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GEOGRAPHY 210 – CHAPTERS 1, 4, 5, 6 VOCABULARY Human Geography: the study of the spatial organization of human activity and people’s relationships with their environments Cartography: the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps Map projection: a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface Ethnocentrism: the attitude that a person’s own race and culture are superior to those of others Imperialism: the extension of power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of the other territories Masculinism: the assumption that the world is and should be shaped mainly by men for men Environmental determinism: a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment Globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of he world through common processesof economic, encironmental,political, and cultural change Ecumene: the total habitable area of a country. Since it depends on the prevailing technology, the available ecumene varies over time. Its an important concept in Canada’s case, since the ecumene is so much less than the country’s total area Geodemographic research: investigation using census data and commercial data (such as sales data and property records) about the populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations for market research Geographic information system (GIS): an organized collection of computer hardware, software, and geographical data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, and display spatially referenced information. Regional geography: the study of the ways in which unique combinations of environmental and human factors produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes Region: a larger-sized territory that encompasses many places, all or most of which share similar attributes in comparison with the attributes of places elsewhere Remote sensing: the collection of info about parts of earth’s surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems Latitude: the angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface, measured north or south from the equator, which is 0 degrees Longitude: the angular distance of a point on Earth’s surface measured east or west from the prime meridian (the line that passes through both poles) Global Positioning System (GPS): a system of satellites that orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information Site: the physical attributes of a location—its terrain, soil, vegetation, and water sources, for example Situation: the location of a place relative to other places and human activities Cognitive images (mental maps): psychological representations of locations that are created from people’s individual ideas and impressions of these locations Cognitive distance; the distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation Friction of distance: the deterrent or inhibiting effect of distance on human activity Distance-decay function: the rate at which a particular activity or process diminishes with increasing Utility: the usefulness of specific place or location to a particular person group Cognitive space: space defined and measured in terms of the nature and degree of people’s values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, districts, and regions Place: a concept with two levels of meaning: (1) an objective location that has both uniqueness and interdependence with other place (2) a subjective social and cultural construct – somewhere that has a personal meaning for individuals or groups Place making: any activity, deliberate or unintentional, that enables space to acquire meaning Accessibility: the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location in relation to other locations Economies of scale: cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output Spatial diffusion: the way that things spread through space and over time Scale: the general concept that there are various scales of analysis (local, regional, national, global), that they are linked, and that processes operating at one scale can have significance at other scale Nature: a social creation as well as the physical universe that includes human beings Society: sum of the inventions, institutions, and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times Technology: physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes, and knowledge or know-how Ecological footprint: a measure of the biologically productive land area needed to support a country by providing for its needs and absorbing its wastes Taoist perspective on nature: the view that nature should be valued for its own sake, not for how it might be exploited Buddhist perspective on nature: the view that nothing exists in and of itself and everything is a part of natural, complex, and dynamic totality of mutuality and interdependence Islamic perspective on nature: the view that the heavens and earth were made for human purposes Judeo-Christian perspective on nature: the view that nature was created by God and its subject to God in the same way that a child is subject to parents Animistic perspective on nature: the view that natural phenomena – both animate and inanimate – possess an indwelling spirit or consciousness Romanticism: the philosophy that emphasizes interdependence and relatedness between humans and nature Conservation: the view that natural resources should be used wisely and that society’s effects on the natural world should represent stewardship, not exploitation Preservation: an approach to nature advocating that certain habitats, species, and resources should remain off-limits to human use, regardless of whether the use maintains or depletes the resource in question Environmental ethics: a philosophical perspective on nature that prescribes moral principles as guidance for our treatment of it Ecofeminism: the view that patriarchal ideology is at the centre of our present environmental malaise Deep ecology: an approach to nature revolving around two key components: selfrealization and biospherical egalitarianism Paleolithic period: the period when chipped=stone tools first began to be used Ecosystem: a community of different species interacting