speech- Abraham Lincoln’s inaugural speech had a huge impact on the moral on the union as a whole it served the idea that the
union would fight to keep the disassembled United States of America. Lincoln Was Inaugurated on March 4 th, 1861 two weeks after confederate
president Jefferson Davis was sworn into office for the Confederate States of America. Lincoln had to slip into Washington, D.C. in the dead of night
to avoid assassins that were targeting the newly elected president of the union. Lincoln’s inaugural speech was firm yet conciliatory: There would be
no conflict unless the south provoked it.
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President Abraham Lincoln’s Cabinet- Lincoln’s cabinet consisted of 3 people; William H. Howard (Secretary of State), Salmon P. Chase (Secretary
of Treasury), and Edwin St. Stanton (Secretary of War). His Vice President was Hannible Hamlin for his first 4 years in office followed by Andrew
Johnson for his last year in office. He trusted his cabinet, which were NOT personal friends. They were actually his political rivals for the Republican
Nomination of 1860.
APTextbook* http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=9&subjectID=2*
Border States- The Border States during the Civil War consisted of Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, Missouri, and the later West Virginia. Some
believe that if the North had fired the first shot most of the Border States would have probably have ended up seceding. These 5 states were
exceedingly crucial to the North, as not only did they have The Unions Capital, Washington, D.C. according to some reports Maryland, Kentucky,
and Missouri would have nearly doubled its manufacturing capabilities. Not affected by the Emancipation Proclamation. But eventually slaves
liberated in Border States by ratification of 13th Amendment.
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Seceding States- The first seven states to secede were South Carolina (Dec. 20th, 1860), Mississippi (Jan. 9th, 1861), Florida (Jan. 10th, 1861),
Alabama (Jan. 11th, 1861), Georgia (Jan. 19th, 1861), Louisiana (Jan. 26th, 1861), and Texas (Feb. 1st, 1861). Southern States were in dismay about
the recent Victory of the Republican Party, the unbalance in the political world, abolition nagging, northern intervention, and the controversial events
such as Harpers Ferry or The Underground Railroad. The Confederation just wanted to be left alone. Many of the people in the south supported
succession. At the time seceding didn’t seem like anything bad. 4 more states were to join in later, Virginia (Apr. 17 th, 1861) Arkansas (May 6th,
1861), North Carolina (May 20th, 1861), Tennessee (June 8th, 1861).
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Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens- Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America from February 18, 1861 – May 5,
1865. His Vice President was Alexander Stephens; Jefferson Davis was inaugurated on February 18th, 1861. He opposed succession but gave in
when his own legislation convinced him. He also believed each state had a right to secede. Critics thought of him as an able leader of the
confederacy but with any leader had his flaws, such as ill-health and his ambition to be a Napoleonic Strategist. Both were former political people in
the House of Representatives. Alexander Stephens gave the famous “Cornerstone Speech” which explained the differences between the
Constitution of the North and South, laid out the confederate causes of the civil war, and defended slavery.
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76*
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Confederate States of America- The Confederate States of America were a group of Former American States that seceded from the union from
1860-1861 the group of 11 Confederate States consisting of; (in order) South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas,
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, And Tennessee Were never officially recognized as an Independent Nation. The states argued that according to
the U.S. Constitution each individual state had the right to secede called the “Compact Agreement” by Thomas Jefferson. The Confederates strongly
insisted on independence while the south disagreed. Many believe that the issue of states’ rights itself killed the confederacy as the states refused
to put their troops under federal control.
Eli’s Notes*
South’s Advantages in the War- The south could fight behind friendly lines, They did not have to win the war to gain independence, Morale of the
troops was High, Had Very Talented Officers, Such as Robert E. Lee, Andrew “Stonewall” Jackson, Better off when it came to the immediate war.
Not to mention the thought of Britain almost allying with the confederacy as it was married to “king cotton”.
