Download Review for the Cumulative Part of the Final What is a hypothesis

Review for the Cumulative Part of the Final
1. What is a hypothesis? What is a theory? What is/are the main difference(s) between
them? _______________________________________________________________
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2. What is the purpose of science (think of the above question too)? Is science a
changing (dynamic) process? What does this mean? __________________________
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3. What are the main differences between systematics and taxonomy?_______________
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4. What is a clade? Do the organisms in a clade have similar characteristics? _________
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5. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? What are some
examples of prokaryotes? What are the main roles of prokaryotes? _______________
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6. Which came first, prokaryotes or eukaryotes? What did the first organisms do that
was important? ________________________________________________________
7. What does an endosymbiotic relationship involve? ____________________________
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Describe the Endosymbiotic Theory. What did the large cells need in order for this
process to take place? Evidence for this is that an organelle is similar to prokaryotes.
Which one do we know? ________________________________________________
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Besides this theory, what is another way the cells could have gained organelles to
become eukaryotic? ____________________________________________________
8. What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria? How do
antibiotics work, and which is harder to kill with antibiotics? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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9. Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic? How are protists important? ______________
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10. Meiosis produces _____________________________________________________.
Mitosis produces ______________________________________________________.
11. In the clade Apicomplexans, a genus known as Plasmodium causes what disease?
What is the vector? _____________________________________________________
12. How are oomycetes important to us humans? What are the 3 reasons that oomycetes
are not considered to be a fungus? _________________________________________
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13. Which clade is most closely related to plants? How are they related? What do land
plants have that the clade of protists doesn’t? ________________________________
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14. In plants, a _________________ produces gametes using _______________, while a
___________________________ produces spores using ______________________.
15. What is the alternation of generations in plants? Does it occur in other sexually
reproducing organisms besides plants? _____________________________________
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16. What problems did plants face when they first moved onto land? Were herbivores a
problem? ____________________________________________________________
17. What benefit did having a branched sporophyte give to plants? __________________
18. We studied various plants. Which ones were nonvascular and seedless? Vascular and
seedless? What are gymnosperms and angiosperms (are they vascular)? As a trend
going from nonvascular to vascular plants with seeds, which part of the life cycle
decreased in size? ______________________________________________________
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19. What is vascular tissue used for in plants? What are the three characteristics of
vascular plants that distinguish them from nonvascular? _______________________
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20. For vascular plants, which stage is dominant? Is one stage dependent on another?
_____________________________________________________________________
21. How is pollen dispersed? What advantages do seeds have over spores? ___________
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22. Seeds are made up of three different generations. What are they? What does each
generation provide/do for the seed? ________________________________________
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23. Pollination and fertilization are two different things. How so? ___________________
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24. If a plant is dioecious, what does that mean? _________________________________
25. How are angiosperms important to us? What are the differences between these and
gymnosperms? How are these advantageous/what do they mean? _______________
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________A fruit is considered to be a mature _____________.
26. Where is the female gametophyte in an angiosperm located? ____________________
27. Compare and contrast bryophytes and ferns. Describe which stage of reproduction is
dependent on which; which stage is dominant; which has pollen; which has vascular
tissue; which has roots and sori; and which has flagellated sperm (what type of
environment must a plant with flagellated sperm live in?).
28. How are ferns important to us? ___________________________________________
29. Animals and fungi are __________trophic and have __________karyotic cells.
30. Describe mycorrhizae. How is it important? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
31. Fungi acquire nutrition through __________, while animals acquire nutrition through
__________.
32. Fungi are heterotrophs that have diverse lifestyles. The three lifestyles are
__________, __________, and __________. Which type of lifestyle do mychorrizae
represent?
33. Fungi are composed of long, thin filaments known as __________ that are
(haploid/diploid/dikaryotic) that make up the __________ of each plant. This should
have a large surface area in order to __________.
34. When two mycelia (positive and negative) join together to reproduce sexually, their
cytoplasm mixes together, a process called ___________. The process that happens
afterward when their nuclei fuse is called __________.
35. The dominant stage of fungi is __________ ploidy. When is fungus diploid?
_________________
36. What is the product of sexual reproduction? How does asexual differ? When does
meiosis occur?
