Download Bio212LabPract2StudyGuideWi2012_000

BIO 212 Lab Practical Two Study Guide
You will be held responsible for anything and everything in laboratory exercises 29 thru 32 for your
second practicum. This is a checklist to make sure you’ve understood all of the points! You need
to be able to identify organisms by both common and scientific names, understand their
classification, and know their Pylum and class when indicated.
Any critters that we dissected or spent time observing will be the primary focus of the exam.
 Understand how animals are classified, according to their anatomy
 germ layers
 symmetry
 coelom
 segmentation
etc.
 Know distinguishing characteristics of animals
PHYLUM PORIFERA (SPONGES)
What is a spicule? how does it help with classification?
Anatomy of Sponges: Study the illustrations!
 Epidermal cells
 Collar cells (choanocytes)~ flagellum, collar, collar cell
 Amoebocytes (amoeboid cells)
 Osculum
 Pore
PHYLUM CNIDARIA (CNIDARIANS)
Look at, and be able to identify representative species of Classes:
Anthozoa (Sea Anemone, Coral)
Hydrozoa (Portugese man-of-war)
Scyphozoa (Jellyfish).
Life Cycle of Cnidarians: Polyp to Medusa Study the illustrations!
Be able to name and explain the purpose of the medusa stage and the polyp stage in
Hydra.
Anatomical classification of Cnidarians:
1. Tissue level of organization?
2. Symmetry and body plan?
3. Gastrovascular cavity
4. Nerve net
5. Stinging cells (cnidocytes & nematocyts)
Obelia: (class Hydrozoa): living and prepared slides:
Polyp colony: feeding polyp; reproductive polyp
Medusa: sexual reproduction
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA (CTENOPHORES)
Distinguishing characteristics of representative ctenophores
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS) ~ PLANARIAN
Know Planarian anatomy
 you should be able to see on the anterior head, eye spots and auricles
 whole mount slide
 review structures previously noted in the living specimen, and observe the
gastrovascular cavity
Planarian cross section
 cross section slide
observe the epidermis, gastrodermis, circular muscle, ventral nerve
cord, pharynx.
Flatworm diversity:
Recognize the diversity of preserved flatworm specimens on display, including
Flukes and Tapeworms
Taenia (dog & cat tapeworms),
Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke);
Dinofilaria immitis (heart worm)
PHYLUM NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS) ~
Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic roundworms)
 preserved Ascaris, male and female:
 study to determine characteristic features of roundworms
(identify male vs. female!) Study photos and illustrations
Vinger Eels
 know classification (identification and phylum)
PHYLUM ROTIFERA (ROTIFERS)
Study the illustration
 corona
 mouth
 eyespot
 stomach
 intestine
 foot
 toe
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (The Molluscs)
Molluscan diversity:
 Be able to recognize these organisms by common name and Scientific
Classes! What distinguishing characteristics do each of them have?
Class Polyplacophora: chitons
Class Gastropoda: snails, conchs, whelks, nudibranchs
Class Bivalvia: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
Class Cephalopoda: octopi, squid
Anatomy of a clam Venus mercenaria
Know all structures and functions on diagrams and from sketches of preserved clam:
Know the following structures on a dissected organism:
 External Anatomy:
 hinge ligament
 umbo
 directional terms: anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral
 Internal Anatomy:
 mantle
 anterior & posterior adductor muscles
 gills
 incurrent & excurrent siphons (if visible)
 stomach; digestive gland; (intestines); gonads
 To what class does the clam belong?
Anatomy of a squid
Know all structures on a diagram, preserved, & on a dissected specimen
 tentacles
 arms
 suckers
 eye
 funnel
 anus
 ink sac
 liver
 gill
 kidneys
 heart
 stomach
 gonad
 cecum
 mantle
 pen
 fin
23.2 PHYLUM ANNELIDA (The Annelids) know the distinguishing characteristics!
Annelid diversity:
observe a diversity of preserved annelid specimens on display and from
pictures. Be able to recognize these organisms by common name and
scientific Class:
Class Polychaeta: clam worms, fan worms (feather duster worms)
Class Hirudinea: leeches
Class Oligochaeta: earthworms
Anatomy of an earthworm
Understand locomotion of an earthworm
Know all structures on diagrams and approximate segment number(s) / regions
where they are located.
Know the following structures on a dissected organism:
 External Anatomy:
 ventral vs. dorsal sides; anterior vs. posterior sides
 setae
 clitellum
 mouth
 anus
 Internal Anatomy:
 septa
 brain
 hearts
 mouth
 pharynx
 esophagus
 crop
 gizzard
 intestine
 hearts
 seminal vesicles
 seminal receptacles
 nephridium
 dorsal blood vessel
 To what class does this earthworm belong?