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North’s Advantages in the War- Included; A booming economy, Railroads (Better Transportation), Supplies were abundant, Huge Population (22
million people to the south’s 12.5 Million), the north had control of the sea (they established a blockade soon as the war started), much bigger army
(took a while to be led well though), had the general’s Ulysses S. Grant, William Sherman, and Winfield Scott, President Abraham Lincoln better then
Confederate President Jefferson Davis, and The strategic Border States.
Fort Sumter and It’s Significance- When the seven confederate states first seceded, the question arose about the status of the Forts owned by the
union. Most had been captured by state governments before Lincoln took office, but when he did take office two forts were still in the federal
government hands. Fort Sumter, A fort in Charleston, South Carolina was garrisoned by a less then hundred American Solders’. Provisions for the
fort were going to run out in a few weeks and the commander would have surrendered the fort without firing a shot. Lincoln stuck with dilemma of
whether or not to reinforce the fort with soldiers, stuck with the middle road; he sent a message to the government of the confederacy saying the
union was going to provision the garrison. The south misinterpreting this message, mistook it as “reinforcing” the garrison. On April 12th, 1961 the
South Carolinians fired the confederate cannon on Fort Sumter. With that Lincoln Called 75,000 volunteers for 3-months. The call to arms caused so
many men to be drafted that some had to be turned away. The states of North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas followed the path of
succession which they had previously out voted because of The Union “waging war”. Richmond, Virginia replaced Montgomery, Alabama as the
Capital of The Confederacy.
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Northern Blockade- The Northern Blockade or “Anaconda Plan” was a plan devised by General Winfield Scott. The idea was that a combination of a
blockade of the south jointed with an invasion of the Mississippi river would squeeze the south into a “military death” and the people of the states
would be enclosed and turn on the “fire eaters” that once helped them secede from The Union.
http://www.civilwarhome.com/anacondaplan.htm
Bull Run (Manasses)- The Battle of Bull Run was a military engagement between the two belligerents of The United States of America and The
Confederate States of America, The winner turned out to be the south as the south held out and gained reinforcements. The north turned tail and ran
in a shameful confusion. The Confederates, too tired to pursue feasted on captured lunches. People saw this battle as kind of not a big deal and
even walked along the union army, lunches and all. When Americans were defeated The South’s overconfidence reached dangerous levels, and
they thought all was well. While The Union was in shock and decided to buckle down instead of having a quick war. Lincoln then called for half-amillion troops for 5 years. (July 21st, 1861)
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Peninsula Campaign- General George McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac. A brilliant military commander, He procrastinated
the attack on Richmond for a year. Lincoln then “burrowed” the army and issued final orders to advance on the Capital of the Confederacy with over
100,000 men. A reluctant McClellan then settled for a waterborne approach for the Capital. After taking about a month to capture Yorktown, Virginia
he finally had the city of Richmond in his sights. Robert E. Lee launched a awesome counter-attack and the Confederacy slowly drove The Union
army towards the sea. Union forces left the Peninsula Campaign . Robert E. Lee Won the what came to be known as the Seven Days battle, but at a
costly price. Over 20,000 Confederate casulities to the 10,000 union casualties. This battle ensured the idea that the war would last until “peculiar
institution” was ousted. Lincoln started drafting the emancipation proclamation. The Union turned to Total War. (June 26 th – July 2nd 1862)
1st step – Slowly suffocate south by cutting off it supplies via Blockade.
2nd step – Liberate the slaves.
3rd step – Cut the Confederacy in half by capturing the Mississippi River.
4th – Chop the confederacy into pieces by sending troops though Savanna, Georgia and the Carolinas.
5th- Capture the Capital of Richmond.
6th – Completely destroy the confederate army.
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Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson- Major Generals of the south during the civil war. Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson both fought in
the first two major battle of the war. Jackson at Bull Run (Confederate Victory) and Robert E. Lee at the “Seven Days’ Battles” (Confederate Victory).
