Download alabama high school graduation exam social studies review

ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM SOCIAL STUDIES REVIEW
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EVENTS LEADING TO THE EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
CRUSADES (1096-1204)
Attempt by Christians in Western Europe to reclaim Holy Land and Jerusalem from Muslims
While militarily unsuccessful, they had great effects on Western Europe
Trade began between Western Europe and the Middle East and Asia
New sailing technology and knowledge was obtained from the Muslims (caravel, astrolabe, compass)
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal established a navigation school. Portugal took the early lead in
world exploration
THE DESIRE TO FIND ALTERNATE TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA AND THE IMPROVED SAILING TECHNOLOGY LED
TO EUROPEANS DISCOVERING, EXPLORING, AND EVENTUALLY COLONIZING THE AMERICAS
RENAISSANCE (1300-1600)
A REBIRTH of interest in learning and art of ancient Greece and Rome beginning in Italy and spreading
throughout Europe
THE RENAISSANCE SPIRIT OF CURIOSITY ABOUT THE WORLD AND CONTINUED ADVANCES IN SAILING
TECHNOLOGY LED TO EUROPEANS’ DISCOVERING, EXPLORING, AND EVENTUALLY COLONIZING THE
AMERICAS
REFORMATION (1517)
A movement for religious reform of the Catholic Church begun when Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses
(a list of Church problems, including the sale of indulgences which was a partial or full forgiveness from
punishment for sins that had been committed and also confessed)
This eventually led to the formation of different Protestant churches
THE DESIRE OF SOME OF THESE PROTESTANT GROUPS FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM LED THEM TO MOVE TO
NORTH AMERICA AND SETTLE THERE (examples: PURITANS AND QUAKERS)
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
First Europeans to explore and colonize North America—SPANISH
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE—the exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between the
Eastern and Western Hemispheres (New and Old Worlds) after Columbus came to the New World.
TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTE- pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
CONQUISTADOR—Spanish for “conqueror”—the name given to Spanish explorers
 Christopher Columbus- discovered the New World
 Hernan Cortes- conquered the Aztec of Mexico
 Francisco Pizarro- conquered the Inca of Peru in South America
 Bartolemeu Dias- 1st to sail around tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa- crossed Panama and became 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean
 Ferdinand Magellan-leader of 1st expedition to sail around (circumnavigate) the earth
 Hernando de Soto- searched for gold in Southeast USA including Alabama
 Juan Ponce de Leon- searched for Fountain of Youth in Florida
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Amerigo Vespucci- scouted the coast of North America (America named after him)
ST. AUGUSTINE—in Florida, the first permanent settlement in America, begun by the Spanish
ROANOKE- (also called the Lost Colony) first attempted English settlement in North America sponsored by
Sir Walter Raleigh. The colonists disappeared when Governor John White returned to England for
supplies.
JAMESTOWN—in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in America. The colony became
successful when John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of tobacco. (John Smith and Pocahontas)
England will eventually have 13 colonies along the Atlantic (east) coast
These English colonies will be divided geographically and culturally as the NEW ENGLAND, MIDDLE, AND
SOUTHERN COLONIES
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VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES—the legislature or law-making body in the Virginia colony; it is the first
representative assembly in America; eventually all 13 English colonies will have a colonial legislature made
up of elected representatives from that colony; these legislatures will make laws and approve spending
for the colony
Spain and France will also have land claims and colonies in America
The Dutch claimed the area now known as New York
COLONIAL SEPARATION FROM BRITAIN
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1756-1763)
Also called the Seven Years’ War
War between Britain and the colonists against the French and their Indian allies over control of eastern
North America (Ohio River Valley)
Britain won
War ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763) In that treaty France gave up Canada and all its land east of the
Mississippi River to Britain
Paying off the cost of this war and paying for the 13 colonies’ government and defense led Britain to place
TAXES on the 13 colonies
PROCLAMATION OF 1763- British act that stopped colonial settlers from moving on new lands gained in
the French and Indian War to avoid another war with Native Americans already living there.
TAXATION AND TRADE RESTRICTIONS
Britain attempted to control colonies’ trade—make them trade only with Britain and enforce existing
trade laws
To raise money, Britain taxed a variety of items or gave tax breaks to British manufacturers; items
included tea, paint, paper, lead, glass
First direct tax was the STAMP ACT (1765) a tax on all printed material in the colonies
SONS OF LIBERTY- organized to protest the Stamp Act. Samuel Adams was its leader.
Colonial protests included boycotts of British manufactured goods—some of the taxes, like the Stamp Act,
were repealed; but Britain would wait and then just pass another tax
BOSTON MASSACRE (1770)
British troops killed 5 people in Boston, Massachusetts, including a free African-American sailor, Crispus
Attucks
BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773)
To protest British tax break on tea for a British tea company (which hurt profits of colonial merchants),
members of the Sons of Liberty (led by Samuel Adams) dressed as Indians and dumped tea into Boston
Harbor
INTOLERABLE OR COERCIVE ACTS (1774)
Passed by British to punish Boston and colony of Massachusetts for the Tea Party; brought more British
troops to the colony; closed Massachusetts colonial legislature—an attack on the colonists’ freedom and
rights of self-government; and closed Boston Harbor
REMEMBER THAT THE BRITISH WERE INTERFERING WITH THE COLONISTS’ FINANCES THROUGH TAXES
AND FREEDOM BY LIMITING THEIR RIGHT TO GOVERN THEMSELVES
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1774)
Met in Philadelphia in response to the Intolerable Acts; colonists began to from militias and store
weapons and ammunition in case of possible fighting against the British; also began another boycott of
British goods
PATRICK HENRY
Made the famous “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” speech in the Virginia House of Burgesses in favor
of Independence
BATTLES OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD (APRIL, 1775)
First battles of American Revolution; British troops are trying to seize colonists’ weapons and ammunition;
Paul Revere warns “the British are coming”
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SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1775)
Met in Philadelphia in response to battles at Lexington and Concord
Sent “Olive Branch Petition” to England to try to avoid a war
This group chooses George Washington to command American armies
This group has the Declaration of Independence written
This group is really the only government for the colonies during the Revolutionary War
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AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775-1781)
First battles: Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts (April, 1775)
Battle of Bunker Hill near Boston, Massachusetts (1775) British win when Patriots run out of ammunition
Turning point battle: Saratoga in New York (1777); French joined Americans after this American victory
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; winter headquarters (1777-1778) (bitterly cold, just tried to survive)
Last battle: Yorktown in Virginia (1781); British led by Lord Cornwallis surrender
American commander-in-chief: George Washington
Treaty: TREATY OF PARIS (1783); Britain recognizes the independence and boundaries of the United
States; western boundary of U.S. is the Mississippi River
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DOCUMENTS, PEOPLE, IDEAS, AND EVENTS INFLUENCING DEVELOPMENT OF UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT
MAGNA CARTA (1215)
Document forcibly signed by King John of England that limited power of king and Gave rights to people
ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS (1689)
More rights given to English people, such as trial by jury
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JOHN LOCKE
Enlightenment political philosopher from England
Natural rights all people are born with—life, liberty, and property
Government’s power comes from the consent (agreement) of the people it governs
Government’s job is to protect the people’s natural rights and if it doesn’t people have the right to
overthrow the gov’t
His ideas were a huge influence on Thomas Jefferson and the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
Enlightenment political philosopher from France
Champion of individual freedom (speech, religion, etc)
Belief in social contract—government was an agreement between the people and the government
His ideas were an influence on the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION, BILL OF RIGHTS
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU
Enlightenment political philosopher from France
Separation of powers—national and state governments
Separation of powers—3 branches of government
Checks and balances for each branch over the other 2
His ideas were a huge influence on the CONSTITUTION
MAYFLOWER COMPACT (1620)
Agreement by the Pilgrims about the type of government they would establish
A part of the American tradition of self-government
GREAT AWAKENING (1730S-1740S)
Religious revival
INFLUENCE ON GOVERNMENT: IDEA OF EQUALITY OF ALL PEOPLE; MANY COLLEGES (TO TRAIN
MINISTERS) BEGAN IN THIS PERIOD
COMMON SENSE (1776)
Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine; it encouraged many people in the colonies to favor independence
from Britain
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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (JULY 4, 1776)
Declared American colonies to be independent from Britain
Primary author: Thomas Jefferson, with ideas from John Locke
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1781-1789)
1st U.S. government before the Constitution, written by Second Continental Congress
Created a WEAK national government, actually more power belonged to individual states; 13 separate
governments
Only one branch of government—legislative
No President or Vice-President
No national court system
The legislature had no power to tax
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION (1789)
Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and confusion in the nation (Shays’s Rebellion) led to the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1787
George Washington was president of the convention
PREAMBLE-states purpose for establishing the new government. “We the people, in order to form……”
2 plans developed. Virginia Plan was the large state plan and New Jersey Plan was the small state plan
Created a FEDERAL SYSTEM: power divided between national and state governments
THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT: LEGISLATIVE—Congress—makes laws
EXECUTIVE—President—carries out laws
JUDICIAL—courts—interprets laws
CHECKS AND BALANCES: each branch of government can “check” the power of the other 2
GREAT COMPROMISE: Settled the dispute over representation between large & small states
Bicameral (2 house) legislature
Senate: each state (regardless of population) has 2 Senators
House of Representatives: number based on a state’s population
THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE: Will slaves count toward total population??
