Download (Infectious Disease).

Chapter 13
Preventing
Infectious
Diseases
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
How to Answer:
1 = never
2 = occasionally
3 = most of the time
4 = all of the time
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
What do your answers mean?
22-32: you’re doing a good job of protecting
yourself from the spread of infectious
disease.
11-21: you’re doing well overall but there is
room for improvement.
0-10: you need to carefully look at your
habits, to help prevent catching or spreading
an infectious disease.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Preventing
Infectious
Diseases
Contents
• Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases?
• Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases
• Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1
What Are Infectious
Diseases?
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
VOCAB (p 316):
Infectious Disease
Pathogen
Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
Antibiotic Resistance
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
What CAUSES Infectious Diseases?
Infectious diseases
• caused by agents invading the body
1. Bacteria
• single-celled organisms
• some cause disease
• some are harmless or even helpful to the
body
• Examples: tetanus, tuberculosis (TB),
strep throat, sinus infections
What Staph & MRSA looks like
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
What CAUSES Infectious Diseases?
2. Viruses
• Invade & replicate inside living cells.
• Examples: colds, flu, measles, chicken
pox, HPV, Hepatitis, HIV.
3. Fungi
• absorb & use the nutrients of living or
dead organisms.
• Examples: athlete’s foot, jock itch,
ringworm
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
What CAUSES Infectious Diseases?
4. Protozoans
accounts for some of the leading causes of
death worldwide (ex: malaria)
5. Parasites
• feed on other living things
• Examples: head lice, tapeworms, and
some roundworms are parasites.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
How Are Infectious Diseases TREATED?
1. Antibiotics
• kill or slow the growth of bacteria.
• Examples: penicillin, bactrim (staph).
2. Antibiotic resistance
• a condition in which bacteria can no
longer be killed by a particular antibiotic.
• Improper use of antibiotics contributes to
the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
How Are Infectious Diseases TREATED?
3. Treating Viral Diseases
• Difficult to treat. Most antiviral
medications focus on relieving
symptoms.
• Viruses are not affected by antibiotics.
4. Treating Fungal Infections
• Some infections are treatable with OTC’s
• Others require Rx
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 1 What Are Infectious
Diseases?
How Are Infectious Diseases TREATED?
5. Treating Protozoan Infections
• The best protection is prevention, and
using good hygiene & sanitation.
6. Treating Parasites
• Example: Head lice can be treated with
medicated shampoos.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 2
Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
VOCAB (p 322):
Inflammation
Lymphatic System
White Blood Cell
Vaccine
Symptom
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 2 Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
How Your Body Fights Disease
1. Physical barriers to pathogens include:
• Skin (simple barrier)
• Mucous membranes (trap pathogens)
• Chemicals (weaken or kill)
2. Inflammation (and Infection)
• a normal reaction to injury.
• SIGNS OF INFECTION (pathogens are
winning the battle over your body):
•
•
•
Pain
Redness
Swelling
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Chapter 13
Section 2 Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
How Your Body Fights Disease
3. The immune system is the body’s system
for fighting disease once it is in the body.
a) White blood cells defend the body
against disease.
b) Antibodies are proteins that mark
pathogens to be destroyed by white
blood cells.
c) The lymphatic system is a network of
vessels that carry lymph throughout the
body, carrying viruses and bacteria back
to the lymph nodes.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 2 Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
What You Can Do to Stay Well
1. Get enough sleep.
2. Avoid close contact with sick people.
3. Protect yourself (wash hands, cover
wounds, etc)
4. Eat a healthy, balanced diet.
5. Drink plenty of water.
6. Get regular medical checkups.
7. Stay up to date on all available vaccines.
8. Reduce your stress levels.
9. Exercise regularly.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 2 Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
What to Do When You Are Sick
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stay home and rest.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Throw away tissues you use right away.
Follow all the directions your doctor gives,
like following directions for medications.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 2 Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
How to Prevent the Spread of Disease
1. Get vaccinated (required school shots, flu
shots, etc).
2. Wash with soap frequently (> 30 seconds).
3. Don’t share:
• Food
• Drinks
• Personal items (toothbrushes, etc).
4. Cover your mouth when you sneeze or
cough with tissue.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 2 Protecting Yourself from
Infectious Diseases
How to Prevent the Spread of Disease
5. When you are outdoors:
• wear long-sleeved shirts and pants in long
grass
• use insect repellant when necessary
• avoid contact with animals that behave
strangely (rabies)
• avoid drinking and swimming in remote,
still waters (amoeba, etc)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 3
Common Infectious
Diseases
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
VOCAB (p 329):
Meningitis
Salmonella
Hepatitis
Amebic Dysentery
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Diseases Affect Everybody
• The best defense against pathogens is
avoiding behaviors that increase our risk
of infection.
• No matter how healthy we are, we all become
ill from diseases sometimes.
• There are so many pathogens in so many
places it is impossible to avoid them.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Common BACTERIAL Diseases
1. Tetanus
• causes severe muscle spasms.
• It enters the body through cuts or wounds.
• Vaccinations are the best form of
prevention.
2. Strep throat
• sore throat and spots on the tonsils.
• spread by contact with mucus.
• The best prevention is avoiding contact
with infected people.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Common BACTERIAL Diseases
3. Meningitis
• inflammation of membranes around the
brain and spinal cord.
• spread by contact with mucus or saliva.
• There are some vaccines for meningitis.
4. Sinus infections (Sinusitis)
• cause headaches, mucus, and pressure
in the head.
• spread by contact with mucus.
• Prevention includes avoiding infected
people and avoiding irritants and
allergens in the air.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Common BACTERIAL Diseases
5. Salmonella
• headaches, stomach cramps, diarrhea,
and nausea.
• It is spread by eating food from an
infected animal or food contaminated by
an infected person.
• Prevention involves proper refrigeration,
cooking, and handling of food.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Other Common Diseases
1. Fungal infections
• examples: athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm
• often occurs when the fungus contacts dark,
warm, moist skin.
• Prevention: good personal hygiene and
keeping clothes clean & dry.
2. Malaria
• the most widespread and serious protozoan
disease worldwide.
• spread from person to person via mosquitoes.
• Malaria can be prevented and treated with
antimalarial medicines.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Other Common Infections
3. Parasites
a) inside the body examples: hookworms,
tapeworms
b) outside the body examples: lice,
leeches, ticks, fleas
c) contracted by:
• eating infected food
• drinking infected water
• contacting infected soil
• getting bitten by infected insects
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Section 3 Common Infectious
Diseases
Working Toward a Healthy Future
• International air travel has made it easier for
diseases to spread from country to country.
• Public health organizations throughout the
world fight diseases through vaccinations and
treatments.
• The National Institute of Health (NIH) and
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) track the
spread of diseases and watch for new
diseases entering the country.
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End of Chapter 13
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