These two generals were instrumental in deciding the ultimate demise of slavery by the Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln in 1863 over
the issue that the union would not stay intact unless slavery was completely ousted. Both seen as brilliant Military commanders Jackson died in
1863, shot by his own men in Virginia. And Robert E. Lee was defeated by general Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox.
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The Gruesome Antietam- The Battle of Antietam was one of the bloodiest days ever seen by The United States of America. Because of
overconfidence from beating down General John Pope, he pushed into the American heartland and attacked Maryland. He hoped to strike a blow
that would bring the border state into the confederacy and help the confederacy gain more ally’s. Event’s finally blew up near Antietam creek,
Maryland and Lincoln quickly restored McClellan to a Major General after shortly firing him after the First Battle of Bull Run. Armed with the
knowledge over future the future battle because union soldier’s found battle plans near the battlefield because of two careless Confederate soldiers.
He succeeded in halting Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Antietam on (September 17th 1862). While militarily a draw, A decisive Union tactical victory
as Robert E. Lee Retreated back across the Potomac. McClellan was fired for the second and final time for not deciding to pursue the Confederate
forces. The Confederacy was so close to victory as they were that summer day. Britain and France were on the verge of joining the conflict on the
Confederate side. But backed off when the U.S. demonstrated unexpected explicit military action at Antietam. Antietam was that victory that Lincoln
needed to launch his Emancipation Proclamation. By mid-summer of 1862 Lincoln was able and ready to launch. Though decided not to as it would
have looked bad for the north to call upon the emancipation of slaves and people would see at as the North “calling upon slaves to murder their
masters”. The halting of Lee at Antietam was just what Lincoln Needed to put the proclamation into place. On September 23 rd 1863 it was stated by
Lincoln that a final proclamation would be made in January and he held his promise and on January 1st, 1863. Lincoln formally issued the
Emancipation Proclamation which Effectively free all slaves. Over 23,000 American Souls Were Lost.
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Battle of Fredericksburg- One of the battle’s before the Battle of Gettysburg. Fredericksburg was fought on (Dec. 13 th, 1862). General A. E. Burnside
led the American forces and General Robert E. Lee the Confederates. The Union suffering over 10,000 casualties to the South’s 6,000, a
overwhelming confederate victory that raised the morale of The Confederacy, the battle was known as “Burnside’s Slaughter Pen”
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Battle of Chancellorsville- The other battle fought before the Battle of Gettysburg. Shortly after the Battle of Fredericksburg. General Burnsides was
fired, and a new General took command. General “Fighting Joe” Hooker replaced him shortly afterward. A new slaughter pen was being prepared for
the Union at The Battle of Chancellorsville thru (May 2nd – May 4th, 1863). Where the Confederacy took yet another win from the plate of battles the
two sides shared. This engagement was probably one of Lee’s most amazingly fought battles, although at a costly price. Jackson died shortly
afterwards after being shot in the shot by his own men. Lee did not take his death very well as he had lost a brilliant comrade and a friend.
Battle of Gettysburg- Lee preparing another “victory” for his resume, advanced upon Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in mid-July to have another shot at an
invasion of the North in a attempt to conquer land and seduce the Europeans into a alliance with the Confederacy, and produce a quietness in the
North among the peace makers. The battle was fought between (July 1st- July 3rd, 1863). The Union general, George G. Meade took his position
upon low flanking shallow valley near the village of Gettysburg, PA, where his 92,000 Americans fought valiantly against the 76,000 Southern
Invaders. General George Pickett had a futile rush later entitled “Pickett’s Charge” that finally killed the confederate forces in the north once and for
all. Jefferson Davis was sending negotiators to The White House expecting a Confederate victory, which he was gravely mistaken. As victory
belonged The Union. This battle is often seen as the turning point in the American Civil War and described by some historians as one of the most
historical battle in history in the western hemisphere as almost 150,000 men took part in this legendary battle. Each side took heavy losses over
23,000 men on each side. Over THREE days. The confederate cause was now doomed but continued to fight for another 2 years. After the battle
Lincoln visited the battlefield he read a two-minute historic address followed by a two hour speech by the orator. Lincoln’s remarks were explained by
foreign authors as “ludicrous” and “silly” although this was to be one of the most historical battles in the entire world.