3/5 of slave population counts for representation
Even with the compromises, not everyone favored the Constitution
FEDERALISTS—in favor of Constitution
ANTI-FEDERALISTS—opposed the Constitution; felt it gave national government TOO much power and did
not protect individual rights and freedoms
THE FEDERALIST: series of newspaper articles written to persuade the people of New York to ratify the
Constitution, the best explanation of how the new government was intended to work; written by James
Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
To gain Anti-Federalist support, a Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) was added
“Father of the Constitution”—James Madison
First President—George Washington
IMPORTANT PARTS OF UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
ELASTIC CLAUSE (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) or the “necessary and proper clause”—gave the
legislature the right to pass any law “necessary and proper” to carry out its duties; application of this
clause has helped to create a powerful national government
PREAMBLE--introduction
1st AMENDMENT: five freedoms—speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
2nd AMENDMENT: right to bear arms
3rd AMENDMENT: keeping troops in private homes
4th AMENDMENT: search and seizure
5th AMENDMENT: rights of a person accused of a crime
6th AMENDMENT: fair and speedy trial
7th AMENDMENT: trial by jury in civil suits
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8th AMENDMENT: bail and punishment
9th AMENDMENT: powers reserved to the people
10th AMENDMENT: powers reserved to the states
THESE 10 ARE COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS THE BILL OF RIGHTS; ratified in 1791
12th AMENDMENT: changes in Electoral College (electing President) procedures—1804
13th AMENDMENT: abolition of slavery—1865
14th AMENDMENT: citizenship, due process, and equal protection of the law—1868
15th AMENDMENT: prohibits denial of the vote because of race, color, or previous condition of slavery—
1870
16th AMENDMENT: income tax
17th AMENDMENT: direct or popular election of Senators—1913
18th AMENDMENT: PROHIBITION of the sale and consumption of alcohol—1919
19th AMENDMENT: right to vote (SUFFRAGE) for women—1920
21st AMENDMENT: REPEAL of PROHIBITION (no alcohol); only amendment ever to be repealed—1933
22nd AMENDMENT: limit on Presidential terms (2 terms or 10 years)—1951
24th AMENDMENT: prohibition of tax payment (poll tax) as a qualification to vote in federal elections;
paying a poll tax was a tactic used by many southern states to keep African-Americans from voting—1964
25th AMENDMENT: Presidential disability and succession—1967
26th AMENDMENT: minimum age for voting set at 18—1971
TOTAL OF 27 AMENDMENTS
FIRST AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS
First political parties: FEDERALISTS (headed by Alexander Hamilton) and JEFFERSONIAN OR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICANS (headed by Thomas Jefferson)
Federalists favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution and a strong national government; they
wanted the national government to take over the states’ debts from the Revolutionary War, favored
industry over agriculture
Jeffersonian-Republicans favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution and strong state governments;
they opposed the national government taking over states’ debts from the Revolutionary War, favored
agriculture over Industry
George Washington set the tradition of a President serving 8 years or 2 terms
In his FAREWELL ADDRESS, Washington warned against the dangers of political parties, sectionalism, and
he also warned against becoming involved in foreign wars and alliances
Power of the Supreme Court grew greatly under CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL
JUDICIAL REVIEW: gives the Supreme Court the power to declare federal and state law or actions
unconstitutional; a part of the Marbury v. Madison case (1803)
CONGRESSIONAL POWER TO REGULATE FOREIGN AND INTERSTATE COMMERCE: from the Gibbons v.
Ogden case (1824); another case decided while JOHN MARSHALL was Chief Justice
10. WAR OF 1812—U.S. V. BRITAIN (1812-1815)
 CAUSES: British interference with American trade
British impressment (kidnapping) of American sailors to serve in British navy
Britain supported Native American rebellions against the U.S.
Group of Southern and Western Congressmen—“War Hawks”—wanted war with Britain and were
eager to take over British territory, especially Canada
 MAJOR BATTLES: Tippecanoe—William Henry Harrison defeats Shawnee in Indiana (1811)
Put-in-Bay—Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British fleet on Lake Erie (1813)
Washington, D.C.—captured by British; White House burned (1814)
Horseshoe Bend, AL—Andrew Jackson defeats Creeks (1814) with Cherokee help
Ft. McHenry near Baltimore, Maryland—while Americans successfully defend the fort,
Francis Scott Key writes “The Star-Spangled Banner”
New Orleans—Andrew Jackson defeats British (1815); the treaty ending the war
had actually already been signed but they didn’t know. Jackson becomes war hero.
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James Madison was President during the war; sometimes called “Mr. Madison’s War”
TREATY: Treaty of Ghent signed in Ghent, Belgium, December, 24, 1814, before the Battle of New Orleans
EFFECTS: No land/boundary changes between U.S. and Britain
American pride and patriotism after defeating Britain for the second time in less than 40 years; a feeling
of “nationalism”—loyalty to and pride in nation; Economic boom after the war, followed by economic
decline in 1819
11. EXPANSION OF UNITED STATES 1783-1853
NORTHWEST TERRITORY
 Area west of Appalachian Mts. and north of Ohio River
LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785
 Established the grid system for dividing the land in the NW Territory into areas of uniform size
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787
 Established the process by which territories could become states
 No slavery permitted in NW Territory
LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)
 Purchased from France with the approval of President Thomas Jefferson for $15 million
 Land from Mississippi River to Rocky Mts.
 Doubled the size of U.S.
