Download matching - Net Start Class

REVIEW FOR 1ST SEMESTER BENCHMARK - PART 1
MATCHING
1. Inference ____Q_
a. small unit that can join together with other small units to form
polymers
2. observation _K____
b. compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms;
major source of energy for the human body
3. hypothesis _S____
c.
4. independent variable _F____
d. macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen
atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
5. dependent variable _M____
e. Monomer of proteins
6. organic compounds _Y____
f.
7. monomer A_____
g. single sugar molecule. Monomer of carbohydrates
8. polymer R_____
h. macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to
make up enzymes
9. carbohydrate ____B_
i.
nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
10. monosaccharide _G____
j.
element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
11. polysaccharide __C___
k.
use of one or more of the senses—sight, hearing, touch,
smell, and sometimes taste—to gather information
12. lipid ___D__
l.
monomer of nucleic acids
13. fatty acid __T___
m. factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe,
which may change in response to the manipulated variable
14. nucleotide __L___
n. process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of
chemicals
15. nucleic acid _W___
o. reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
16. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
_I___
p. protein that acts as a biological catalyst
17. protein ____H_
q. logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and
experience
18. amino acid ___E__
r.
large compound formed from combinations of many
monomers
19. chemical reaction ___N__
s.
An idea you can test
20. Reactant ____V_
t.
Building block of lipids
21. Product ___J___
u. substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
22. catalyst ___U__
v.
23. enzyme __P___
w. macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, and phosphorus
24. substrate ____O_
x.
energy needed to get a reaction started
25. activation energy ____X_
y.
The compounds containing carbon that are typically found in
living systems.
large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides
factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes;
also known as manipulated variable
element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
BIOMOLECULES
Fill out the following table
Organic Macromolecule
Monomer Unit
(Building Block)
Function
Examples
Carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
monosaccharide
energy
Glucose, fructose,
Lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
Stored energy, build cell
membranes
Fats, oils, waxes
Proteins
Amino acids
Build muscles, control chemical
reactions, fight infections
Actin, myosin, enzymes,
Controls heredity, protein
synthesis
DNA
Nucleic Acids
Sucrose, starch, glycogen
cellulose
nucleotide
antibodies
RNA
ENZYMES
1. What is an enzyme? Protein that acts as a catalyst What is a substrate? Substance that is broken down into
simpler substances by enzymes
2. What does an enzyme do, and how does it work? Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation
energy that it takes to start the reaction. Enzymes also break down food ( substrate)
3. Why is an enzyme’s shape important? It determines the specific substrate it will act on
4. Label the following diagram a) substrate, b) active site c) enzyme d) simpler substances
5. How can heat and pH affect an enzymes shape and function? They alter ( denatures) the shape and therefore the
enzyme is unable to work since the active site is affected.
CELL THEORY
1. Who discovered the cell? Robert Hooke ( first cell- cork- plant cell)
2. What does the Cell Theory state? Cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS a cytoplasm, b. chloroplast c. ER d. ribosomes e. golgi apparatus
Animal
plant
f.vacuole g. mitochondria
2. Describe the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Pro- no nucleus or membrane bound
organelles. Euk – nucleus and has membrane bound organelles
3. Do both prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have DNA? Yes pro ( cytoplasm)
4. Where is the DNA found in Eukaryotic cells? nucleus
5
List the structures that would be found in both Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells. cell wall ( except animal
cells), cell membrane,ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm.
6
What kindgoms are considered Eukaryotic? Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
What kingdoms are Prokaryotic? Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS
1. Put a check in the appropriate column(s) to indicate whether to following organelles are found in plant cells,
animal cells or both.
Organelle
Plant Cell
Animal Cells
Organelle
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Cell Wall
Y
N
Mitochondria
Y
Y
Chloroplast
Y
N
Nucleolus
Y
Y
Chromatin(DNA)
Y
Y
Nucleus
Y
Y
Y
Y
Cytoplasm
Y
Y
Cell
Membrane
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Y
Y
Vacuole
Y(larger)
Y
Golgi apparatus
Y
Y
Ribosome
Y
Y
Lysosome
Y/N
Y
TRANSPORT OF WATER AND MATERIAL ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES
1. Label the three images below as isotonic/ hypertonic/ hypotonic (with regard to the solution the cell is placed
in)
HYPER
ISO
HYPO
2. Movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy is called [ active / passive ] transport.
3. The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space is called a concentration [ equilibrium / gradient ].
4. If there is a concentration gradient, substances will move from an area of high concentration to an area of [ equal /
low ] concentration.
5. The cell membrane is [ selectively permeable / impermeable ].
6. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called [ osmosis / diffusion ].
7. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the concentration of free water [ molecules
/ solutions ].