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Battle of Vicksburg-The Battle of Shiloh was significant because it could have been a massive victory for the Confederacy. However, with its loss and
the immense number of deaths on each side, leaders began to realize that the war would not be over quickly. As a result of the Battle of Shiloh,
Union General Ulysses S. Grant was able to take control of the Memphis-Charleston Railroad, and later Vicksburg, which resulted in gaining control
of the Mississippi River, which split the Confederacy in half. The Battle of Vicksburg was by all means General Ulysses S. Grant’s most important
victory of the war. After General David G. Farragut captured the port city of New Orleans, the only chokepoint left in confederate hands was at the
corridor between Port Hudson, Louisiana and Vicksburg, Mississippi, which channeled much needed supplies to the vast confederate army in the
east. The union army HAD to take the city of Vicksburg to effectively cut the south in half. On (July 4 th, 1863), The city of Vicksburg finally fell into
Union hands. 5 days later came the defeat of Port Hudson which slit the lively throat of the south via the Mississippi River. The victory at Vicksburg
came the day after the victory at Gettysburg these back to back victories’s effectively empowered The Union. Duel victories cut off all hopes foreign
intervention and finally broke down the Confederate States of America.
“Sherman’s March to the Sea”- By the end of 1863 The Confederacy had made little headway into the Union and had one a few pieces of land in the
state of Tennessee where General Grant was later transferred to. He had taken back the area taken by The Confederacy in the two victories at
Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, and Lookout Mountain. These triple victories led to the kicking the Confederacy out of the American Homeland. In
which opened a opportunity to invade the state of Georgia. The conquest of Georgia was entrusted to the mighty General William Tecumseh
Sherman. He captured the city of Atlanta by September of 1864 and burned it in November of 1864. Following the burning of Georgia, General
Sherman marched to the city of Savannah and marched for some 250 miles, burning everything in their path. Sherman’s “Scorched Earth” policy left
a huge path of ravaged land from the two captured cities. This effectively cut supply lines and terrorized confederates by attacking their homes.
Sherman was a practical innovator of “Total War”. On December 21st Sherman’s army captured Savannah, Georgia. He telegraphed Lincoln this
message, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about
twenty-five thousand bales of cotton.". In 1864, Sherman ventured on to South Carolina and captured many of the cities and burned the city of
Columbia, and set ablaze almost the entire state as many believed this to be the “hell-hole of sucession”. By the end of the war Sherman’s army had
penetrated deep into the heart of North Carolina.
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Grant’s Virginia Campaign- After Gettysburg, and Vicksburg, General Grant was transferred over to the East. A Determined Grant Stuck towards
Richmond, Virginia, the rebel Capital of The Confederate States of America. He battled General Lee in a series of battles in the Wilderness of
Virginia. In the month of fighting in the wilderness campaign over 50,000 casualties were taken by the north of the original 100,000 and about the
25,000 for the south’s original 50,000. On (June 3rd, 1864) Grant finally launched a risky assault on Cold Harbor into suicide attack; over 7,000 union
soldiers were killed or wounded just in matter of minutes. But the area was taken. General Grant had taken two years (1864-1865) but had the
Confederate Rebels in his hands by the spring of 1865. The south hanging on a fingernail invited the Union to open negotiations in Hampton Roads,
Virginia on a boat moored in the bay. Lincoln accepting nothing but Union and Emancipation had to reject the offer done by the south and the war
dragged on for a few more months. The ending of the war came surprisingly quick, with the capital of the United States of America being captured in
April 1865, and also with General Grant Cornering Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.