37. Why are spores useful to fungi?
38. Ascomycota, a phyla of fungi, produces a sac called a(n) __________ in which it
produces __________.
39. Draw a diagram of the early embryonic development. Include the following: blastula,
cleavage, gastrula, gastrulation, blastopore. What happens in each step?
40. Cyclopia in goats is an example of what study of biology? What is the purpose of this
type of study?
41. What are the four parts of animal’s body plan?
42. What is the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry? Diploblastic
and triploblastic? Deuterostome and protostome?
43. What are the three possible coeloms? Describe them. What characteristic does an
animal have to have a body cavity? What is the importance of a body cavity?
44. Porifera: Name its symmetry, whether or not is has true tissues, what the purpose of
choanocytes are. True or False: Porifera organisms have perforated bodies.
45. Cnidaria: Name its symmetry, whether or not is has true tissues, what the purpose of
cnidocytes are, tissue organization. True or False: Cnidarians have a gastrovascular
cavity. What is a gastrovascular cavity?
46. Platyhelminthes have what type of coelom? Many species that we studied are
parasitic/free-living.
47. The final host is important to a parasite because __________________________.
48. Parasites have important characteristics: They do/do not tend to kill their host, they
have an increased/decreased reproductive effort and they do/do not change the
behavior of their host.
49. Describe reproductive effort. How is it important to parasites?
50. The classes Tubellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda all belong to what phylum? Are they
parasitic, or free-living? What is the final host of Cestoda (tapeworms)?
51. Mollusca have five parts to their body plan. What are they and what are they for?
52. What are the three classes in Mollusca (that we studied)? Give an organism as an
example of each. Which class is the largest and lives in all types of environments?
What special organ does the largest class have used for feeding?
53. What do cephalopods have as adaptations for their active, predatory lifestyle?
54. Annelids: which type of circulatory system, what type of skeleton, what type of
coelom. All annelids have distinct body segmentation. Why is it important?
55. Nematodes have an exoskeleton, called a __________, which is made of
___________.
56. What type of coelom do nematodes have? How do they move?
57. There are two ecological roles of nematodes: __________ and __________, which
can affect both humans and plants!
58. How do we break the cycle of parasites? (Hint: think of the example having to do
with contaminated water…)
59. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of __________, just like fungi. How is the
exoskeleton important?
60. How are jointed appendages considered advantageous for arthropods?
61. True or False: Crustaceans are the most successful group of arthropods.
62. What are the three major adaptations of insects that led to their success?
63. Why is metamorphosis important to insects?
64. Deuterostomia: Name its symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, 2
phyla within this group.
65. True or False: Starfish are bilaterally symmetric.
66. All chordates have what four characteristics? Describe each.
67. Amniotes refers to a type of __________. The three things that this contains are
what? How was this evolution advantageous?
68. What are the 4 mammalian characteristics that separate them from the rest of the
Deuterostomes?
69. There are two major mammalian groups: __________ and __________. How are they
different?
70. Division of the nucleus, called ________________, occurs before division of the
cytoplasm, called __________________________. Division/replication of organisms
such as bacteria and mitochondria is called _________________________________.
71. Chromatids are composed of ___________________, which is a mix of DNA and
_____________________________. Using the following words, list what is least to
most condensed: chromatids, single-stranded DNA, chromosome, your answer above
72. Compare and contrast sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes.
_____________________________________________________________________
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73. __________________________________ control the cell cycle and thus cell growth.
74. Cancer cells are different from normal cells in that ___________________________.
They are not inhibited by things normal cells are, including ____________________.
75. Cancer cells that lose attachment to neighboring cells travel throughout the body and
spread cancer. This is called ______________________.
76. What four things contribute to genetic variation? _____________________________
_____________________________________________ and meiosis. Describe those.
_____________________________________________________________________
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What two mechanisms are there in meiosis that contribute to genetic variation?
_____________________________________________________________________
77. Mitosis produces ___________________________________ while meiosis produces
_____________________________________________.
78. Humans have _____ pairs of homologous chromosomes. Each pair is genetically
(identical/different), and each chromatid of each pair is genetically
(identical/different). In somatic cells (cells of the body, not sex cells) there is/are
____ pair(s) of sex chromosomes and ____ pair(s) of autosomes (chromosomes of the
body).