with one another and with the larger physical environment that surround them Siltation: the buildup of sand and clay in a natural or artificial waterway Deforestation: the removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting Virgin soil epidemics: conditions in which the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposure to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member of he group Columbian Exchange: interaction between the Old World, originating with the voyages of Columbus, and the New World Demographic collapse: phenomenon of near genocide of indigenous populations Ecological imperialism: introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems Acid rain: the wet deposition of acids on Earth created by the natural cleansing properties of the atmosphere Desertification: the degradation of land over and damage to the soil and water is grasslands and arid and semi-arid lands Maximum sustainable yield (MSY): the equilibrium between a fish population’s biological productivity and the level of fishing stock in the largest number that can be caught while ensuring that enough remain for a productive fishery next year Fishing capacity: the ability of a fleet to catch fish, most easily measure by counting the number of boats in a fishing fleet Global Change: combination of political, economic, social, historical, and environmental problems at the world scale Environmental justice: movement reflecting a growing political consciousness, largely among the world’s poor, that their immediate environs are far more toxic than those in wealthier neighbourhoods Culture: a shared set of meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life Cultural geography: study of the ways in which space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape Cultural landscape: a characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interaction between a human group and a natural environment Historical geography: the geography of the past Genre de vie: a functionally organized way of life that is seen to be characteristic of a particular cultural group Cultural trait: a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group Cultural region: the area within which a particular cultural system prevails Cultural system: a collection of interacting elements that, taken together, shape a group’s collective identity Religion: belief system and a set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humans Diaspora: a spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group Sacred space: an area recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention as a site of special religious experience or events Language: a means of communicating ideas or feelings by means of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate voice sounds Dialects: regional variations from standard language in terms of accent, vocab, and grammar Language family: a collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin Language branch: a collection of languages that possess a definite common origin but have split into individual languages Language group: a collection several individual languages that are part of a language branch, share a common origin, and have similar grammar and vocabulary Cultural hearth: the geographical origin or source of innovations, ideas, or ideologies (term coined by geographer Carl Sauer) Isolate: a language that has no known relationship with any other and cannot be assigned to a language family Mother tongue: the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census Official languages: languages in which the government has a legal obligation to conduct its affairs, and in which the public has the right to receive federal services Anglophone: a person whose mother tongue is English Francophone: a person whose mother tongue is French Allophone: a person whose mother tongue is neither English nor French Home language: the language most often spoke at home by an individual Language shift: an indicator of the number of people who adopt a new language, usually measures by the difference between mother tongue and home language populations Cultural nationalism: an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization Ethnicity: a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality Race: a problematic classification of human beings based on skin colour and other physical characteristics Gender; category reflecting the social differences between men and women rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex Cultural ecology: the study of the relationship between a cultural group and its natural environment Cultural adaptation: the use of complex strategies by human groups to live successfully as part of a natural system Political ecology: an approach to cultural geography that studies human – environment relationships through the relationships of patterns of resource use to political and economic forces Ordinary landscapes (vernacular landscapes): the everyday landscapes the people create in the course of their lives Symbolic landscapes: representations of particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impart to a larger public Derelict landscapes: landscapes that have experienced abandonment, misuse, disinvestment, or vandalism Humanistic approach: places the individual – especially individual values, meaning systems, intentions, and conscious acts – at the centre of analysis. The emergence of the study of environmental perception, which pointed out that different people comprehend the landscape differently. Landscape as text: the idea that landscapes can be read and written by groups and individuals Aesthetic: culturally determined standard of beauty and good taste Picturesque: a landscape design inspired by 18th century landscape painters in the romantic tradition Sublime: a landscape so impressive that it inspires awe or wonder Territoriality: the persistent attachment of individuals or people to a specific location or territory Ethology: the scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs Proxemics: the study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space Sense of place: feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place