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Appomattox Courthouse- The Battle of Appomattox Courthouse was fought on (April 9th, 1865) and was the last major battle fought by the army of
under the command of General Robert. E. Lee before it surrendered the army under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant. After evacuating the
capital of Richmond, Virginia, Lee’s Confederate army fled westward but was eventually cornered by Grant’s Union army. The signing of the
surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9, With generous terms of surrender.
On April 12, a formal ceremony marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia and the parole of its officers and men, effectively ending
the war in Virginia.
Emancipation Acts- The Emancipation Proclamation was passed on January 1st, 1863. Passed by the Union President Abraham Lincoln after being
moved to write and pass it after the Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam. The Emancipation Proclamation affected all rebel areas in the
south it did NOT affect the Border States, and re-conquered territories of the Union. It effectively freed all of the slaves in the rebel areas. At first he
Lincoln did not want to touch slavery, but after much pressure from abolitionist and epiphany that the Union would not stay intact without the
complete abolishment of slavery the Abraham Lincoln passed these series of acts. Reactions varied, many people rejoiced it (abolitionist) and many
hated it (butternut regions (northern Democrats))
Emancipation Proclamation- (See Above )
Suspension of Habeas Corpus- Some personal writs were suspended by Abraham Lincoln himself during the war such as Habeas Corpus. Habeas
Corpus is a individual right given to all American people, requiring for the government to bring people to court before being able to hold them. The
reason why Habeas Corpus was suspended was because during the Civil War in case important people were captured, such as Jefferson Davis.
http://americanhistory.about.com/od/americanhistoryterms/g/d_habeascorpus.htm
Ex Parte Merryman, 1st Amendment Issues- was a court case decided in 1861 by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney sitting as a federal circuit judge in
Baltimore, John Merryman, a citizen of Maryland, was imprisoned by the U.S. army on suspicion of favoring the Confederacy. He obtained a writ of
habeas corpus. The commanding general refused to respect this action, saying that President Lincoln had authorized him to suspend the writ. Taney
said U.S. Constitution gave to Congress alone the power to suspend the writ in case of rebellion or invasion and that consequently the President's
action had been without warrant and represented a threat to the liberties of all Americans. Lincoln, however, continued the same practice throughout
the Civil War, and Congress ratified the suspension in 1863.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0832813.html
Lincoln’s Usurpation of Congressional Powers- Lincoln seized many congressional powers because he deemed the usage of such powers were
necessary during the civil war, Such as the suspension of Habeas Corpus, Burrowed money the treasury without congressional Approval, jailed the
media, and established martial law in states where courts should have the decision. Due to congress Not being in Session.
http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=AC92807D4BDFCA4ECBE7D89B09AC1009.inst2_2a?docId=5010936499
Copperhead’s- Names given to Northern Democrats who were willing to set for negotiated peace with the Confederacy during the civil war. These
people were usually in the “butternut” region located at the very bottom of Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana. Northern Democrats were disappointed that
their colleagues had departed from the Union, but they were not out. They called the Civil war; a “black war” after the emancipation was issued.
Unfortunately they were not led gleefully because their leader Stephen A. Douglass had died earlier, in 1861 when the war started.
Clement L. Vallandigham- A Extreme Copperhead who was a congressmen from Ohio. Demanded a end to the “cruel” war. He was convicted for
treason and sent to prison in 1863. Then he had been banished to the south. He ran for government of Ohio on foreign soil after fleeing to Canada
but failed.
Civil Rights Act of 1864, Homestead Act, National Bank, Tariff, Transcontinental Railroad, and The Land Grant ActThe Civil Rights Act of 1864- Enforced separate but equal. In other words, it enforced segregation. It still said that all people were technically equal.