MICROSCOPE 1. Earthworm cross section
Earthworm cross section (know all structures on diagrams)
Observe cross section slide and know the following structures:
 epidermis;
 dorsal blood vessel;
 coelom;
 nephridium;
 setae;
 ventral nerve cord;
 circular muscle;
 longitudinal muscle;
 typhlosole
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (The Arthropods = jointed legs)
Arthropod diversity:
observe a diversity of preserved arthropod specimens on display and from
pictures. Be able to recognize these organisms by common name and
Scientific Classes:
Class Diplopoda: millipedes
Class Chilopoda centipedes
Class Archnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks
Class Merostomata: horseshoe crabs
Class Malacostraca: crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish
Class Maxillopoda: barnacles
Class Insecta: insects
Anatomy of a crayfish
Know all structures found on diagrams.
Know the following structures on a dissected organism:
 External Anatomy:
exoskeleton (carapace)
head including:
 antenna
 compound eye
 mouth
thorax including:
 claw
 second, third, fourth, fifth walking legs
abdomen including:
 swimmerets
 uropods
 telson
(head and thorax, together are referred to as the “cephalothorax”)
 Internal Anatomy:
 gills
 stomach
 digestive gland
 To what class does this crayfish belong?
Anatomy of a grasshopper
Know all structures on lab diagrams and from your sketches. Know the following structures
on a dissected organism:
 External Anatomy:
Exoskeleton (carapace)
Head including:
 antenna
 compound eye
 palps
 ocelli
 mouth
Anatomy of a grasshopper continued
Thorax (which is actually 3 fused segments) including:
 forewing and hindwing
 tympanum (function?)
Abdomen including:
 spiracles
 ovipositors (if female)
 hind legs
Study figure on grasshopper genitalia~
 what is the difference between male and female?
 Internal Anatomy:
 gastric caeca
 stomach
 Malpighian tubules
*Tracheal tubes – what is their function?
 To what class does the grasshopper belong?
Insect Metamorphosis.
Know the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis, and understand
the relevance. How is having a different food source and habitat for juveniles and
adults beneficial?
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (The Echinoderms)
Echinoderm diversity:
 Be able to recognize these organisms by their common name and scientific
classes (important!!)
 Brittle Stars
 Sea Urchin
 Sand Dollar
 Sea Cucumber
 Sea Star (starfish)
Anatomy of a starfish
Class Asteroidea
Genus: Asterias
Know all structures of on a diagram
Know the following structures on a dissected organism:
 aboral vs. oral side
 arm
 eyespot
 tube feet & ampullae
 ring and radial canals
 digestive glands
 gonads
 stomach
 sieve plate + stone canal = madreporite
Phylum Chordata & the Vertebrate Coelomates (deuterostomes)
PHYLUM CHORDATA (The Chordates)
 SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA: tunicates
recognize a tunicate
 SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA: lancelets
recognize a lancelet & know the chordatye cvharcteristics it retains as an adult.
 SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA:
Vertebrate diversity:
Be able to recognize these organisms by phylum, subphylum, and
class.
Class Chondrichthyes: marine cartilagenous fishes: sharks, skates,
rays
Class Osteichthyes: marine and freshwater bony fishes: perch, etc,
eels, sea horse
Class Amphibia: salamanders, newts, frogs and toads
Class Reptilia: snakes, lizards, turtles and tortoises
Class Aves: birds, (including penguins!)
Class Mammalia: animals with hair, mammary glands
Class Reptilia - Anatomy of a frog
Know all structures on diagrams
Know the following structures on a dissected organism:
 External Anatomy:
 external naris
 eyes
 tympanum
 foot
 forelimb
 hindlimb
 nares
mouth cavity:
 vomerine teeth
 maxillary teeth
 tongue
 lower jaw
 internal nares
 auditory (eustachian tubes)
 Internal Anatomy:
 know all structures listed on diagrams, photos, and your sketches.
 Do NOT focus on specific muscles or bones.
Frog Internal Anatomy (Arterial System)
NOTE: a frog has sack –like lungs and only a 3-chamber heart.
Check out:
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/index.html for good images!
COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY:
Class Osteichthyes: OPTIONAL/OBSERVED DISSECTION 2. Anatomy of a perch
 know all structures on diagrams
 know: all fins, air bladder, liver, stomach, gonad on dissected perch
Class Aves: Anatomy of a pigeon
 know all structures shown on dissected specimen in lab (crop,
gizzard, stomach, 4-chambered heart, lungs, liver, etc). Know their
functions and locations. Use Google when needed.
Class Mammalia: Anatomy of a pig
know the following structures
 trachea
 right and left atrium, ventricles = heart
 lungs
 diaphragm
 liver
 stomach
 pancreas
 small & large intestine
 kidneys
 urinary bladder
 umbilical cord
Draw comparisons between dissected specimens of
the fish, frog, pigeon, and pig.
Compare & contrast the structures involved in:
 Cardiovascular system
 Digestion
 Respiration
 Reproduction
 Excretion
 etc
Differences for surviving in aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial
environments:
o Buoyancy: Locomotion & support
o Reproduction
o Desiccation & osmoregulation
o Respiration & Circulation
o etc
These are the main concepts, specimens, structures, etc. but anything
may be used from the labs. This is just a guide for the most crucial
aspects. Review and study everything!!