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The Economic, Cultural and Ecosystem Values of the Sudd Wetland
The Economic, Cultural and Ecosystem Values of the Sudd Wetland

... as much as 90,000 km² in the wet season and is second only to the Patanal in South America in size. The importance of the wetland to the world’s cultural and environmental heritage was recognized in 2006 when the Sudd was officially designated a Ramsar site—a wetland area of international importance ...
Facts on Desertification
Facts on Desertification

... Fluctuations in the services supplied by ecosystems are normal, especially in drylands, where water supply is irregular and scarce. However, when a dryland ecosystem is no longer capable to recover from previous pressures, a downward spiral of desertification may follow, though it is not inevitable. ...
Facts on Desertification - Integrated Drought Management Programme
Facts on Desertification - Integrated Drought Management Programme

... Fluctuations in the services supplied by ecosystems are normal, especially in drylands, where water supply is irregular and scarce. However, when a dryland ecosystem is no longer capable to recover from previous pressures, a downward spiral of desertification may follow, though it is not inevitable. ...
Political ecology: where is the ecology? - UO Geography
Political ecology: where is the ecology? - UO Geography

... is ‘of utmost importance’ (2000: 90). Nevertheless, it is also true that some political ecologists do not engage questions of biophysical ecology or environmental change in more than a glancing manner. For example, in one of the most outstanding examples of high-quality ethnographic research in rece ...
The Political Life of Wetlands in Southern Louisiana
The Political Life of Wetlands in Southern Louisiana

... be divorced – they would not exist if they were – from the social relations and actors that value them, and in southern Louisiana, environmental regulation that serves the business of capital accumulation is good regulation. Indeed, the extent to which the two are mutually constitutive is somewhat m ...
Decl_Tour_EN_fin
Decl_Tour_EN_fin

... Tourism and Sustainability in the 21st Century I. Inventory and trends Leisure and tourism came into being as a dimension of life in the 19th and 20th centuries. The concentration of work processes in industrial production, on the one hand, limited daily and weekly working hours and, on the other ha ...
Utility Analysis
Utility Analysis

... It states that as the consumer goes on consuming more and more amount of commodity the marginal utility of the commodity goes on declining becomes zero and finally becomes negative. E.g. If you are set to buy ,say, fountain pens at and given time, then as the number of pens with you goes on increasi ...
NATURE, SOCIOLOGY, AND THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL By Ryan
NATURE, SOCIOLOGY, AND THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL By Ryan

... affirmative examinations (Aronowitz 1981:46-65; 2003:196-7; Wehling 2002).3 The absence of critical theory in environmental sociology is typified by a statement made by a group of leading environmental sociologists, including Frederick Buttel, Peter Dickens, and Riley Dunlap. Here, the Frankfurt Sch ...
Geography: It`s Nature and Perspectives Region
Geography: It`s Nature and Perspectives Region

... – ask questions and gather evidence – “why of where” • Geography: the study of where things are found on Earth’s surface and the reasons for the locations ...
Jesus Huerta de Soto – Principios Basicos de la Economia
Jesus Huerta de Soto – Principios Basicos de la Economia

... In acting, all men seek to accomplish certain ends which they have discovered are important to them. We will refer to value as the subjective and more or less psychically intense appreciation the actor assigns to his end. The means is any method the actor subjectively believes suitable for achieving ...
Answer Key
Answer Key

... II. Analyzing Supply Schedules and Curves. A supply schedule gives the number of units of a commodity that producers would be able and willing to sell during a given time period at different prices if there are no changes in the factors that can change or invalidate the supply schedule. For example, ...
Nature of Southern Regionalism - University of Arkansas Libraries
Nature of Southern Regionalism - University of Arkansas Libraries

... Definitive studies of analysis, such as Howard Odum's Southern Regions, (l) are largely out of date, although we continue to rely upon them for many of our basic concepts. We failto appreciate that times and men do change; that new factors are introduced and old ones lose their dynamic nature. For i ...
the value form
the value form

... (Wertsein), of its own character as value (Wertgestalt) . In this way it gains an independent and separate value-form, different from its natural form . But secondly, as a value of definite magnitude, as a definite magnitude of value, it is quantitatively measured by the quantitatively definite rela ...
The natural capital metaphor and economic theory
The natural capital metaphor and economic theory

... well understood. If that concept is undetermined, the validity of the metaphor needs to be questioned. The poetic value may be important, but its accuracy may be wanting or even ...
The concept of alienation, its origins and consequences in capitalism
The concept of alienation, its origins and consequences in capitalism

... competitive, and profitable. Thirdly, whilst not all capitalists are, many are encouraged to be greedy, cruel and hypocritical in their exploitation (Ollman, 1976: 155). Private ownership is the key reason for these characteristics. For capitalists, private property needs to be protected and enlarg ...
Pareto-Efficient Conditions for Pure Public Goods
Pareto-Efficient Conditions for Pure Public Goods

