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THE
REVOLUTIONS
OF 1848
AP World History
Chapter 22e
Almost fifty revolutions occurred in this year.
In the end, they were all put down and/or
contained. Causes varied across the
Continent and included:
• food shortages
• a depression in commerce and industry
• widespread unemployment
• nationalism
• discontent among the working classes
• the desire for more political power by the
middle class political liberals
Revolutions of 1848
Why did Revolutions take place in 1848 on the continent?
Unresolved Political Rights
Agricultural Conditions
Industrialization
Nationalism
Role of the Domino Effect
Why Revolution doesn’t take place in Britain?
Workers’ Chartism of the 1830s and 1840s
Failure of Workers’ Charter vs. victory of middle classes by
1846
Goals of the revolution
Why did revolutions fail?
CENTERS OF
REVOLUTION IN
1848–1849
The revolution that
toppled the July
monarchy in Paris in
1848 soon spread to
Austria and many of
the German and
Italian states. Yet by
the end of 1849,
most of these
uprisings had been
suppressed.
The Course of the 1848 Revolution:
January: Palermo
(Italy)
February: Paris
March: Berlin,
Munich,
Vienna,
Venice,
Milan,
Cracow
In Austria Kaiser Franz
Joseph 1849: Revolt in
Hungary suppressed
with Russian help
Reign of Louis-Philippe (1830-1848)
• July Monarchy
• “Bourgeois” king
• Reforms:
– Adopted the Tricolor
flag of the revolution
– Abolished censorship
– Worked with the
parliament
– Electoral Reform
• Louis-Philippe’s reforms
helped mainly the upper
middle classes (wealthy
industrialists &
financiers)
FRANCE
• The refusal of King Louis
Philippe and his chief
minister, Guizot, to bring
about electoral reform
sparked a revolt in Paris
on February 22, 1848.
• Louis Philippe fled to
England after the revolt.
Goals of the Revolution in France, 1848
Goals of the revolution differed depending on your class:
Bourgeois liberal goals:
Constitutional representative governments
Limited democracy
Limited state interference
Nationalism
Working-class radical republican goals:
Constitutional representative governments
Universal male suffrage
Activist state
Nationalism
FRANCE
During the February days of the French Revolution of
1848, crowds in Paris burned the throne of Louis Philippe.
FRANCE
• Viva la Republic! The revolt led to the
establishment of a provisional republic that
granted universal male suffrage. It was
led by poet, Alphonse de Lamartine.
FRANCE
• Strange Bedfellows: The
revolutionary coalition could
not agree on a common
program.
• A split occurred between the
moderate, liberal republicans
represented by Lamartine
and the socialist republicans,
led by Louis Blanc who
wanted national workshops
for the unemployed.
FRANCE
• 1. National Workshops were a compromise
between the socialists’ demand for work for all
and the moderates’ determination to provide
only temporary relief for the massive
unemployment.
• 2. Conflict between classes resulted from a fear
of socialism. The workers invaded the
Constituent Assembly and tried to proclaim a
new revolutionary government.
• 3. The Assembly dissolved the workshops in
May which led to a violent uprising – the June
Days
FRANCE
• Louis Napoleon: Class
warfare resulted in the
election of this strongman
(nephew of Napoleon I) to
the presidency in 1848.
• On December 1851 he
dissolved the French
Parliament and one year
later declared himself sole
ruler as Emperor
Napoleon III.
Revolutions in Europe
• Austria:
– Meternich flees the revolution
• Ferdinand deposed, choice of his nephew Franz
Joseph II (1848-1916)
– Hungarian revolt suppressed with Russian help
• Nicholas I, “the policeman of Europe.”
• Germany:
– Unification of German States
• Large Germany (Grossdeutsch), or Little Germany
(Kleindeutsch)
Frankfort Parliament offers imperial crown to
Prussian king
• Italy: Revolts in Naples, Papal States, Tuscany, Venice
– Goal: Unification under the House of Savoy
– Austrians reassert control in Tuscany & Venetia
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
• A. French Inspiration: Revolution in
France resulted in popular upheaval
throughout central Europe.
• B. Vienna: Inspired by the Magyar
nationalist, Louis Kossuth, beginning on
March 13, 1848, students and
workingmen engaged in riots and
invaded the imperial palace.
• The army failed to contain the
disturbances.
• The government, fearful that urban
unrest would cause an uprising of the
serfs in the countryside, abolished
serfdom.
Metternich,
Austrian Empire's
Foreign Minister,
resigned forced to
flee in March 1848
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
• Hungary
– 1. Led by Louis Kossuth, the
Hungarians (Magyars)
demanded national
autonomy, civil liberties, and
universal suffrage.
– 2. Emperor Ferdinand I
promised reforms and a
liberal constitution.
– Serfdom was abolished by
the end of March, 1848
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
– 3. The revolution lost steam
due to conflict among different
nationalities (Hungarians vs.
Croats, Serbs, Romanians;
Czechs vs. Germans) which
was encouraged by the
Austrian monarchy.
