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REPTILES – Keith and Michael Taxonomic Classification Unique, Shared characteristics within your phylum (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Classes) Eukarya ,Animalia, Chordata, Reptilia First Appearance on Earth (Era, Period) What do think allowed your phylum to establish itself? Chordates first appeared 530, 000, 000 years ago Reptiles first appeared 300,000,000 years ago Most ecological niches Warm regions Deep oceans In the air Arctic regions Arid regions (diagram(s) could accompany your description) Ch.54 pg. 1199 Mostly secondary consumers as fish, birds, reptiles and some are primary as snakes Habitat Part of the food chain/web/pyramid Role in the environment Adaptations of homologous structures within the phylum (Structures, organs, body plan etc.) Endoskeleton Closed circulatory system Highly cephalized Notochord Hollow dorsal nerve cord Nerve cord pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail Identifying three species within the phylum that are endangered and why Three interesting facts or trivia you found Vertebrates function as predators and prey in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater environments Vertebrates are carnivores, herbivores and insectivores Invertebrates are marine filter feeders Snakes have long compressed longs to fit the body Snakes can stretch out their stomachs to hold food that is wider than the snake Some egg eating snakes adapted and lost all its teeth so the snake has bony projections that come through the esophagus and break the egg. Panda bear – chopping down of their forests and bamboo trees Blue whale – pollution of our oceans, and overly aggressive hunting Tasmanian devil – The arrival of the dingo competing for the same food as the Tasmanian devil The smallest chordates are 1cm long Largest animals that have ever existed are chordates, ie: blue whales, dinosaurs We as humans are in the phylum Chordata For the following, identify how the structures involved in the processes have adapted to their environment Reptiles can’t lift their body; instead they crawl using their limbs and tail. Movement Food processing Type of eaters Respiration Internal Transport (Circulatory system) Endothermic or exothermic Osmoregulation & Excretion Sensory system (central and peripheral) Fertilization and reproduction Predator Prey adaptations Snakes however do not have limbs they use their muscles to crawl on the ground, or they bunch their body up and throw themselves forward. Snakes actually walk on the tips of their ribs. (from ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) ch. 41 Snakes do not chew their food, instead they eat their food whole. The food first enters the esophagus, and into the stomach of the snake, then the stomach breaks the food down but secreting hydrochloric acid. The food then goes to the small intestines, and the waste is passed into the large intestine and then the rectum and it is then excreted out of the body. However crocodiles may swallow stones to help digest its food, and they have 2 stomachs, one acts like a gizzard, while the other has powerful acids. (Detritivore, Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores etc.) Most reptiles are omnivores, however snakes and some other species of reptiles are carnivores. Turtles are the pre-dominant species of herbivores. Ch.42 Reptiles have a similar respiratory system compared to ours; they have a heart, two lungs, and nasal passages. Snakes however have a trachea, air sac, bronchi, and 2 lungs that are very long and staggered to help the snake breathe while eating. They have a right lung and left lung and a tracheal lunch near its head. Reptiles have a closed circulatory system. Most reptiles have a three chambered heart composed of two atria and one ventricle. Reptiles have one pair of aortic arches, but there is some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart. Crocodiles however have a 4 chambered heart, that is capable of turning into a 3 chambered heart, and snakes have a 3 chambered heart that is able to become a 4 chamber heart during contraction. The right and left atria receive blood from the lungs and body, respectively, and pass it to the ventricle to be circulated again Pg. 845, 928 Reptiles are exothermic. A reptile maintains its internal temperature by using exothermic methods of controlling its body temperatures. Ch. 44 936, 941Excretion is performed by 2 main kidneys. Uric acid is the main waste product, but turtle’s main product is urea. Since reptile’s kidneys cannot produce liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid, their colon help absorb excess water along with their bladder. Reptiles have a larger cerebrum and cerebellum than an amphibian brain. Reptiles also have twelve pairs of cranial nerves, and their spinal cord reaches down to their tail tip. Snakes have highly sensitive tongues than can pick up odor particles, and are sent to the Jacobson’s organ to be chemically analyzed. In crocodiles the upper and lower jaws are covered with sensory pits which contain nerve fibers to detect prey. (could identify some mating behaviours noted in your research) Most reptiles reproduce sexually, however some can reproduce asexually. All reproductive activity occurs through the cloacae. Males and females simply put their cloacas together and the male excretes sperm. Most reptiles lay eggs in the dirt or ground, or some snakes may give birth to live young. Turtles have a hard shell to protect themselves for enemies. Snakes have venom in their fangs that they inject to prey and enemies, or excrete a horrible odor. Crocodiles just bite their enemies, or use their tails for protection. Crocs have a bite force of 3000 pounds per square inch.