... condition for renting instead of selling nonrival commodities We address free-rider problem associated with public goods in a game-theory framework  Develop Pareto-efficient conditions for allocating public goods We discuss how to obtain Pareto-efficient allocation when markets can be developed to ...
General Competitive Equilibrium
General Competitive Equilibrium

... For production efficiency no more of one commodity can be produced without having to cut back on production of other commodities Requires that MRTS for each output be equal Consider optimal choice of inputs for a single firm producing two outputs (fish, F, and bread, B)  With two inputs (capital, K ...
65 EXPERIENCE OF CREATING AN ATLAS OF
65 EXPERIENCE OF CREATING AN ATLAS OF

... The maps of natural disasters are widely used by geographers all over the world (Berz et al 2001). Natural disaster is an extraordinary natural phenomenon that leads to the disruption of the ordinary activity of the population, loss of life, and destruction of property. Natural disasters can be both ...
"two-ness" in trade theory: costs and benefits
"two-ness" in trade theory: costs and benefits

... of production assignments of countries to commodities. Some assignments are efficient, and, if world prices (or world demands) are appropriate, these production patterns could be observed in a free-trade world. Other assignments are inefficient, so that no conceivable pattern of demand (or prices) c ...
this PDF file
this PDF file

... Such a reversal of ends and means has thus far only taken place once on planet earth, namely by the prehuman becoming human. Human beings begin to distinguish themselves from animals by starting to produce their means of subsistence by which they are indirectly producing their actual material life ( ...
An overview of valuation techniques for ecosystem accounting
An overview of valuation techniques for ecosystem accounting

... Figure 2: Demand and Supply Curves Now with those (simplified) basics in place, let us consider how exchange might progress in a real economy. When the economy consists of very many buyers and sellers with perfect information and where none of those buyers or sellers is a sufficiently ‘big player’ t ...
Progress in Physical Geography
Progress in Physical Geography

... 2011b; Mace et al., 2011). Here a clear distinction is made between ‘services’ on the one hand and ‘goods’ on the other. The cascade model follows the MA by treating them as essentially synonymous, while recognizing that some (e.g. Brown et al., 2007) prefer to use the term goods to refer to tangibl ...
Turkey via Five Themes of Geography
Turkey via Five Themes of Geography

...  Physical characteristics are items that are located specifically at this geographic location that are made by nature. These items help to create an overall picture of what it would be like to be/live in this place. o Mountains, rivers, forests, desert, etc. These elements were created by nature an ...
Real Wages and Non
Real Wages and Non

... of course, is that factor prices are completely determined by the given prices of commodities 2 and 3, both produced. The outcome is that Home’s real wage rate, call it ω, must be improved, assuming labor’s taste pattern is assumed to be the same homothetic kind as the country as a whole. With the n ...
Background_NCA WS_19092014_final draft
Background_NCA WS_19092014_final draft

... natural capital stock. As such services are often measured in units which include time. Use of service may lead to the depletion of the underlying natural capital stock if it is not renewable or if the rate of use exceeds the capabilities of the underlying system to renew itself. ...
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Commodification of nature

The commodification of nature is an area of research within critical environmental studies concerned with the ways in which natural entities and processes are made exchangeable through the market, and the implications thereof.Drawing upon the work of Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi, James O’Connor and David Harvey, this area of work is normative and critical, based in Marxist geography and political ecology. Theorists use a commodification framing in order to contest the perspectives of ""market environmentalism,"" which sees marketization as a solution to environmental degradation. The environment has been a key site of conflict between proponents of the expansion of market norms, relations and modes of governance and those who oppose such expansion. Critics emphasize the contradictions and undesirable physical and ethical consequences brought about by the commodification of natural resources (as inputs to production and products) and processes (environmental services or conditions).Most researchers who employ a commodification of nature framing invoke a Marxian conceptualization of commodities as ""objects produced for sale on the market"" that embody both use and exchange value. Commodification itself is a process by which goods and services not produced for sale are converted into an exchangeable form. It involves multiple elements, including privatization, alienation, individuation, abstraction, valuation and displacement.As capitalism expands in breadth and depth, more and more things previously external to the system become “internalized,” including entities and processes that are usually considered ""natural."" Nature, as a concept, however, is very difficult to define, with many layers of meaning, including external environments as well as humans themselves. Political ecology and other critical conceptions draw upon strands within Marxist geography that see nature as ""socially produced,"" with no neat boundary separating the ""social"" from the ""natural."" Still, the commodification of entities and processes that are considered natural is viewed as a ""special case"" based on nature’s biophysical materiality, which ""shape[es] and condition[s] trajectories of commodification.""
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