Homestead Act- Said that an applicant could transfer up to 150 acres of land outside of the original 13 colonies. As long as: the owner lived there for
5 years, he improved the land, and got a deed. The owner must be 21 years old. Naturalized citizen has to have never fought against the United
States. Homestead Act passed by legislation during the Civil War.
National Bank- In 1863, Congress authorized the National Banking System. It was designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to
establish a standard bank-note currency. Banks who joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper
money backed by the bonds. In the North.
Morrill Tariff- In early 1861, after enough anti-protection Southern members had seceded, Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act. It was a high
protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%. The increases were designed to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for the
prosperous manufacturers. A protective tariff became identified with the Republican Party.
Land Grant Act- Included in the Morrill tariff, kind of like states funding the colleges. So first state funded colleges on federal land.
Transcontinental railroad- Congress began to advance liberal money loans to 2 favored cross-continent companies in 1862 in response to the fact
that transcontinental railroad construction was so costly and risky. The Union Pacific Railroad was commissioned by Congress in 1862 to build a
transcontinental railroad starting in Omaha, Nebraska. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, increasing trade with Asia and opening
up the West for expansion.
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Election of 1864- The Election of 1864 was a race between the two parties of the northern Democrats and The Republicans. General McClellan was
nominated by the Democrats which included the copperheads. Abraham Lincoln re-nominated by the Republicans, they joined with the war
republicans to make the union party Andrew Johnson was Lincoln’s running mate. The race was a almost landslide victory for the north as recent
victories reinforced the idea of Lincoln being re-elected. It also destroyed the south’s last hope for peaceful negations with the Union.
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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Speech- “with malice towards none, with charity for all” said Lincoln on the day his second term started as the 16 th
president of the United States. Lincoln’s speech was centered towards preserving the union and it working together. He was inaugurated in
Washington D.C. on (Mar. 4th, 1865) after beating the Democrats in the race for the presidency in 1864.
John Wilkes Booth- Shot President Abraham Lincoln at Ford Theatre on (April 14th, 1865). The reason for this was because Booth reasoned that with
the president assassinated the president that the south would regroup and they could still remain victorious. He also hoped it would put the north in a
state of confusion and trip us up.
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Great Britain and the civil war- In 1863, two Confederate warships were being constructed in the British shipyard of John Laid and Sons. Their large
iron rams would have destroyed the Union blockade. To avoid infuriating the North, the London government bought the ships for the Royal Navy.
The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It was partly designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the
United States. The Trent affair occurred in late 1861. A Union warship stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and removed 2 Confederate
diplomats who were heading to Europe. Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was ended when President Lincoln
freed the Confederate prisoners.
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Napoleon III- of France dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City in 1863. He installed Maximilian as emperor of Mexico City. The actions of
Napoleon were in direct violation of the Monroe Doctrine. Napoleon was counting on the Union not retaliating due to its weakness. When the Civil
War ended in 1865, Napoleon was forced to abandon Maximilian and Mexico City.
Reconstruction
By: Mitchel Barry
Lincoln's ten percent plan: stated that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the
Union. Voters could then elect delegates to revise state constitutions. This would give a full pardon to all citizens in the South except for high-ranking
Confederate army officers and government officials. Lincoln also guaranteed the southerners he would protect their private property, but not their
slaves.
13th Amendment, 1865: (From The American Pageant, p. A46) "Slavery Forbidden. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[Adopted 1865}"
Ex Parte Milligan: A Supreme Court case in 1866. Army Officers arrested Lambdin Milligan, a civilian involved in Copperhead (pro-Confederate)
activities in Indiana. In the case the Supreme Cour dealt with the issue of martial law, it held that civilians could only be tried by a military tribunal
when civil courts were disrupted because of invasion or disorder.