 Area was eventually explored by LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, who were guided by Sacajawea
“ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS” (1817-1825)
 The 8 years of James Monroe’s Presidency
 Time of unity, optimism, patriotism
 Key idea of this time was the American System proposed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky
 This plan encouraged the development of American industry, the building of roads, bridges, and canals for
transportation, and tariffs to protect American manufacturing from foreign competition
 The plan aimed to make America self-sufficient, both agriculturally and industrially
ALABAMA
 Was at one time part of Mississippi Territory
 Alabama Territory organized in 1817
 Alabama became the 22nd state on December 14, 1819
MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)
 Proposed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky
 PURPOSE: to keep an equal number of slave states and free states
 MISSOURI joined Union as slave state; MAINE joined Union as free state
 Slavery would not be permitted in western territories north of the southern boundary of Missouri; 36 30’
north latitude line
 Only a temporary solution to the slavery issue
MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)
 Issued by President James Monroe
 U.S. would oppose any European interference in the affairs of independent countries in the Americas
 Any European interference would be viewed by the U.S. as an unfriendly act
 The American continents should not be considered for further colonization by Europe
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830)
 President Andrew Jackson ordered the removal of Indians in the Southeast so that white settlers could
have their lands
 The Indians were sent to reservations in Oklahoma
 Included in the removal were Creeks from Alabama
 Over ¼ of the Cherokees died on the 800 mile journey to Oklahoma—of disease, starvation, or cold—the
Cherokees call this the Trail of Tears
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WESTWARD EXPANSION
NATIONAL ROAD- From Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia and later on to Vandalia, Illinois
ERIE CANAL- manmade waterway from Buffalo to Albany, NY. Linked the Great Lakes New York City
allowing New York to become the major commercial center of the USA
There were various trails to the West
OREGON TRAIL: Independence, Missouri, to Oregon—most famous and popular trail
SANTA FE TRAIL: Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico (increase trade with Mexico)
MORMON TRAIL: Nauvoo, Illinois, to Salt Lake City, Utah, used by Mormons (religious trail)
CALIFORNIA TRAIL: branched off Oregon Trail to go to California (gold route)
GOLD was discovered in California in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento
Many people moved to California to find gold in the GOLD RUSH OF 1849—the “forty-niners”
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
Texas was part of Mexico although many Americans had moved there
The people of Texas eventually rebelled and won their independence from Mexico led by dictator General
Antonio Santa Anna
A key battle in the TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE was the BATTLE OF THE ALAMO-all the Texans were
killed but “Remember the Alamo” became a rallying cry of the Texans.
Texas was its own independent country, the Republic of Texas with President Sam Houston, from 18361845
Texas asked to be annexed, or added, to the U.S.; it joined the Union as a slave state in 1845
MEXICAN WAR—U.S. V MEXICO (1846-1848)
Because of territorial disputes over the boundaries of Texas and the refusal of Mexico to sell more
territory to the U.S., war broke out
The U.S. won easily
Mexico gave up ½ its land, selling California and New Mexico to the U.S. for $18 million—the Mexican
Cession
MANIFEST DESTINY
The belief that it was God’s will for the U.S. to expand and eventually possess the entire North American
government
This phrase was often heard as America and its people expanded westward
It was often the “excuse” to remove Indians from their land—why let a few Indians stand in the way of
manifest destiny?????
12. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
 President Andrew Jackson (hero of War of 1812) was seen as a “common man”; more emphasis was given
to the “common man” during his Presidency
 Extension of voting rights—property qualifications for white males to vote were dropped—this gave the
name Jacksonian Democracy
 SPOILS SYSTEM—Jackson openly gave his friends and supporters high positions in the government; a nicer
term for this practice is PATRONAGE
 NULLIFICATION CRISIS OVER THE TARIFF OF 1828 OR “THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS”—the state of
South Carolina protested the tariffs (taxes) placed on foreign manufactured goods; Senator John C.
Calhoun of SC stated that a state did not have to obey a law that was harmful to the state (doctrine of
nullification); also if ¾ of the states believed a law to be unconstitutional, the law would be null and void;
there was talk that SC would leave the Union; Jackson was prepared to call in federal troops if SC
attempted to secede from the Union
13. SOCIAL REFORMS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
WOMEN’S RIGHTS, ESPECIALLY SUFFRAGE (RIGHT TO VOTE)
 LEADERS: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth (former slave), Susan B. Anthony
 Seneca Falls Convention—held in Seneca Falls, NY; first women’s rights convention in the U.S. (1848) was
organized by Mott and Stanton
 SUFFRAGETTES- women who supported women’s right to vote
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ABOLITON—ENDING SLAVERY
LEADERS: William Lloyd Garrison (founded antislavery newspaper The Liberator), Harriet Beecher Stowe
(author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, book about slavery), Frederick Douglass (former slave and founder of
antislavery newspaper The North Star), Harriet Tubman (former slave)
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD—escape route for slaves to North and freedom; Harriet Tubman was a leading
“conductor” on the Railroad
OTHER MOVEMENTS
Dorothea Dix worked to improve prison conditions and to provide care for the mentally ill
Temperance movement worked to end use and sale of alcohol (mostly a women’s movement)
Utopian Communities—harmonious, peaceful communities that would provide the world with the best
example of how to live; these were often connected to a certain religious group like the Amish,
Mennonites, Quakers, or Shakers
Horace Mann advocated public education for both men and women
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A DISTINCT AMERICAN CULTURE—AUTHORS AND POETS
Noah Webster—dictionary, spelling book
Ralph Waldo Emerson—poet, writer, leader in Transcendentalist Movement
Henry David Thoreau—poet, writer, author of Walden and “Civil Disobedience”; Transcendentalist
Walt Whitman—poet
Edgar Allen Poe—poet, author of “scary” short stories such as “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Raven”
Nathaniel Hawthorne—author of The Scarlet Letter
Washington Irving—short stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (Ichabod Crane)
James Fenimore Cooper—first great American writer, author of The Last of the Mohicans
Emily Dickinson—wrote 1800 poems, one of the first influential female authors
Herman Melville—wrote Moby Dick
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow—popular poet, wrote “Paul Revere’s Ride”
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15. FACTORS LEADING TO SECTIONAL DIVISION
COMPROMISE OF 1850
 Proposed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky
 Settled the dispute on slave status of lands gained from Mexico
 California admitted to Union as free state
 Unorganized western territory would be admitted to Union as free territory
 Utah and New Mexico Territories would be open to slavery by POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY —letting the
people vote for or against slavery
FUGITIVIVE SLAVE LAW
 Part of Compromise of 1850
 Required Northern states to return escaped slaves to their Southern owners
 Unpopular in North; many Northern states used the South Carolina Doctrine of Nullification to justify their
position of not obeying this law
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT (1854)
 Proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois
 Basically repealed the Missouri Compromise
 Allowed territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose for or against slavery (popular sovereignty)
 Settlers from both sides rushed into Kansas and armed battles between pro-slavery and anti-slavery
forces became common
 Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas” and was essentially a state in civil war
FORMATION OF REPUBLICAN PARTY (1854)
 Formed by Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers (who opposed slavery in new territories)
 This party became noted for opposing the spread of slavery to western territories
 Party of Abraham Lincoln
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DRED SCOTT DECISION (1857) DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD
Dred Scott sued his owner for his freedom because he had lived 4 years in the free territory of Wisconsin
The Southern-controlled Supreme Court ruled against him
Slaves were not citizens and could not sue in court; this essentially made slaves property
Enslaved people did not win freedom simply by living in a free territory or state
The Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional (Congress could not deprive slave owners of their
property by forbidding slavery anywhere), and all territories were open to slavery
JOHN BROWN RAID (1859)
Abolitionist leader who led his followers in attack on an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
He wanted to arm the slaves and lead a rebellion
He was captured, found guilty of treason, and hanged
He became a hero to abolitionists
He was hated by Southerners and made them feel even more uneasy about slave revolts and their
security
16. ELECTION OF LINCOLN TO NATIONAL DIVISION
1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
 Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln, who was opposed to the expansion of slavery in the western
territories
 Democratic Party splits
 Northern Democrats nominate Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who favored popular sovereignty--let
the people in the western territories vote for or against slavery
 Southern Democrats nominate Vice-President John Breckinridge of Kentucky, who favored the spread of
slavery to western territories
 The Southern states feared the election of Lincoln; feared he would end slavery everywhere; South
Carolina’s governor announced that his state would secede (leave the Union) if Lincoln were elected
 Because of the split in the Democratic Party, Lincoln did win
FORMATION OF CONFEDERACY
 After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina became the first state to secede (December 20, 1860)
 By February 1, 1861, six other states (known as the Lower South) seceded: Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas
 Delegates from these 7 states met February 4-18, 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama (1st capital of the
Confederacy), to form the Confederate States of America; Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was chosen
President of the Confederacy
 The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, on
April 12. 1861, as the South fired on Union troops holding the fort
 After Ft. Sumter and Lincoln’s call for volunteers for the Union army, the states of North Carolina, Virginia,
Arkansas, and Tennessee (known as the Upper South) will secede, bringing the total of Confederate to 11;
the capital city will be moved from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia
 The “border states” of Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, where slavery was legal, remained in the Union
CIVIL WAR STRATEGY/STRENGTHS
NORTH
 Invade South
 Destroy the South’s ability to fight
 Lower morale so South would not want to fight
ANACONDA PLAN
 Apply a naval blockade to keep South from getting supplies
 Seize the Mississippi River and divide the Confederacy east to west
 Called the Anaconda Plan; squeeze the South in tighter and tighter circles, cutting supply lines
SOUTH
 Prolong the war until the North grew tired of fighting
 Convince European nations (especially Britain and France) to support the South
 Fighting a defensive war on familiar territory
 Superior leaders
POCKETS OF RESISTANCE TO SECESSION
WESTERN COUNTIES OF VIRIGINA
 These counties did not favor secession, and when Virginia seceded, they formed a separate government
loyal to the Union. This area became the state of West Virginia in 1863
WINSTON COUNTY, ALABAMA
 People here did not agree with secession; they did not serve in the Confederate army and many
supported the Union
 In 1862, the people of the county gathered at Looney’s Tavern in the city of Houston and announced their
neutrality
 This county is sometimes called the Free State of Winston
17.