79. Crossing over, which happens at the _____________, occurs during what phase of
meiosis? ______________________ It creates ___________________ chromosomes
and occurs between (sister chromatids/homologous chromosomes).
80. Synapsis happens during what phase of what process? What is synapsis? __________
_____________________________________________________________________
81. During anaphase I, ___________________________ are pulled apart, which are
genetically (identical/different), by microtubules attached to the ________________.
82. During anaphase II, ___________________________ are pulled apart, which are
genetically (identical/different). Why are they that way? _______________________
83. When looking at the steps in each of the phases of meiosis and mitosis, what is the
key difference between meiosis I and meiosis II? Mitosis and meiosis II? __________
_____________________________________________________________________
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84. The work of _________________, who started the field of genetics, supports the
(blending/particulate) hypothesis.
85. Mendel started with the parental or (F2/P/F1) generation, cross-pollinated them,
created the (F2/P/F1) generation and then self-pollinated those to create the
(F2/P/F1). His parental generation was true-breeding, meaning that ______________
____________________________________________________________________.
86. He discovered that the F1 offspring had the (dominate/recessive) trait and that the
(dominate/recessive) trait reappeared in the F2 offspring in a ________ ratio. This
ratio can be demonstrated by drawing a __________________________________.
87. Mendel’s main discovery was that everyone has two “particles” for each trait, one
from each parent. They are now called _______________.
88. Describe the Law of Segregation as it applies to the “particles” and to chromosomes.
_____________________________________________________________________
89. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment as it applies to the “particles” and
chromosomes. What stage of meiosis and mitosis is it most evident? _____________
_____________________________________________________________________
90. T or F: If a flower is pink but its parents were red and white, it is an example of
pleiotropy.
91. What is incomplete dominance? Does it support the particulate hypothesis? _______
_____________________________________________________________________
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92. Sutton’s Chromosome Theory of Heredity proposed that ______________________
____________________________________________________________________.
93. What was so unique about the ratio of flies in Morgan’s experiments when he
examined two traits (body color and wing shape)? ____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
94. What are “sex-linked” genes? How do they cause certain disorders? _____________
_____________________________________________________________________
95. What are linked genes? Do they follow Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
_____________________________________________________________________
96. The probability of recombination depends on ________________________________
and is higher when ____________________________________________________.
97. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution had two ideas. What were they? Describe them. Are
either valid? __________________________________________________________
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98. What are Darwin’s two main ideas of his Theory of Evolution? Describe them. Are
either valid? __________________________________________________________
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Did he study how life began on earth? Would you say natural selection is random?
_____________________________________________________________________
99. The environment limits the population of salmon; only some live to _____________.
How does this relate to natural selection? _____________________
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100. Natural selection acts on the (individual/population). Evolution acts on the
(individual/population). Does this mean individuals can evolve? (Yes!/No!)
101. Natural selection is ____________________ to the environment.
102. T or F: Evolution always leads to more complex species and explains the origin of
life on Earth.
103. We say evolution acts on the population, but what about pesticide resistance? Is
that an example of an individual insect evolving? Explain. _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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104. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state? Are his conditions realistic? What
does his equation show (what does the p and the q represent)? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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105. There are 2 main causes for microevolution. Describe each and how it affects
populations. __________________________________________________________
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106. In what 2 effects can genetic drift have a huge impact? Describe them. ________
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107. Sexual reproduction (increases/decreases) (phenotypic/genetic) diversity within a
population. Natural selection works on diversity, (increasing/decreasing)
(phenotypic/genetic) diversity within a population.
108. _____________________, or the origin of new species, is a way of increasing
________________________________________. How does this process occur?
_____________________________________________________________________
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109. There are two patterns of speciation. What are they? Do both increase biological
diversity? ____________________________________________________________
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110. Reproductive barriers can occur within a species; these barriers can be
____________ or _____________. What are examples of each? _________________
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111. What does the biological species concept state? ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What are some limitations of this concept? __________________________________
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112. There are two ways that speciation occurs geographically. Describe each. ______
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113. “Macroevolutionary changes accumulate through time.” What does that mean?
How did complex organs (i.e. eyes) evolve? _________________________________
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