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CHAPTER 24
Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–
1870
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Muhammad Ali
Janissaries
Serbia
Tanzimat
Crimean War
extraterritoriality
Young Ottomans
Slavophiles
Decembrist Revolt
Opium War
Bannermen
Treaty of Nanking
treaty ports
most-favored-nation status
Taiping Rebellion
What were the results of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt? How did Egypt respond to this European
aggression?
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218
17.
18.
19.
20.
Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
The challenges that land-based Eurasian empires faced from European sea-based empires were very similar.
The solutions they attempted were not. Compare the situations of the Ottoman and Qing Empires in the
nineteenth century and their responses to the European challenge.
The Janissary revolt in Serbia and the execution of Selim III taught Ottoman leaders that reform had to be
more systematic. The Ottoman response was the Tanzimat. Describe those reforms and evaluate their
effectiveness.
What was the “Eastern Question” and how did it bring about European and Russian intervention in Ottoman
affairs?
What were the long-term significant outcomes of the Crimean War?
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Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
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219
220
21.
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23.
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26.
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28.
29.
30.
31.
Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
Discuss the factors within China and among the Chinese people that explain the powerful British presence
in China by 1842.
Nineteenth-century Qing China suffered from both foreign intrusion and social unrest. What was the most
obvious demonstration of the Chinese people's dissatisfaction at midcentury? Explain in detail the causes
and results of that unrest.
The Ottoman Empire was dealt a heavy blow when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his followers took
control of the cities of
Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk, and Ottoman governments?
A) Gamal Nasser
B) Mohandas K. Gandhi
C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
D) Muhammad Ali
E)
Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Ali paid for his many reforms
A) by confiscating the lands of Muslim religious institutions.
B) by selling ivory overseas to Europe.
C) from the revenue from the slave trade.
D) from the sale of state-sponsored alcohol.
E)
by raising taxes.
Which of the following was not among the earliest reforms of the Ottoman Empire?
A) Implementation of laws to protect women and children from abuse and abandonment
B) Standardization of taxation
C) Controlling the provincial governors
D) Standardization of land tenure
E)
Creation of European-style military units
The most persistent opponents of early Ottoman reforms were the
A) hereditary elites.
B) Janissaries.
C) religious leaders.
D) peasants and agriculturalists.
E)
Jesuits.
Serbia became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1805
A) because the Ottoman Empire was busy suppressing the Greek uprising.
B) but it was reabsorbed two decades later.
C) after Russian threats prevented the Ottomans from disarming Serbians following a Janissary revolt.
D) because Mohammad Ali recalled the Janissaries to Egypt.
E)
by assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
The ulama opposed Selim III's reforms because
A) they did not want to lose their military power.
B) Selim had recognized Napoleon as emperor.
C) of the power Selim had granted to the Janissaries.
D) they feared the secularization of law and taxation.
E)
Selim wanted to eliminate Islam.
The war for Greek independence resulted in the
A) defeat of the Greek revolutionaries and the execution of all traitors.
B) execution of the sultan.
C) defeat of the Ottomans by the combined Russian, British, and French fleets.
D) collapse of the Egyptian monarchy.
E)
complete destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
After the war for Greek independence, Mahmud II
A) created a new artillery unit and bombarded the Janissaries.
B) eliminated the power of the religious elite.
C) restructured the bureaucracy, education, and laws.
D) made alliances with western Europe.
E)
attacked Persia.
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Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
221
The Tanzimat proclamations
A) called for public trials and equal protection under the law.
B) punished Janissaries and other secret military societies.
C) called for the destruction of the university system.
D) ensured that Muslims, Christians, and Jews would have their own separate codes of law.
E)
called for a redistribution of wealth in an effort to create a more egalitarian society.
The preferred language of the reformed educational system in the Ottoman Empire was
A) Turkish.
B) French.
C) Russian.
D) German.
E)
Arabic.