NON-MILITARY EVENTS OF CIVIL WAR
POLITICAL
Creation of black military units (54th Massachusetts was most famous group)
Segregated units with white officers in the army
The navy had integrated units
ECONOMIC
 Homestead Act ((1862)—encouraged settlement of West; gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would
agree to farm it for 5 years
 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)—gave each state thousands of acres of land to sell; at least one public
university had to be funded from the money made; the foundation of the public university system
CULTURAL
 Draft opposition—both sides had a military draft; Confederacy started it first; in the North there was great
opposition to the draft and several horrible riots over it; poor people resented the draft because you had
to serve in the army or pay $300 for a substitute, which poor people could not afford
 Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)—issued by President Lincoln, freed only the slaves in the
Confederate states, which actually meant it freed no slaves; after this was issued, many black soldiers
joined the Union army
LEGAL
 Lincoln suspended the right to a writ of habeas corpus (guarantee that a person could not be imprisoned
without appearing in court) and declared martial (military) in Maryland
 He then had Confederate supporters in Maryland jailed to keep Maryland in the Union
 If Maryland had joined the Confederacy, Washington, D.C. would have been surrounded by Confederate
territory
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18.
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CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)
FIRST SHOTS FIRED: Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina (April, 1861)
FIRST MAJOR BATTLE: First Battle of Bull Run south of Washington, D.C. in Virginia (July,1861)
BLOODIEST BATTLE: Shiloh, Tennessee (April, 1862)
BLOODIEST ONE DAY BATTLE: Antietim, Maryland (September, 1862)
Vicksburg, Mississippi (May-July, 1863)—the last Southern stronghold on the Mississippi River; General
Ulysses S. Grant led a successful Union siege to give the Union control of the Mississippi River and split the
Confederacy
TURNING POINT: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1-3, 1863) Union victory; Lincoln will give his famous
Gettysburg Address reaffirming his belief in democracy and his desire to see the country reunited at the
dedication of a cemetery here November, 1863
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Sherman’s March to the Sea (May-December, 1864)—Union general William T. Sherman led 60,000 Union
soldiers from Chattanooga, Tennessee, through Atlanta, Georgia, to Savannah, Georgia, then northward
into South and North Carolina; his troops destroyed everything in a 60-mile wide path; this created much
bitterness in the South
 SURRENDER: General Robert E. Lee of the Confederacy surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at
Appomattox, Virginia, on April 9, 1865
 President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth
while attending a play at Ford’s Theater
 Vice-President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee becomes President
COSTS OF WAR
NORTH
 360,000 killed
 Union budget grew from $63 million to $1.3 billion, with resulting inflation
 Industrial production for the war reached record levels
 Return of soldiers to work led to a brief recession—economic downturn with higher unemployment
 Union saved
SOUTH
 258,000 killed
 Slavery ended
 South was destroyed; railroads, factories, banks, farms
 2/3 of Southern wealth was destroyed, much when slaves were freed
 For both regions, over ½ the soldiers did not die of wounds, but of disease
19.
RECONSTRUCTION OF SOUTH
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
 13th—abolished slavery
 14th—insured rights of citizens, especially the freed slaves
 15th—giving all male citizens the right to vote
LINCOLN’S PLAN—10% PLAN
 Generous and forgiving to South
 For Southern state to be readmitted to the Union, 10% of voting population had to swear allegiance to
Union
 President Johnson’s Plan—Presidential Reconstruction—was very similar to Lincoln’s and also forgiving to
South
CONGRESSIONAL PLAN—RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION—RECONSTRUCTION ACT 1867
 Proposed by Congressional Republicans, known as Radicals, who wanted to punish the South for slavery
and the war
 With the exception of Tennessee, which had already ratified the 14 th Amendment, the former
Confederate states would be administered by the army as 5 military districts
 Southern states would not be readmitted to Union until ratification of the 14 th Amendment
 Black citizens must be granted the right to vote
 Former Confederate officials could not hold public office
 Fearing that President Johnson would not enforce the Reconstruction Act, Congress passed several laws
to limit his power
 When Johnson violated one of these laws, the House of Representatives voted to impeach him
 He was tried by the Senate and found not guilty by one vote
BLACK CODES
 Passed during Reconstruction by Southern state governments to restrict the rights of blacks
 Made blacks second-class citizens
 14th and 15th Amendments attempted to correct the restrictions of the Black Codes
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CARPETBAGGERS
People who came from the North to do business in the South during Reconstruction
Named for their cheap carpet bag suitcases
SCALAWAGS
Southerners who supported Reconstruction and Republican Party
KU KLUX KLAN (KKK)
Used terrorism and violence to intimidate blacks and other minorities
Wanted to remove from power the people in Reconstruction governments who were giving rights to
blacks
White hooded robes, cross burnings, lynchings (hangings)
PRESIDENCY OF ULYSSES S. GRANT (1869-1877)
Grant was a weak political leader who depended on his advisers
These advisers were inexperienced and corrupt
His Presidency is remembered for bribery and corrupt business dealings, especially in the building of the
transcontinental railroad
END OF RECONSTRUCTION
Eventually the desire to punish the South faded, even among Radicals
In the Presidential election of 1876 the results were disputed between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
and Democrat Samuel Tilden
To settle the dispute, a commission was appointed; Republicans controlled the commission and awarded
the election to Hayes
To keep the peace, Democrats agreed to accept the Compromise of 1877
As part of the Compromise, Hayes became President and all federal troops left the South, ending
Reconstruction
THE NEW SOUTH
Refers to the reorganization of the South after the Civil War and end of slavery
Many farmers became SHARECROPPERS—who received a share of the crop at harvest as payment for
their work on a planter’s land
Some farmers were TENANT FARMERS—who paid to rent the land
POLITICS IN THE NEW SOUTH
During Reconstruction, Republicans, including many blacks, were elected to public office in the South
With the end of Reconstruction, white Southern Democrats reclaimed control of state governments
The South became solidly Democratic—giving it the nickname the “Solid South”
The white Southern Democrats took steps to restrict the rights of the former slaves, including Black
Codes and Jim Crow laws
BLACK CODES—laws which made blacks second-class citizens; they could not own weapons, meet
together after sundown, or marry whites
JIM CROW LAWS—required separate black and white facilities in restaurants, hospitals, schools, and
street cars; these laws also imposed literacy tests and poll taxes to keep blacks from voting despite the
15th Amendment
These laws were supported by the Supreme Court and remained in effect until the 1950s
The KKK also continued to be active in this time period
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE NEW SOUTH
After the Civil War, the South rebuilt its destroyed industries and started new ones
Southern industry and cities did grow during this time
BLACK CULTURAL STRUCTURES IN THE NEW SOUTH
Helped them survive hard times and discrimination
Schools
Family
Churches; first black church—African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME Church)
20.