Radical Republicans: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens: Radical Republicans were a faction of the regular Republican group, they tended to view
the Civil War as a "crusade" against slavery, they advocated the enlistment of black soldiers, and they led the battle for the 13th Amendment. Some
of the key members of the Radical Republicans were: Benjamin F. Wade, Benjamin Butler, Horace Greeley, Frederick Douglass, Charles Sumner
and Thaddeus Stevens. Charles Sumner gave the famous "Crime Against Kansas" speech, as well as "The Barbarism of Slavery." During the
beginning of the Civil War, he proposed his idea of Reconstruction, and was against both Lincoln's and Johnson's plans, seeing them as an
encroachment on the powers of Congress. Thaddeus Stevens was considered the leader of the Radical Republicans, thinking that the South should
be erased and recolonized, as well as disagreeing with Lincoln and Johnson's policy, calling it too lenient.
Wade-Davis bill (50% plan), veto: A document proposed by Senator Benjamin F. Wade and Representative Henry Winter Davis in February 1864 as
a stricter version of Lincoln's ten percent plan. This bill required fifty percent of a states white males to take an oath to be readmitted into the Union,
and in addition, required states to give blacks the right to vote. Congress passed the bill, but Lincoln refused to sign it, ending it with a pocket veto.
Lincoln continued to advocate tolerance and speed in plans for the reconstruction of the Union in opposition to the Congress, and ironically, after his
assassination even more stringent guidelines than this were enforced on the South.
Andrew Johnson and presidential reconstruction: The president elected after Lincoln's assassination, he was in fact a Representative from
Tennessee, but he remained with the Union when the Civil War broke out. He proceeded to reconstruct the Union when congress was not in session
in 1865, He pardoned all who would take an oath of allegiance, but required leaders and men of wealth to obtain special Presidential pardons. When
Congress met in December of 1865, they quickly began changing his program, ensuring that no Confederate senators remained in office, as well as
giving blacks citizenship and forbidding discrimination against them.
Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard: (Also called the Bureau or Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands) The Freedmen's Bureau
was a government agency formed to aid refugees and freedmen during the Reconstruction era of the United States. The bill creating the Bureau was
initiated by Lincoln, and was formed to aid former slaves through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment
contracts with private landowners. The Bureau was a part of the Department of War, and was headed by General Oliver O. Howard. the Bureau was
operational from 1865 to 1872, and it was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant.
Black Codes: Laws passed in the former Confederate states that limited the freedom of former slaves and assured white supremacy. They originated
from the slave codes, and because of this injustice the North was spurned to pass the 14th and 15th amendments. The Black Codes also led to the
formation of the Freedmen's Bureau, and produced Radical Reconstruction.
1866 elections: significance: These Elections gave the Radical Republicans "super majorities," allowing them to overrule veto's made by President
Johnson. It also gave them enough power to impeach Johnson, giving the Radical Republicans control of the Reconstruction policy.
Civil Rights Act, 1866: Passed by Congress on April 9, 1866, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in
the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. People who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty
of a misdemeanor and faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. The activities of the Ku Klux Klan
undermined the workings of this act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights of African Americans.
Military Reconstruction Act, 1867: Divided the South into five military districts, each under a major general. Allowed freed male slaves to vote and
offered readmission into the union if the 14th amendment was ratified. Was vetoed by Jonson, but Congress overruled the veto on the same day.
14th Amendment, 1867, provisions: (From The American Pageant p. A46) "1. Ex-slaves made citizens; U.S citizenship primary. All persons born
or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurusdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."
2. When a state denies citizens the vote, its representation shall be reduced. A state will have representation based on population, but if male
citizens are denied the right to vote without a good cause, the amount of representation will be reduced.
3. Certain persons who have been in rebellion are ineligible for federal and state office. Anyone who went into rebellion against the U.S cannot
hold any government office. Targeted the leaders of the Confederacy.
4. Debts incurred in aid of rebellion are void. No debts owed to a rebellion or insurrection are valid. Also aimed toward the defeated south.
5. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
15th Amendment, 1870: Black males made voters 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by the appropriate legislation.
