The Economic, Cultural and Ecosystem Values of the Sudd Wetland
... as much as 90,000 km² in the wet season and is second only to the Patanal in South
America in size. The importance of the wetland to the world’s cultural and environmental
heritage was recognized in 2006 when the Sudd was officially designated a Ramsar site—a
wetland area of international importance ...
Facts on Desertification
... Fluctuations in the services supplied by ecosystems are normal,
especially in drylands, where water supply is irregular and scarce.
However, when a dryland ecosystem is no longer capable to recover from
previous pressures, a downward spiral of desertification may follow,
though it is not inevitable. ...
Facts on Desertification - Integrated Drought Management Programme
... Fluctuations in the services supplied by ecosystems are normal,
especially in drylands, where water supply is irregular and scarce.
However, when a dryland ecosystem is no longer capable to recover from
previous pressures, a downward spiral of desertification may follow,
though it is not inevitable. ...
Political ecology: where is the ecology? - UO Geography
... is ‘of utmost importance’ (2000: 90).
Nevertheless, it is also true that some
political ecologists do not engage questions of
biophysical ecology or environmental change
in more than a glancing manner. For example,
in one of the most outstanding examples of
high-quality ethnographic research in rece ...
The Political Life of Wetlands in Southern Louisiana
... be divorced – they would not exist if they were – from the social relations and actors that value
them, and in southern Louisiana, environmental regulation that serves the business of capital
accumulation is good regulation. Indeed, the extent to which the two are mutually constitutive is
somewhat m ...
Decl_Tour_EN_fin
... Tourism and Sustainability in the 21st Century
I. Inventory and trends
Leisure and tourism came into being as a dimension of life in the 19th and 20th
centuries. The concentration of work processes in industrial production, on the one
hand, limited daily and weekly working hours and, on the other ha ...
Utility Analysis
... It states that as the consumer goes on consuming more and more
amount of commodity the marginal utility of the commodity goes
on declining becomes zero and finally becomes negative.
E.g. If you are set to buy ,say, fountain pens at and given time,
then as the number of pens with you goes on increasi ...
NATURE, SOCIOLOGY, AND THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL By Ryan
... affirmative examinations (Aronowitz 1981:46-65; 2003:196-7; Wehling 2002).3 The absence of
critical theory in environmental sociology is typified by a statement made by a group of leading
environmental sociologists, including Frederick Buttel, Peter Dickens, and Riley Dunlap. Here,
the Frankfurt Sch ...
Jesus Huerta de Soto – Principios Basicos de la Economia
... In acting, all men seek to accomplish certain ends which they have discovered are important to
them. We will refer to value as the subjective and more or less psychically intense appreciation the
actor assigns to his end. The means is any method the actor subjectively believes suitable for
achieving ...
Answer Key
... II. Analyzing Supply Schedules and Curves. A supply schedule gives the number of
units of a commodity that producers would be able and willing to sell during a given time
period at different prices if there are no changes in the factors that can change or
invalidate the supply schedule.
For example, ...
Nature of Southern Regionalism - University of Arkansas Libraries
... Definitive studies of analysis, such as Howard Odum's
Southern Regions, (l) are largely out of date, although we continue to rely upon them for many of our
basic concepts. We failto appreciate that times and
men do change; that new factors are introduced and
old ones lose their dynamic nature. For i ...
the value form
... (Wertsein), of its own character as value (Wertgestalt) . In this way it gains an
independent and separate value-form, different from its natural form . But
secondly, as a value of definite magnitude, as a definite magnitude of value, it is
quantitatively measured by the quantitatively definite rela ...
The concept of alienation, its origins and consequences in capitalism
... competitive, and profitable. Thirdly, whilst not all capitalists are, many are encouraged to be
greedy, cruel and hypocritical in their exploitation (Ollman, 1976: 155). Private ownership is the
key reason for these characteristics. For capitalists, private property needs to be protected and
enlarg ...
Pareto-Efficient Conditions for Pure Public Goods
... condition for renting instead of selling nonrival commodities
We address free-rider problem associated with public goods
in a game-theory framework
Develop Pareto-efficient conditions for allocating public goods
We discuss how to obtain Pareto-efficient allocation when
markets can be developed to ...