CLOSING OF THE WESTERN FRONTIER AND TRANSITION FROM AGRARIAN (FARMING)
SOCIETY TO INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 As more settlers pushed west, the Native Americans were forced off their lands and onto reservations
 Settlers destroyed the buffalo, which many Great Plains tribes needed for their survival
 There were battles between Native Americans and the U.S. Army
 BUFFALO SOLDIERS—all-black army units, named this by Native Americans, well-known for their bravery
KEYS TO WESTERN SETTLEMENT
 Steel plow to break up tough prairie soil
 Windmill to pump water from wells
 Revolver (gun)
 Barbed wire—cheap way to fence in land
 Railroad—moved both people and products; first transcontinental railroad completed in 1869
CHANGING ROLE OF AMERICAN FARMERS
FARMERS’ GRIEVANCES
 Expense of new, mechanized farm equipment
 Surplus of farm products from other nations; this oversupply cut into American farmers’ ability to sell
their crops
 Railroads charged high prices to haul farmers’ grain and livestock to the East
FARMERS’ ORGANIZATIONS
 Farmers began organizing to protect their interests
 Farm organizations included the Grange (organization in which farmers pooled their resources to
purchase machinery and supplies and to sell their crops), farmers Alliances, and the Populist Party—a
political party to address the concerns of farmers and other reformers
ALABAMA FARMERS
 Cotton continued to be the main crop
 Alabama farmers were urged to diversify—plant other crops
 Diversification occurred only after the BOLL WEEVIL destroyed the cotton crops
21. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION
 Factors needed to industrialize: natural resources (coal and iron), rivers (transportation and water power)
 New sources of power for industry: oil and electricity
 Revolution in communication: telephone (Alexander Graham Bell); radio (Guglielmo Marconi);
transatlantic cable (Cyrus West Field)
INDUSTRY AND LABOR IN ALABAMA
 Alabama industry included iron and steel (in Birmingham); coal; railroads; lumber; shipping (especially at
the port city of Mobile); textiles (from cotton)
 CONVICT LEASING—businesses used convicts to do demanding work for no pay; made profit for
businesses and state government; Governor Bibb Graves ended this practice in the 1920s
MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS
 MONOPOLY—company with complete control of a product or service
 MERGER—companies combining, absorbing smaller companies
 ROBBER BARONS—wealthy capitalists who often became wealthy through ruthless business practices;
famous robber barons include John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil and Andrew Carnegie of U.S. Steel
IDEOLOGIES (BELIEFS) OF BIG BUSINESS
 SOCIAL DARWINISM—from the evolution ideas of Charles Darwin; only the strongest survive, in business
as in the jungle
 GOSPEL OF WEALTH—Andrew Carnegie; people with wealth had a responsibility to use it to help the poor
 HORATIO ALGER—wrote children’s stories where people gained wealth through hard work; known as
“rags to riches” stories
URBANIZATION
 People moved from farms to the city to work in factories
 Many factory workers were IMMIGRANTS from foreign countries who had moved to America; they would
work for low wages just to have a job
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22.
CHILD LABOR was used in factories
FEMALE LABOR was used in factories; women were paid less than men
ALL WORKERS WORKED LONG HOURS, FOR LOW WAGES, IN UNSAFE CONDITIONS
LABOR UNIONS—workers’ organizations to try to improve wages, hours, working conditions; first
important labor union in America was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
STRIKE—refusal to work; labor unions’ main weapon for change; several strikes in America became violent
when owners brought in police, private detectives, or federal troops to end strikes
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS
Native-born Americans often disliked immigrants because they would work for lower wages, cutting
Americans out of a job
Starting in the 1880s, laws were passed restricting the number of immigrants allowed in the country; first
people to be restricted—Chinese
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
 Began in 1890s in response to the growing corruption in big business and politics; championed
the causes of the oppressed in society; exposed corruption
 Many women played an active role in the movement
 MUCKRAKERS—journalists who exposed the evils of society
 FAMOUS MUCKRAKERS—Upton Sinclair who wrote The Jungle, about miserable working
conditions and dangerous food quality in meat-packing plants in Chicago; Ida Tarbell who wrote
History of the Standard Oil Company, about ruthless business practices of Standard Oil (John D.
Rockefeller) in gaining a monopoly of the oil industry
 HORACE MANN—began the push for public education
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NIAGARA MOVEMENT/BLACK LEADERS
Group of black leaders who met on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls in 1905; they began the
movement for black progress in America
They wanted equal economic and political opportunities, an end to segregation and
discrimination
The movement was led by W.E.B. DUBOIS, who helped to found the NATIONAL ASSOCIAITON
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP) in 1909
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON—former slave who founded TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE IN ALABAMA; the
school trained blacks in the industrial and agricultural fields
In a speech at the ATLANTA EXPOSITION Washington agreed with blacks and whites being
segregated (separated) socially; this angered other leaders like DuBois; the speech became
known as the ATLANTA COMPROMISE
GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER—former Tuskegee student and then teacher; famous for his
experiments with peanuts, soybeans, and cotton
PLESSY V. FERGUSON
1896 Supreme Court case making segregation (separation of the races) legal as long as the
separate facilities are equal; “separate but equal” case
Led to increased segregation in South
However, facilities and services were not equal for the races
1901 ALABAMA CONSTITUTION
Added the requirement of a literacy test or land ownership to be able to vote
Passed because of voter fraud (cheating)
Number of eligible black voters fell from 180,000 to 3,600
This constitution kept white Democrats in power
PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS TO CONSITUTION
16th—income tax, money to be used for social programs and defense by federal government
17th—popular election of Senators; by people, not state legislature
18th—prohibition of alcoholic beverages
19th—women given right to vote (suffrage)
PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
 Hero of Spanish-American War; led Rough Riders cavalry up San Juan Hill in Cuba
 President from 1901-1909
 Reforms included—National Park System, conservation of land in Alaska; worked for the rights of
workers and small businesses; his policies were called the Square Deal
ELECTION OF 1912
 Three people ran
 Republican William Howard Taft, who was President at the time and had been Roosevelt’s VicePresident
 Democrat Woodrow Wilson
 Theodore Roosevelt who ran representing the Progressive Party
 Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican votes, and Wilson won
WOODROW WILSON
 President from 1912-1920
 His reforms included—Federal Trade Commission (which investigated companies for unfair
business practices); Clayton Antitrust Act (sponsored by Alabama congressman Henry Clayton,
made sure that businesses could not use antitrust laws to break up labor unions); Federal
Reserve System (which established the nation’s central banking system); his policies were called
New Freedom
23.
AMERICAN IMPERIALSIM AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION BEFORE WORLD WAR I
REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM (ACQUIRING TERRITORY)
 Raw materials needed for American industries
 Buyers needed for American manufactured products
 Competition with other nations for land and power
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
 In 1893, wealthy white plantation owners rebelled against the Hawaiian ruler, Queen
Liliuokalani; with the help of U.S. troops, the queen was removed from power
 Hawaii then became an independent republic
 In 1898, Hawaii became a territory of the U.S.
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)
 U.S. troops fought in Cuba and the Philippines
 War began after the American battleship Maine blew up in the harbor at Havana, Cuba; the
explosion was blamed on the Spanish who controlled Cuba at the time
 U.S. newspapers made a “big deal” of the explosion and called for war against Spain; thanks to
these sensational news reports—known as YELLOW JOURNALISM—the U.S. declared war on
Spain
 FAMOUS BATTLES: Commodore Dewey and U.S. warships destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila
in the Philippines & Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders cavalry in a charge up San Juan Hill
in Cuba
 U.S. easily wins the war
 Spain gave up control of Cuba and sold the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the U.S.