8. A solution that causes a cell to swell is called a [ hypertonic / hypotonic ] solution.
9. In diffusion, molecules [ spread out / condense ]
10. The lipid bilayer describes [ a type of transport / the cell membrane ]
11. Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient [ with / without ] using the cell's energy.
12. What will happen to the cell in each of the following beakers? Describe each beaker as hypertonic, isotonic, or
hypotonic.
Isotonic- equal
hypo-water moves in cells walls
Stays the same
cell swells
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. Fill in the boxes in the diagram below
hypertonic- water moves out of cell- cell shrinks
2. Write out the balanced equations for…..
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water
glucose + Oxygen
_________________________  _________________________
Cellular Respiration
Glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + ATP
_________________________  _________________________
3. What would explain a drop in the oxygen levels of a pond at night? Photosynthesis has slowed down or stopped
4. What process converts solar energy into chemical energy? photosynthesis
5. What process coverts chemical energy into cellular energy? Cellular respiration
6. How do the availability of CO2 and water affect a plants ability to produce glucose? None- no glucose
7. Fill in the blanks with ATP or ADP
ADP has two phosphate groups and ATP has three. During cellular respiration, molecules of ADP are “charged” by
adding a phosphate group and become molecules of ATP. As cells use energy, the molecules of ATP lose a
phosphate group and become molecules of ADP. Then the process starts again.
DNA Replication, RNA Transcription, and Translation
1. What is the function of DNA? CONTROLS HEREDITY AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
2. In DNA, Adenine (A) pairs with___THYMINE (_T__), and Guanine (G) pairs with CYTOSINE (_C__).
3. Label the drawing.[ Word Bank: Deoxyribose, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base, Hydrogen Bond, and Nucleotide]
A)phosphate group b)deoxyribose c) nucleotide d) nitrogen base e) hydrogen bond
Word Bank:
- Deoxyribose
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen Base
- Hydrogen bond
- Nucleotide
a.
d.
b.
e.
c.
4. Before a cell divides, it must replicate its DNA. This replication occurs during the S stage of interphase.
5. Create the complementary DNA sequence for this sequence of DNA. ATG GGT ATC
TACCCATAG
CAT
6. List three differences between DNA and RNA? DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded,
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose, DNA has T, RNA has U, DNA STAYS IN NUCLEUS, MRNA LEAVES
THE NUCLEUS AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE PROTEINS ARE MADE.
7. In RNA, Adenine (A) pairs with URACIL (U) ,and Guanine (G) pairs with CYTOSINE (C).
8. What is the function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)? BRINGS THE DNA MESSAGE FOR MAKING A PROTEIN
TO THE RIBOSOME SINCE DNA STAYS IN NUCLEUS.
9. The three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid is a CODON. The
group of three bases on a transfer RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon is an
ANTICODON.
10. Label the drawing a) tRNA b) anticodon c) mRNA d) polypeptide e) ribosome f) codon
Word Bank:
- Ribosome
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Polypeptide
- Codon
- Anti-codon
11. Transcribe the following DNA sequences into mRNA codons, then
use the codon wheel or codon chart to find the correct amino acid
sequence (polypeptide).
A. DNA = TAC CAT GAT GAG ACT
RNA = AUG GUA CUA CUC UGA
Amino Acids = MET-VAL-LEU-LEU -STOP
B. DNA = TAC GAT CTC GGG ATT
RNA = AUG CUA GAG CCC UAA
Amino Acids = MET- LEU- GLU-PRO-STOP
C. DNA = TAC GAC TTT TTC ACT
RNA = AUG CUG AAA AAG UCA
Amino Acids = MET- LEU-LYS- LYS- STOP
D. DNA = TAC CGG GTA GTT GTC ATT
RNA = AUG GCC CAU CAA CAG UAA
Amino Acids = MET-ALA-HIS-GLUT-STOP
12. Mutate the DNA strands in #11 as described, then write the new
mutated RNA strand and new amino acid sequence for each.
A. Substitute the second “A” with a “G”
RNA =GUA
Amino Acids = VAL
B. Substitute the first “T” with an “A”
RNA =UUG
Amino Acids = LEU
2. Fill in the following table comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Body cells
Meiosis
Sex cells or gametes
Stays the same
Is halved
Haploid or diploid cells
diploid
haploid
Genetic information
compared to original cell
same
different
Type of cells that undergo
process
Chromosome number
Draw a simple diagram of
process including number
of cells for an organism with
4 chromsosomes
Cell Differentiation
1. The diagram to the right shows cell differentiation. What is cell
differentiation?
One cell (stem cell) forms different types of cells because
the certain genes are expressed in the different cells.
2. Do brain cells and skin cells have the same or different functions? DIFFERENT
3. Do brain cells and skin cells have the same DNA? YES
4. Do brain cells and skin cells use all of the same genes? NO
5. Why are brain cells and skin cells different? DIFFERENT GENES ARE EXPRESSED EACH CELL.