General Competitive Equilibrium
... For production efficiency no more of one commodity can be
produced without having to cut back on production of other
commodities
Requires that MRTS for each output be equal
Consider optimal choice of inputs for a single firm producing
two outputs (fish, F, and bread, B)
With two inputs (capital, K ...
65 EXPERIENCE OF CREATING AN ATLAS OF
... The maps of natural disasters are widely used by geographers all over the world
(Berz et al 2001). Natural disaster is an extraordinary natural phenomenon that
leads to the disruption of the ordinary activity of the population, loss of life, and
destruction of property. Natural disasters can be both ...
"two-ness" in trade theory: costs and benefits
... of production assignments of countries to commodities. Some assignments are efficient, and, if world prices (or world demands) are appropriate, these production patterns could be observed in a free-trade world.
Other assignments are inefficient, so that no conceivable pattern of
demand (or prices) c ...
this PDF file
... Such a reversal of ends and means has thus far only taken place once on planet earth, namely by the prehuman becoming human. Human beings begin to distinguish themselves from animals by starting to
produce their means of subsistence by which they are indirectly producing their actual material life
( ...
An overview of valuation techniques for ecosystem accounting
... Figure 2: Demand and Supply Curves
Now with those (simplified) basics in place, let us consider how exchange might progress in a real
economy. When the economy consists of very many buyers and sellers with perfect information and
where none of those buyers or sellers is a sufficiently ‘big player’ t ...
Progress in Physical Geography
... 2011b; Mace et al., 2011). Here a clear distinction is made between ‘services’ on the one hand
and ‘goods’ on the other. The cascade model
follows the MA by treating them as essentially
synonymous, while recognizing that some (e.g.
Brown et al., 2007) prefer to use the term goods
to refer to tangibl ...
Turkey via Five Themes of Geography
... Physical characteristics are items that are located specifically at this geographic location that are
made by nature. These items help to create an overall picture of what it would be like to be/live in
this place.
o Mountains, rivers, forests, desert, etc. These elements were created by nature an ...
Real Wages and Non
... of course, is that factor prices are completely determined by the given prices of
commodities 2 and 3, both produced. The outcome is that Home’s real wage rate, call it
ω, must be improved, assuming labor’s taste pattern is assumed to be the same
homothetic kind as the country as a whole. With the n ...
Background_NCA WS_19092014_final draft
... natural capital stock. As such services are often measured in units which include time.
Use of service may lead to the depletion of the underlying natural capital stock if it is
not renewable or if the rate of use exceeds the capabilities of the underlying system to
renew itself.
...
Commodification of nature
The commodification of nature is an area of research within critical environmental studies concerned with the ways in which natural entities and processes are made exchangeable through the market, and the implications thereof.Drawing upon the work of Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi, James O’Connor and David Harvey, this area of work is normative and critical, based in Marxist geography and political ecology. Theorists use a commodification framing in order to contest the perspectives of ""market environmentalism,"" which sees marketization as a solution to environmental degradation. The environment has been a key site of conflict between proponents of the expansion of market norms, relations and modes of governance and those who oppose such expansion. Critics emphasize the contradictions and undesirable physical and ethical consequences brought about by the commodification of natural resources (as inputs to production and products) and processes (environmental services or conditions).Most researchers who employ a commodification of nature framing invoke a Marxian conceptualization of commodities as ""objects produced for sale on the market"" that embody both use and exchange value. Commodification itself is a process by which goods and services not produced for sale are converted into an exchangeable form. It involves multiple elements, including privatization, alienation, individuation, abstraction, valuation and displacement.As capitalism expands in breadth and depth, more and more things previously external to the system become “internalized,” including entities and processes that are usually considered ""natural."" Nature, as a concept, however, is very difficult to define, with many layers of meaning, including external environments as well as humans themselves. Political ecology and other critical conceptions draw upon strands within Marxist geography that see nature as ""socially produced,"" with no neat boundary separating the ""social"" from the ""natural."" Still, the commodification of entities and processes that are considered natural is viewed as a ""special case"" based on nature’s biophysical materiality, which ""shape[es] and condition[s] trajectories of commodification.""