 The U.S. was now a world power with an empire
OPEN DOOR POLICY
 A policy which kept CHINA open to trade for all nations—Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany,
Russia, Italy, and U.S. that was proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
PANAMA CANAL
 President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across Panama to connect the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans and benefit U.S. trade
 Colombia, which owned Panama, refused to sell U.S. land
 When the people of Panama revolted against Colombia, U. S. warships kept Colombia from
stopping the revolt
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After Panama became independent, the U.S. leased land and began construction of the canal
Construction began in 1905 and was finished in 1914
Many canal workers died of malaria and yellow fever from the mosquitoes
WILLIAM C. GORGAS (from Alabama) of the Army Medical Corps eliminated these diseases by
sanitation and draining areas of standing water; his efforts to end these diseases made
construction of the canal possible
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE (1904)
Proposed by President Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt said the U.S. had the right to intervene if a nation in the Western Hemisphere had
trouble paying back its foreign creditors
The U. S. would intervene to prevent European powers from re-colonizing the newly freed
nations
This doctrine led to increased U.S. involvement in the Caribbean and Latin America
REMEMBER THAT THE U.S. HAD AN ECONOMIC STAKE IN THE CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICA;
WE HAD INVESTMENTS AND BUSINESSES THERE, AND WE CONTROLLED THE PANAMA CANAL
From 1909-1933 the U.S. often sent troops into Central American nations to protect American
business interests and to keep governments that were friendly to the U.S. in power (example:
sending U.S. Marines into Nicaragua to keep a government friendly to the U.S. in power, even
when the people of Nicaragua did not like that government)
24.
EUROPEAN NATIONALISM/IMPERIALISM
 European nations also wanted to expand and create empires
 They were motivated by ECONOMIC REASONS: they wanted resources for their factories and
buyers for their manufactured goods
 They were motivated by NATIONALISM: they wanted to a strong, rich nation—be #1
 They were motivated by MILITARISM: they had built up large armies and navies and used them
to protect their empires; each nation wanted to be #1 militarily
 They were motivated by RACISM: they believed that their country and culture was superior and
so deserved the right to conquer other peoples; they used the ideas of Charles Darwin—SOCIAL
DARWINISM—only the strong, white people were fit to rule
 European nations built up their armies and competed for empires and colonies in Africa, Asia,
and the Middle East
 This COMPETITIVE atmosphere will soon lead to WAR
25.
WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)
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LONG-TERM CAUSES
European nationalism
European imperialism
European military expansion
European alliances—the major nations of Europe had formed two separate alliances by 1914; on one side
were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy known as the TRIPLE ALLIANCE; on the other side were Great
Britain, France, and Russia known as the TRIPLE ENTENTE
IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF WAR
Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the future ruler of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in
Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, who wanted Bosnia to be free
of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and threatened war
Russia, who was an ally of Serbia, threatened war against Austria-Hungary
War actually began on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
Before long each nation pulled in its allies and war had spread throughout Europe
OPPOSING SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
ALLIED POWERS/ALLIES
 Great Britain
 France
 Russia
 Italy
 Japan
 Serbia
 Eventually the United States
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STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGY
Germany planned a quick defeat of France, by going through the neutral country of Belgium. This strategy
was working well, and the Germans were pushing back the British and French armies and advancing on
the French capital of Paris until they were stopped at the FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE.
After this battle both sides dug trenches as defensive positions. The line of trenches eventually stretched
from Switzerland to the North Sea and was known as the WESTERN FRONT. TRENCH WARFARE was very
costly in terms of human life; soldiers died by the thousands crossing NO MAN’S LAND to attack enemy
trenches.
New technology also made the war deadly. NEW WEAPONS OF THE WAR: machine gun, poison gas,
zeppelins (blimps), airplanes, tanks, submarines (which the Germans used greatly and called U-boats), and
long-range artillery.
REASONS FOR U.S. ENTRY
For the first years of the war, the U.S., led by President Woodrow Wilson, remained NEUTRAL.
Sinking of Lusitania—sunk by German U-boat; 128 U. S. citizens died on this British passenger liner, which
should not have been attacked. It was, however, carrying military supplies from the U.S. to Britain.
Zimmerman Telegram—from Germany to Mexico; encouraged Mexico to attack U.S. if we declared on
Germany; Germany promised to help Mexico win back land it lost to U.S. in Mexican-American War
German U-boats sink U.S. merchant (cargo) ships
Russian Revolution—with the end of the Russian monarchy, the Allies now represented a united front of
democracies against the Central Powers
Traditional sympathy for Allies, especially our trading partners Britain and France
U.S. declared war on April 6, 1917
U.S. then began mobilizing forces for Europe; these forces were led by GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING; U.S.
forces did not participate in trench warfare, but fought through enemy lines
After Russia withdrew from the Allied side, the U. S. provided much-needed money, men, and equipment
for the Allies, without which the Allies might not have won the war
HOMEFRONT: for the first time, many women went to work outside the home so that men were free for
military service; draft of men for military service; rationing—goods went first to military, the civilians at
home made do with less
War ended on November 11, 1918
PEACE TREATY WITH GERMANY/TREATY OF VERSIALLES
Even before this treaty, President Woodrow Wilson had his own plan for peace—the FOURTEEN POINTS.
A major portion of this plan called for an international association of nations to peacefully settle future
disputes. This will be called the LEAGUE OF NATIONS
This peace treaty (at the urging of Britain and France) harshly punished Germany
Germany lost all its colonies in Asia and Africa
Germany lost land in Europe
Germany’s military was greatly reduced; it could not have an air force or submarines
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Germany had to pay a war debt to the winning Allied nations ($33 billion)
Germany could not join the League of Nations
Germany had to accept the blame/guilt for starting the war
Nine new European nations were created
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Even though this was President Wilson’s plan, the U.S. chose not to join and chose not to ratify the Treaty
of Versailles with Germany
Opposition to the treaty and the League was led by Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a political
opponent of Democratic President Wilson
Without the support of the U.S., the League of Nations was powerless to prevent conflicts—in 20 years
another world war will start, with many of the same issues that had helped cause the first world war
CONSEQUENCES/COSTS
$186 billion spent
20 million casualties (soldiers)
10 million casualties (civilians)
Mass destruction in Europe, especially in France along the Western Front
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) lost land
Change in government—monarchies ended in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire
Humiliation and resentment in Germany over the Treaty of Versailles and all its punishments and
restrictions
POST-WORLD WAR I AMERICAN CULTURE IN THE “ROARING TWENTIES” (1920s)
FAMOUS WRITERS
F. Scott Fitzgerald—wrote about high society life in the 1920s; famous novel—The Great Gatsby
Ernest Hemingway—simple language, realistic details; famous novels—The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to
Arms, The Old Man and the Sea
Zelda Fitzgerald—wife of Scott; born in Montgomery, AL; she and her husband lived the lifestyle of the
rich and famous of the 1920s that they both wrote about; she died in a fire in an insane asylum where she
was being treated for schizophrenia
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
Beginning in Harlem, New York, in the 1920s, an increase in black racial pride and awareness led many
black intellectuals to write works portraying the daily lives of working class blacks in the U.S.