– The leaders of the revolution
wanted to restructure the
country according to ethnic
language and culture.
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
– 4. The alliance of the
working and middle
classes collapsed. The
conservative
aristocrats crushed the
revolution.
– 5. Francis Joseph was
crowned emperor in
1848.
– 6. The Russian army
helped to defeat the
Hungarians.
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Bohemia: In April, 1848 an
uprising broke out in Prague.
Czech nationalists met at an allSlav congress.
• They called for a constituent
assembly for Bohemia.
• They demanded that the
Czech language be used
along with German in schools
and government offices.
• In June, 1848 imperial troops
bombarded Prague and
crushed the Czech rebellion.
ITALY TO 1850: A BATTLE
GROUND FOR GREAT POWERS
• Metternich said Italy was not
a nation, but a
“geographical expression”.
• A. Italy prior to 1860 was
divided; much of it was
under the control of Austria
and the pope.
• B. Between 1815 and 1848,
the goal of unification began
to appeal to Italians
ITALY TO 1850: A BATTLE
GROUND FOR GREAT POWERS
• C. Three Approaches to
Unification1. Guiseppi Mazzini –
had been a member of the secret
Carbonari. He founded the Young
Italy Movement to promote unification.
– Goal to found a democratic
republic based on universal
suffrage.
– 1848 revolutions failed when rebels
seized the papacy angering
European Catholics and prompting
Napoleon III to send in a French
army to put down the rebels.
Mazzini went into exile.
ITALY TO 1850: A BATTLE
GROUND FOR GREAT POWERS
– 2. Papal Power
• Vincenzo Gioberti (philosopher and
statesman): supported movement for a
unified Italian state centered on the
Papacy. Wanted federation of existing
states under the presidency of the pope
• Pius IX: Had supported unification in 1848
but backed away from the idea after his
seizure by rebels and in subsequent years
he opposed nationalism and other modern
ideas. In 1864 his paper Syllabus of Errors
denounced rationalism, socialism,
separation of church and state, and
religious liberty.
ITALY TO 1850: A BATTLE
GROUND FOR GREAT POWERS
– 3. Sardinia:
• Prince Charles Albert of SardiniaPiedmont (1831-1849) fought against
Austrian control, gave his people a
constitution allowing civil liberties and a
parliamentary government with control
over taxed; but both the war of
liberation and the revolutionary
republics set up in Rome, Venice, and
Tuscany were crushed by Austria in
1849, aided by the French troops.
• The dream of a united Italy was
shattered although Sardinia kept its
independence. Charles Albert
abdicated in favor of his son.
• Victor Emmanuel II: retained the
Sardinian constitution.
PRUSSIA
Post Congress of Vienna: the Congress of
Vienna had established the German
Confederation.
•Liberal and nationalist movements were
circumscribed by the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees
(members of the German Confederation were
required to root out subversive ideas in their
universities and newspapers; a permanent
committee of spies was established to
investigate and punish any liberal or radical
organizations)
•France and Russia encouraged rivalries
among the German States to prevent the
emergence of a strong, united nation on their
borders. Prussia, under the Hohenzollerns,
took the lead in the unification process in the
German states.
PRUSSIA
PRUSSIA
• Supporters of Unification
– 1. Middle Class Aspirations: wish to create a unified, liberal
Germany.
– 2. Working Class Aspirations: inspired by events in France: they
demanded and received a liberal constitution. However, their
demands for suffrage and socialist reforms incited fear among
the aristocracy.
– 3. Frankfurt National Assembly(1848): composed of middle class
liberals who began writing a constitution for a unified Germany.
– 4. War with Denmark: Prussia and Denmark were fighting over
the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. The Frankfurt
Assembly was rejected by the newly-elected Frederick William
IV. This attempt at German liberalism had failed
PRUSSIA
• C. a Look Backward
– 1640-1713 Frederick
William, the Great Elector
– 1713-1740 Frederick
William I
– 1740-1786 Frederick II
(the Great)
– 1786-1797 Frederick
William II
– 1797-1840 Frederick
William III
PRUSSIA
Frederick William IV (1840-1861)
Son of Frederick William III, he
began his reign by granting minor
reforms and promising radical
changes.
He wanted to unify Germany “from
above”.
He opposed the popular movement
of 1848, but was forced to grant a
representative parliament in 1850.
In 1857, afflicted with insanity, he
resigned the administration to his
brother.
Why do the Revolutions Fail?
•Problem of Idealism among Revolutionaries
•Military Power
•Weak Alliances
The
Suppression of
the 1848
Revolutions
Lasting Significance of 1848
• While there was a lasting challenge of liberal and
radical programs
• Persistence of old regime
• “Democracy” and 2nd Republic in France under
• Louis Napoleon, president (1848-1852) then
• Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870)
• “Representative” government (Landtag) in Prussia
• Emigration of 1848’ers to United States
• Eventual conservative cooption of liberal and
radical platforms