Impeachment of Johnson: The first presidential impeachment in U.S history, was caused by his opposition to the Radical Republicans
Reconstruction plans. He was impeached on February 24, 1868 in the U.S. House of Representatives on eleven articles of impeachment detailing
his "high crimes and misdemeanors", in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution. The impeachment and trial gained a historical
reputation as an act of political expedience, rather than necessity. The public, who in fact disliked Johnson, was against the impeachment.
"Scalawags" and "Carpetbaggers": Scalawags — a term applied to native white Southerners who supported the federal reconstruction plan and
cooperated with the blacks Some had opposed the Confederacy in earlier times and later wanted a new South to emerge from the rubble. Others
cooperated with the Republican government in order to avail themselves of money-making opportunities.
Carpetbaggers— a term applied to Northerners who went South during Reconstruction, motivated by either profit or idealism. The name referred to
the cloth bags many of them used for transporting their possessions. Despite the negativity of the name, many carpetbaggers were in fact interested
in aiding the freedom and education of the former slaves.
Purchase of Alaska, 1867, Sec. of State Seward: On March 30, 1867, the United States reached an agreement to purchase Alaska from Russia for
$7.2 million. The Treaty with Russia was negotiated and signed by Secretary of State William Seward and Russian Minister to the U.S Edouard de
Stoeckl. Those opposed to the deal called it "Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox." Opposition ended with the Klondike Gold Strike in 1896.
President Ulysses S. Grant: The 18th president of the U.S, Grant relied on Congress throughout his presidency. He let Radical Reconstruction run
it's course in the South, sometimes aiding it with military power. As president, he ran things in a similar fashion to the Army, and brought part of his
Army staff to the White House.
Compromise of 1877, provisions: In the months following the Election of 1876, but before the inauguration in March 1877, Republican and
Democratic leaders secretly hammered out a compromise to resolve outstanding issues. Under the agreement, the Democrats would accept the
Republican presidential electors if the Republicans would agree to the following: withdraw federal soldiers from their positions in the South, enact
federal legislation that would increase industrialization in the South, appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South, and to appoint a
Democrat to the president’s cabinet.
Hiram R. Revels & Blanche K. Bruce: Blanche K. Bruce was the first elected African American senator to serve a full term.He represented
Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881. Hiram R. Revels, also from Mississippi, was the first African American to ever
serve in the U.S. Congress, but he did not serve a full term
Redeemers (or Bourbons), Solid South: The "Redeemers" were a political group in the South during the Reconstruction era, who's goal was to
remove the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the
conservative, pro-business part of the Democratic Party. The Democrats soon gained control of the South, effectively eliminating the Republican
party as a political force in the South. For the next century, winning the primary in a Southern state meant winning the general election. Southerners
also reelected their senators and representatives, allowing them to gain seniority in Congress. As a result, whenever the Democrats held the
majority in the Senate or House, Southern Democrats would chair the most important committees. The “Solid South” held its strongest grip on
Congress between the 1930s and 1960s.
Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, 1871: A white supremacy organization, the Ku Klux Klan was formed primarily to keep blacks from voting. They tortured
and killed black Americans and sympathetic whites. Immigrants, who they blamed for the election of Radical Republicans, were also targets of their
hatred. The Force Act of 1871 provided for federal scrutiny of congressional elections. The Force act, passed during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency,
was intended to prevent election fraud in Southern states during the Reconstruction era. The Force Act was sandwiched between the Enforcement
Act of 1870, which established criminal penalties for interfering with an election, and the Enforcement Act of 1871, which permitted the suspension of
habeas corpus. The act was intended to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment. If a town or city had more than twenty thousand citizens, any two
citizens who wished to have an election "guarded and scrutinized" could request the regional U.S. Circuit Court to oversee it. The three acts are
sometimes referred to collectively as the Enforcement Acts or the Force Acts.