Famous writers of Harlem Renaissance: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Jean
Toomer
JAZZ AGE
1920s often called this; jazz and “blues” were both popular music forms in the 20s
Jazz and blues musicians: Louis Armstrong; Jelly Roll Morton; W. C. Handy (born in Florence, Alabama;
music teacher at Alabama A & M University; “father of the blues”); Bessie Smith (famous blues singer
known as “empress of the blues”)
POPULAR FORMS OF MASS ENTERTAINMENT
Radio—first station in Pittsburgh in 1922; people listened to comedies, westerns, mysteries, music, news,
sports
Movies—first movie with sound, The Jazz Singer
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
Automobiles
Airplane
Home appliances—vacuum cleaners, mixers, washing machines
People had more leisure time
People were able to travel for pleasure or business
Automobiles and airplanes often influenced other areas of the economy: rubber, oil, gas, motels,
restaurants
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WOMEN’S ISSUES
Margaret Sanger—nurse in White Plains, New York; established the first birth control clinic in the U.S. in
Brooklyn, New York
“DARK SIDE OF THE 1920s”
Poverty
Falling income in textile industry as skirts grew shorter
Layoffs in railroad and mining industries
Falling food prices hurt farmers’ income
Child labor laws were not in place; children still worked in hazardous conditions for low wages
Workers still worked in unsafe conditions, for low wages, at long hours; labor unions were not organized
and workers were not free to join unions; workers were at the mercy of their employers
 Prohibition of alcohol led to bootlegging and the growth of organized crime and mobsters
 Blacks and immigrants faced discrimination
 Blacks faced racism throughout the country
RACIAL AND ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE 1920s AND 1930s
“RED SCARE”
 Fear of Communism or Communist take-over, especially after Communists took over Russia in 1917
 Between 1919-1920 the government arrested and jailed thousands of radicals; many were foreign-born;
many had to be released because their was no evidence against them
SACCO AND VANZETTI TRIAL
 Two Italian immigrants, accused of robbery and murder in Massachusetts
 Were also atheists and perhaps suspected Communitst
 Judge would not let them testify because they were atheists; they already faced prejudice against them
because they were Italian
 They were tried and executed in 1927—with doubts about the fairness of their trial
KU KLUX KLAN ACTIVITIES
 Many white Protestants feared the growing power of blacks and Catholic immigrants and joined the KKK
in massive numbers
 KKK claimed to have 5 million members in the 20s
 They worked to attack Jews, Catholics, and blacks
 Used intimidation—cross burning, hate letters, having blacks or immigrants fired from their jobs, even
lynching (hanging)
BLACK MIGRATION TO NORTHERN CITIES
 After WWI many blacks moved north to find better jobs and better treatment
 They were still allowed only the lowest-paying jobs
 They were allowed to live only in certain areas, often in high-priced, low-quality housing
RACIAL VIOLENCE
 From KKK—worst action would be lynching or hanging of blacks
 Race riots in Northern cities by whites against blacks for taking away low-paying jobs
 Over 200 blacks killed in East St. Louis
 Anti- black riots in Washington, Chicago, Knoxville, Omaha
IMMIGRATION LAWS OF THE 1920s
 During the 20s, the nativists (people who were afraid of foreigners) and the KKK led Congress to almost
completely restrict immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and Asia
 1921—Congress passed the EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT—which set up a quota (number) system favoring
immigrants from Northern Europe
 These immigrants from Northern Europe were generally light skinned and Protestant
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GREAT DEPRESSION AND NEW DEAL
CAUSES OF GREAT DEPRESSION
UNEQUAL INCOME—businessmen and professionals made large sums of money; workers’ wages did not
increase as fast as the price of goods; consumer spending then dropped
STOCK MARKET SPECULATION—during the 1920s the U.S. experienced a bull market (stock prices rising);
investors bought stock on margin (credit), paying as little as 10% down and borrowing the rest of the
money; when the stock market crashed, stock prices fell, and investors could not regain their money;
stock brokers could not repay loans to banks; people worried that their savings would not be in banks and
rushed to withdraw their money; people withdrew all their money, and banks closed; businesses could
not borrow money to operate or expand and closed; workers lost jobs, and unemployment skyrocketed
COLLAPSE OF FARM ECONOMY—farmers produced more food than consumers needed; prices dropped,
and farmers could no longer pay to operate their farms
GREAT DEPRESSION BEGAN IN THE U.S. WITH THE STOCK MARKET CRASH ON OCTOBER 29, 1929, (BLACK
TUESDAY) AND SOON SPREAD WORLDWIDE
DUST BOWL
From 1933-36 land from Texas to the Dakotas received little rain; soil erosion took place as winds spread
the dry soil; dust storms blew away the topsoil; many farmers left this DUST BOWL to move the Pacific
Coast
SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION AND TENNESSEE VALLEY
One of the nation’s poorest areas; hard hit by Depression
HERBERT HOOVERS’ ADMINISTRATION (1929-1932)
Republican President when stock market crashed and Great Depression began
He was often blamed for the nation’s economic problems
He did very little to help the nation’s problems, believing that it was not the job of the government to
assist the needy, but the job of the poor to help themselves or get help from family, friends, church, or
charities
He even had the Army break up by force the camp of a group of WWI veterans who had marched to
Washington to demand a war bonus for their service
By the election of 1932, Hoover was very unpopular and lost the election in a landslide to Democrat
Franklin D. Roosevelt
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEW DEAL
FDR brought hope and optimism to the nation in the worst years of the Depression
He was the only man ever elected to 4 terms as President—1932-1948; he died in 1945 and did not finish
his fourth term
He pledged to use the money and resources of the national government to help the nation, boost the
economy, and put the unemployed back to work—this plan became known as the NEW DEAL
The New Deal was based on the THREE R’S: RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM
RELIEF: direct payments or jobs for the unemployed, loans to farmers and homeowners
RECOVERY: aid to farmers, business owners, and workers to get people back to work; the government
provided many jobs for people in building roads, highways, public buildings, dams, and national parks—
these projects are known as PUBLIC WORKS
REFORM: measures to regulate businesses and banks and the stock market to make sure there would not
be another depression; these measures protected bank depositors, investors, consumers, the elderly,
children, and the unemployed
MAJOR NEW DEAL LEGISLATION
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC): (1933) insured depositors up to $100,000 in case of
bank failure; to prevent people from withdrawing money from banks if they were in danger of closing
SOCIAL SECURITY: (1935) provided retirement income for all workers once they reach age 65
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD (NLRB): (1935) also known as the Wagner Act; created a board to
monitor unfair management practices such as firing workers who joined unions
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WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (WPA): (1935) provided jobs for unskilled workers who had no job;
at one time 1/3 of the unemployed in the nation worked for the WPA (3.2 million); WPA workers
constructed many government buildings in the 1930s
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORSP (CCC): (1933) provided jobs for unmarried men from 17-23; worked in
national parks installing electric lines, building fire towers, and planting new trees
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT: (1938) raised minimum wage to $.40 an hour; set work week at maximum
of 44 hours; ended child labor under age 16
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA): (1933) built hydroelectric dams to bring electricity to new areas of
the South, including NORTHERN ALABAMA; provided employment and cheap electricity to a historically
poor area; the TVA brought new prosperity to the region; several dams and power plants were built in
ALABAMA; this agency still functions well today
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE DEPRESSION
Popular entertainment included movies (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, The Wizard of Oz—first color
film, and Gone With the Wind—the 1930s most expensive film to make) and radio programs and news
broadcasts; the 1930s and 1940s were the “golden age of radio”
FIRESIDE CHATS—President Roosevelt’s radio broadcasts to the nation
HOMELESSNESS—jobless people wandered from town to town, looking for work; homeless people lived in
communities of tents and shacks known as “Hoovervilles” after President Herbert Hoover
MALNUTRITION—especially among children; malnutrition rate rose from 18% to 60%; charities started