The Janissary corps was officially disbanded when
A) the Battle of Navarino saw them fail to protect the Ottoman Empire's navy.
B) they were systematically defeated in the battle for Greek independence and committed suicide rather
than face dishonor.
C) the French army of Napoleon defeated them in Constantinople.
D) the Russians defeated them in the Crimean War.
E)
the sultan secretly trained a new artillery unit, which bombarded the Janissaries and wiped them out.
Ottoman reforms
A) decreased the influence of women in society.
B) provided new universities for female students.
C) made women equal to men under the law.
D) provided women with greater job opportunities.
E)
did not change women's position in society.
The root cause of the Crimean War was
A) Russia's desire to expand south for naval access to the Mediterranean Sea.
B) Russia's desire to spread Orthodox Christianity throughout the Ottoman Empire.
C) Ottoman domination of Serbia.
D) Russia's desire to control Constantinople (Istanbul).
E)
Russia's siding with Greece during the 1829 independence movement.
Russian allies in the Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire included
A) England.
B) France.
C) Italy.
D) South Africa.
E)
none of these.
The significance of the Crimean War was that it
A) marked the transition to modern warfare with the use of breech-loading rifles.
B) was the first war that utilized battalions of African soldiers in Europe.
C) marked the end of the “age of innocence.”
D) was the most destructive war in human history.
E)
marked a brief return to chivalry.
The fez became a part of Turkish military dress because
A) they wanted a compromise between a hat and a turban.
B) the fez was brimless and could be used during Islamic prayer services.
C) the European style of leather-billed hats was thought to be ugly.
D) it was better suited to new artillery weapons.
E)
it was distinctly different from the uniform of the Janissaries.
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222
Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
40.
Although the Ottoman Empire emulated European modernization and stimulated commerce and
urbanization, it was unable to solve which major problem?
A) Extraterritoriality, or foreign sovereignty within Ottoman states
B) The imperial government's chronic shortage of money
C) Resistance from Christian sectors, which brought European sanctions
D) Overextension of the empire
E)
The banking crisis of the 1850s
41.
The construction of a railroad in Russia
A) was halted by the intervention of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
B) relied on foreign experts.
C) created a link between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
D) allowed new territories to be opened in the Asian steppes.
E)
was never completed because of financial problems.
42.
The Russian government viewed industrialization
A) as a necessary evil.
B) as the wave of the future.
C) as a sign of the decline of respect for religious authority.
D) as a potential environmental disaster waiting to happen.
E)
with limited interest, preferring to import industrial goods.
43.
What was the major reason the Russian state resisted industrialization?
A) A deep suspicion of western ideas, especially liberalism and socialism
B) It was trying to initiate a communist revolution first.
C) Long-term disputes with Germany led to reluctance to use German advisers.
D) Serfs could not learn how to run machines.
E)
Local landowners feared losing their labor force if peasants left the fields to go to factories.
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Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
44.
45.
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47.
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50.
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52.
223
Pan-Slavism was the doctrine
A) of diminishing economic returns.
B) of freedom for all serfs.
C) that Slavic peoples were inherently superior.
D) that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through military means.
E)
that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through peaceful means.
The process of modernization in Russia in the nineteenth century was accomplished more smoothly than in
the Ottoman Empire because
A) it had longer been an issue, starting with Peter the Great.
B) the Russian court emulated European fashion and languages.
C) Alexander's reforms included bringing in Western advisers.
D) European monarchs accepted Russian tsars more readily than they accepted reforming rulers in
Ottoman territories.
E)
All of these
When Tsar Alexander I died in 1825, reformers in the military provoked
A) a confrontation with Japan that resulted in the Russo-Japanese War.
B) a border war with China.
C) a failed uprising called the “Decembrist Revolt.”
D) the secretary of the defense into resigning.
E)
widespread rebellion among the nobility.
Intellectuals pressing for reform in Russia wanted all of the following except
A) a constitution.
B) freedom of the press.
C) liberation of the serfs.