and the symbolism they attach to it Topophilia: the emotions and meanings associated with particular places that have become significant to individuals Semiotics: the practice of writing and reading signs Modernism: a forward looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty and progress Postmodernism: a view of the world that emphasizes an openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political empowerment Cosmopolitanism: an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures Chapter 12 – Future Geographies Human Security: a concept that includes environmental sustainability and populationcarrying capacity in the measure of a country’s ability to promote and defend it citizens’ interests Sustainable development: a vision of development that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity Carrying capacity: the maximum number of users that can be sustained over the long term by a given set of natural resources Main Points Revisited: - - - - In some ways, the future is already here, embedded in the world’s institutional structures and in the dynamics of its populations (we know for example, a good deal about the trends of the next-quarter century, given present populations and birth and death rates. We also know a good deal about the distribution of environmental resources and constraints, the characteristics of local and regional economics, and the legal and political frameworks within which geographical change will probably take place. New and emerging technologies that are likely to have the most impact in reshaping human geographies include advanced transportation technologies, biotechnology, materials technologies, and information technologies (The evolution of the world’s geographies has always been shaped by the opportunities and constraints presented to different places and regions by successive technology systems. Many aspects of future geographies will depend on trends in demand for particular resources and on the exploitation of these new technologies. We must not underestimate the scope and impact of future environmental change in shaping future geographies (Future environmental changes are very hard to predict. However, it is becoming clear that we should, at the very least, consider the possibility of such changes when discussing future geographies and expect some of these changes (such as climate change) to be extremely unpredictable in terms of their local impacts. The changes involved in shaping future geographies will inevitably bring some critical issues, conflicts, and threats, including important geographical issues that centre on scale, boundaries, and territories; on cultural dissonance; and on the sustainability of development. (Many of these issues stem from the globalization of the economy, which is undermining the status of territorial nation-state as the chief regulating mechanism of both global and local dimensions of the world system. The implications for peripheral places and regions are dismal: no matter how strong governments may be in their apparatus of domestic power, they will be next to helpless in the face of acute environmental stress, increased cultural friction, escalating poverty and disease, and growing migrations of refugees. Scenarios: 1. The world becomes populated by consumers rather than citizens. Technology breeds unlimited, customized choices. Computers do increasing amounts of white-collar work. Real leisure increases. Governments become virtual corporations and come to rely on electronic voting. Southeast Asia and the coast of China manufacture most of the world’s goods and consume almost half themselves. Latin America is their branch office. Japan gets richer and unhappier. Russia exports trouble in the form of neo-religious cultists and Mafioso. The US and Europe become large theme parks. 2. The world becomes dominated by a new international division of labour, based on an intensive use of network communications. Technology dominates global culture, which turns inward toward personal spaces. Old public spaces crumble, and ethnic subcultures give way to a patchwork of unbridled individual variety. Europe is wracked by civil strife as its collectively oriented civilization unravels. Russia rebounds, while Japan lags. China and the developing countries become huge flea markets where anything goes. 3. Economic development is slowed in reaction to earlier decades of high crimes and chaos. Europe experiences a second renaissance, becoming a moral beacon. Communitarian values become stronger, and governments undertake large-scale public works directed at environmental improvement. Dirty technologies are tightly regulated and this increases the income gap between the core and the periphery. Asia and latin America become refuges for the young and restless of the core regions who find environmentalism and communitarianism too dogmatic; they settle in “free economic zones” where their education and their energy help stimulate economic growth 4. the world is divided into three rigid and distinct trading blocs, but political boundaries are more fragmented than ever. The EU including most of Europe and Russia has a common currency and tight border controls. The Asia-Pacific region evolves into a trading bloc in response to the European Union, but it is weakened by internal political and economic differences. Mexico collapses undet civil war. Canada breaks up after Quebec’s withdrawal. The third trading bloc is centred on the Indian Ocean, with India, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Iran as the key members. Throughout the world, political conflicts and weaknesses allow widespread terrorism, organized crime, and environmental degradation. 5. the world settles into small powerful city-states. Civic pride blossoms, and governments use advanced technologies to create public works of an unprecedented scale and scope. Rural areas of the world are second class but have widespread virtual hookups. Europe fractionalizes into more than 50 countries; China, Russia, Brazil, and India devolve into black-market ethnic states. Gangs and militia in peripheral countries and old inner-city areas transform into political law-and-order machines.