soup kitchens to feed the hungry; the thin soup served became known as “Hoover Stew” after President
Hoover
WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)
CAUSES IN EUROPE
Territorial expansion by the nations of Germany and Italy
Both nations were ruled by Fascist dictators—Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy
Italy had taken over Ethiopia and Albania
Germany had violated the Treaty of Versailles by building up its military and creating an air force
Germany had taken over an area next to France called the Rhineland, Austria, and was planning a move
on neighboring Czechoslovakia
In September, 1938, Hitler demanded the right to annex the Sudetenland, the western border region of
Czechoslovakia, next to Germany, where 3.5 million Germans lived
To avoid a war over Czechoslovakia, the British and French prime ministers met with Hitler at the MUNICH
CONFERENCE (September 29-20, 1938) and followed a policy of APPEASEMENT—giving in to Hitler’s
demands. Hitler was to be given the Sudetenland, and he pledged to claim no more land in
Czechoslovakia or anywhere else
The British and French were relieved to have avoided war, but Hitler will soon prove he cannot be trusted
In less than 6 months, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
In August, 1939, Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, in which the countries agreed
to split the country of Poland between them
Hitler then became more forceful in his demands for land from POLAND
Alarmed by Hitler’s demand, Great Britain agreed to aid Poland if Germany attacked
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded an unsuspecting and unprepared POLAND, BEGINNING WORLD
WAR II
CAUSES IN ASIA
Territorial expansion by Japan, which needed land and resources for its growing population and industry
Japan was controlled by the Japanese military, which favored expansion
Japan had invaded and controlled much of neighboring China by 1938
Japan was also establishing military bases in French Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos)
To protest Japanese expansion, the U.S. placed an embargo on scrap metal, oil, and aviation fuel to
Japan—these were items desperately needed by the Japanese military
Meanwhile, the Japanese were planning a surprise attack on our major Pacific naval base at PEARL
HARBOR in Hawaii
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The surprise attack took place on DECEMBER 7, 1941, AND BROUGHT THE U.S. INTO WORLD WAR II
The attack sank or damaged 8 battleships, destroyed almost 200 airplanes, and killed or wounded over
3.000 military personnel
OPPONENTS
AXIS POWERS
 Germany
 Italy
 Japan
 These countries created the so-called Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
ALLIED POWERS/ALLIES
 Great Britain
 France
 Soviet Union
 United States
ON THE HOMEFRONT
WOMEN
 More than 200,000 women served in military
 As men went to war, women took their places in offices and factories—this provided women with job
opportunities in new areas
RATIONING
 Limited the use of certain important foods and materials by civilians—first priority for these items was
given to military
 People could not purchase certain items without a government-issued coupon
WAR BONDS
 Sold to help pay for war
 Movie stars and entertainers help to sell war bonds
 Government also raised taxes to finance war
JAPANESE INTERNMENT
 The attack on Pearl Harbor led to suspicion and dislike of Japanese immigrants
 Under the authority of Executive Order 9066, signed by President Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, the
military forced 110,000 Japanese-Americans from their homes and placed them in internment camps on
federal lands
 Much of the land was in desert or swamp areas with primitive housing
 2/3 of those interned were American citizens
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
 Trained at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
 First black combat unit in the Army Air Corps
 Flew over 500 missions over France, Germany, North Africa, and Eastern Europe
 The unit earned the Distinguished Flying Cross for their heroism
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WARTIME NATIONAL LEADERS
President Franklin D. Roosevelt—U.S.
President Harry Truman—U.S.—after Roosevelt’s death in 1945
Prime Minister Winston Churchill—Great Britain
Communist dictator Joseph Stalin—Soviet Union
Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler—Germany
Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini—Italy
Emperor Hirohito—Japan
Prime Minister General Tojo Hideki—Japan
General Charles de Gaulle—leader of French forces-in-exile (Free French) after France surrendered to
Germany
TURNING POINT BATTLES/ALLIED VICTORIES
MIDWAY (June, 1942): U.S. sinks 4 Japanese aircraft carries and destroys 253 Japanese planes; first major
battle fought by planes launched from aircraft carriers; first U.S. victory in Pacific; Japanese navy never
recovered from these losses
 STALINGRAD (fall 1942-January, 1943) Germans attacked and surrounded key city of Stalingrad in Soviet
Union; Soviet army launched a counterattack and eventually forced German army to surrender
 NORTH AFRICA—EL ALAMEIN (November, 1942) British troops defeat Germans
 OPERATION OVERLORD—INVASION OF NORMANDY, FRANCE (June 6, 1944): better known as D-Day
U.S. MILITARY LEADERS
 General Dwight D. Eisenhower—will eventually become commander-in-chief of all Allied forces in Europe
and will head up the D-Day invasion
 General George Patton—famous American tank commander in Europe
 General Douglas MacArthur—Allied commander-in-chief in Pacific area
KEY PACIFIC BATTLES
 Guadalcanal (1943)
 General MacArthur’s return to Philippines—October, 1944
 Iwo Jima—February, 1945; 25,000 American casualties
 Okinawa—April-June, 1945; American ships were attacked by KAMIKAZES (Japanese suicide pilots); over
2,000 kamikaze attacks on the landing fleet at Okinawa
ATOMIC BOMB
 Manhattan Project—the top secret project to develop an atomic weapon begun by President Roosevelt
 After Roosevelt’s death, President Harry Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan rather than risk
the estimated 1 million U.S. casualties that were predicted in an invasion of the Japanese islands
 On August 6, 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of
HIROSHIMA
 On August 9, 1945, the Japanese city of NAGASAKI was bombed
V-E (VICTORY IN EUROPE DAY) MAY, 8, 1945
V-J (VICTORY IN JAPAN DAY) AUGUST 15, 1945
HOLOCAUST
 This refers to Hitler’s attempt to kill the Jews
 6 million European Jews died in Hitler’s network of concentration camps and death camps
 Many died in gas chambers and had their bodies cremated
 The most famous death/extermination camp was at Auschwitz in Poland; over 2 million Jews were killed
there
 6 million other people whom Hitler and the Nazis considered inferior were also killed: gypsies, Slavs,
prostitutes, the physically and mentally handicapped, the terminally ill, the old, homosexuals, and political
protesters
NEW WEAPONS/TECHNOLOGY OF WORLD WAR II
 Aircraft carrier
 Parachutes
 Atomic bombs
 Long-range bombing by airplane
 Radar
 Amphibious landings—from boats onto land (Pacific island landings and D-Day landing)
 Antibiotics—to prevent infections
 Jet planes
 Rockets
UNITED NATIONS
 Its purpose was similar to the League of Nations founded after WWI—to be a peacekeeping organization,
settling disputes among nations peacefully
 The U.S. did join the UN
 Its headquarters is in New York City
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U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II
SIMILARITIES
Entered late in war
Before entering, U.S. had indirectly supported Britain and France with supplies or loans
Germany was an enemy in both wars
U.S. joined Allied Powers in both wars
U.S. entry in the war was vital to an Allied victory—as the U.S. brought in much-needed men, supplies,
and money
DIFFERENCES
In WWII, U.S. fought on two fronts—Europe and Pacific; in WWI the U.S. fought only in Europe
In WWII, the U.S. used atomic bombs on Japan; no atomic bombs in WWI
In WWI, the U.S. lost 126,000 soldiers; in WWII the U.S. lost 290,000 soldiers
30. FAMOUS QUOTATIONS
 “Give me liberty or give me death!”—Patrick Henry in speech to Virginia House of Burgesses before the
American Revolution
 “All men are created equal. . . . “—from the Declaration of Independence
 “We the people. . . . .”—the Preamble to the Constitution
 “Four score and seven years ago. . . . “—opening of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
 “government of the people, by the people, for the people. . . . “—ending of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
 “No taxation without representation!”—battle cry of the American Revolution
 “Remember the Alamo!”—battle cry of the Texas Revolution for independence from Mexico
 “Remember the Maine!”—battle cry of the Spanish-American War
 “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”—first inaugural address of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
during the Great Depression—1933
 “A date that will live in infamy. . . .”—President Franklin D. Roosevelt referring to the Japanese bombing of
Pearl Harbor—1941
 “Remember Pearl Harbor!”—battle cry of World War II
 “I shall return!”—General Douglas MacArthur in World War II, said as he left the Philippines, fleeing from
Japanese forces, promising to return and free Philippines from Japanese control