D) reorganization of the imperial bureaucracy.
E)
college education for women.
The intellectual flowering that took place under Tsar Alexander II included the
A) writings of Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky.
B) music of Stravinsky.
C) prose of Solzhenitsyn.
D) dance of the Bolshoy Ballet.
E)
theories of Marx and Engels.
A Russian political thinker who encouraged both Slavophiles and socialists was
A) Karl Marx.
B) Ivan Turgenev.
C) Stenka Razin.
D) Alexander Herzen.
E)
Nikolai Gogol.
When Britain was unable to obtain enough tea to meet its demand and China did not import enough British
goods, the British responded by
A) starting the illicit trade of opium.
B) supporting the Bannerman to overthrow the Qing.
C) instigating the White Lotus rebellion.
D) bombing Saipei.
E)
trying to destroy China's production of silk.
When the Qing banned the importation of opium, the British
A) stopped growing it.
B) made it illegal in England as well.
C) began growing cacao.
D) sent naval and marine forces to China.
E)
sold their opium in the New World.
The Opium War exposed the fact that the Qing land forces, the Bannermen, were
A) overpowering.
B) well trained but poorly led.
C) obsolete.
D) able to use martial arts to defeat the British navy.
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224
53.
Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
E)
traitors.
The British military advantage in the Opium War was provided by
A) poison gas attacks.
B) new gunboats.
C) tank divisions.
D) the machine gun.
E)
large numbers of troops.
54.
Which of the following was not a result of the Treaty of Nanking?
A) Hong Kong became a British colony.
B) China was able to retain its protective tariffs to protect fledgling industries.
C) The British opened five Chinese “treaty ports.”
D) The Qing paid 21 million ounces of silver to England.
E)
British residents were granted extraterritoriality.
55.
“Most-favored-nation status” meant that
A) any beneficial opportunities extended by China to another nation had to be offered to Britain as well.
B) the British gained a monopoly on trade with China.
C) China would allow missionaries from Britain only.
D) China and Britain obtained bilateral rights to attend each other's universities.
E)
Britain was attempting to promote competition among Asian nations to see who would compete for
British trade.
56.
The stresses that led to the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangxi region were initially a result of
A) severe loss of rural population.
B) the presence of many Europeans in the region.
C) social unhappiness and foreign intrusion.
D) large numbers of Qing troops in the area.
E)
the government prohibition against opium.
The founder of the Taiping (Great Peace) Movement, Hong Xiquan,
A) was assassinated by members of the armed forces.
B) was inspired by Christianity.
C) led a revolution that transformed Asia forever.
D) overthrew the Qing dynasty and became the first peasant emperor.
E)
advocated nonviolence.
Women in the Taiping Rebellion were
A) relegated to the home.
B) ordered to follow traditional footbinding.
C) allowed to work alongside men at the occupation of their choice.
D) organized into military brigades.
E)
expected to stay in school.
57.
58.
59.
The Taiping Rebellion
A) was known as the “bloodless” civil war.
B) succeeded in its goal to Christianize China.
C) was a gambit designed to lure French and British forces to their destruction.
D) was the world's bloodiest civil war.
E)
never actually took place.
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Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1870
225
Use the following to answer questions 60-62:
Geography Questions
60.
Refer to Map 24.1 and discuss the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Was it the “sick man of Europe” as Tsar
Nicholas proclaimed? Describe how different parts of the empire gained independence. Discuss the rivalry
with Russia in the nineteenth century. What were Russia's goals? How did geography figure into Russia's
ambitions in the Balkans?
Page: 683
61.
Refer to Map 24.1 and locate Egypt. What European nation invaded Egypt at the end of the eighteenth
century? What led to the modernization of Egypt and the expansion of Egypt into Syria?
Page: 683
62.
Using Map 24.2, explain why most of the rebellion in the Qing Empire took place in the southern part of the
country. Why was there comparatively less rebellion in the western and northern ranges of the empire?
Page: 696
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