Download supply and demand

Economics 160
Study Questions-Set #1
Scarcity and Opportunity Costs
1. What is meant by scarcity?
2. What is the economic definition of opportunity cost? What is the connection between scarcity and
cost?
3. Two students pay the same amount in tuition, room, board, book purchases, and incidental expenses.
This implies that the cost of attending college is the same for each student. Do you agree? Explain.
4. a. Suppose there is a sharp rise in the demand for residential housing in Ventura County. How will this
affect the cost of raising strawberries in this county?
b. Company X desires to construct a new factory. It can finance this construction program by
borrowing $1 million at 10% or by using its own profits. True of false: the company necessarily faces
lower interest costs if it finances new construction by using its own funds.
c. Fred spends his time operating his wheat farm. He pays his two hired laborers $10 per hour. Fred is
also an excellent banjo player and can earn $20 per hour giving banjo lessons. What are Fred’s hourly
labor costs in terms of operating the wheat farm?
d. What is the cost to an airline of letting an employee fly at no charge?
e. Suppose some nearby stores offer to pay CSUN an annual rental of $20,000 for the use of the
parking lot on Nordhoff. It is estimated to cost CSUN $10,000 per year to maintain and monitor the
lot. What is CSUN’s annual cost of operating the parking lot?
f. Maria owns the water rights to a nearby creek. A nearby irrigation farmer has offered Maria $30 per
acre-foot of water. A nearby company would also like to divert the water for industrial uses and is
willing to pay $50 per acre-foot of water. What is the cost to Maria of selling the water to company?
Would your answer change if the farmer was willing to pay $40 per acre-foot?
g. Elizabeth can buy a ticket at outlet A for $20 without having to wait in line. She can also purchase
the ticket at outlet B for $10 but must spend 30 minutes in line to get the ticket at this price. If
Elizabeth was not standing in line she could be working for $30 per hour. At which outlet is the cost
of the ticket lowest?
h. Assume that college chemistry professors could ordinarily be earning $200,000 per year in the
private sector for the same number of hours as they work at the college. What is the cost to chemistry
professors of working at a college? Do you think that colleges with limited budgets might have hard
time keeping chemistry professors?
i. Assume that a large shopping mall has recently opened near an apartment building. The apartment
building owner tells his tenants that his annual operating costs are rising. The tenants reply that the
owner’s annual maintanence costs and property taxes have not changed and so do not believe him.
In what sense do you think that the owner’s annual operating costs have indeed increased?
j. Suppose the government requires all TV networks to provide “free” public-service messages. Use the
concept of opportunity cost to explain at what time of the day these networks are likely to provide time
slots for these messages.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
5. a. The law of demand asserts that as the price of a good decreases, the demand curve for that good
should shift to the right. True or false, explain.
b. The law of demand claims the demand curves have negative slopes. True or false, explain.
c. The law of demand claims that as the price of good rises, people stop wanting the good. True or
false, explain.
6. How would each the following events affect the demand curve for coffee:
a. A decrease in income. Assume that coffee is a normal good.
b. An increase in the price of cream.
c. A decrease in the price of tea.
d. Buyers expect the future price of coffee to rise.
e. The government imposes a sales tax on coffee.
f. A large and successful advertising campaign by coffee producers occurs.
g. The price of coffee falls.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Which of the following is likely to cause an increase in the demand for medical care:
a. An increase in the number of people on low-cholesterol diets.
b. A decline in the price of medical care.
c. Increased government subsidies for the elderly.
Distinguish between a change in supply and a change in quantity supplied. What causes each to occur?
For each of the following statements, indicate whether you agree or disagree with it and explain why:
a. “A high wheat price causes an increase in the supply of wheat”.
b. “A lower quantity supplied of cars causes a higher price for cars”.
How would each of the following events affect the supply curve for crude oil:
a. A major technological improvement in extracting oil from the ground occurs.
b. The cost of labor rises.
c. Oil producers expect the future price of oil to fall.
d. The government imposes a tariff (tax) on imported oil.
e. The government imposes a quota on imported oil.
f. The government passes new laws that disallow oil extraction in certain regions of the country.
g. The price of crude oil rises.
a. Define: Equilibrium price, shortage and surplus. What role does the money price of a good play in
eliminating shortages or surpluses?
b. For each statement, indicate whether economic definitions are being used correctly: “Drought has
reduced the wheat crop and thus created a shortage of wheat.” “Countries with large populations
experience a surplus of workers.”
“If there is an increase in demand, the price rises, but the higher price decreases demand and increases
supply, thus reducing the price back to its original level.” Explain what is wrong with this statement
and correctly state the effect of an increase in demand.
Using supply and demand graphs, explain what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of
raw cotton grown in the U.S. when:
a. new Environmental Protection Agency regulations prohibit the use of certain pesticides and
herbicides widely used by cotton growers.
b. there is a development of an extensive, efficient cotton-growing industry in other countries.
Imported cotton is considered a substitute for domestically produced cotton.
c. there is an large increase in the demand for peanuts (which can be grown on cotton land).
d. a rise in the demand for beef that induces ranchers to reduce their flocks of sheep (which yield
wool) in order to raise more cattle. Hint: wool and cotton are substitutes.
e. imposing an excise tax on cotton producers.
f. cotton farmers in California face lower prices for irrigation water. Cotton is an irrigated crop.
g. both (a) and (b) occur.
Using supply and demand graphs, explain what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity
of gasoline in California:
a. Events in the Middle East lead to a rise in the price of crude oil. Crude oil is an input the production
of gasoline.
b. Mild winter weather on the East Coast results in the drop in the demand for heating fuel (which uses
crude oil as an input).
c. A surge in travel during the summer months.
d. A series of refinery accidents in California.
e. Both (d) and ( c) occur.
Over the course of the past century or so the quantity of iron produced has increased dramatically.
Over that same period the price of iron (adjusted for inflation) has decreased. Population has risen
substantially over this period of time. Use a supply and demand model to explain the change in P & Q.
Multiple choice question (circle one): Which of the following can explain a rise in the price of
oranges.
a. Consumer income has fallen. Oranges are a normal good.
b. The price of peaches (a substitute good) has decreased.
c. The demand for residential housing in counties that devote large tracts of land to orange orchards
has risen dramatically.
d. The price of water used to irrigate orange orchards has fallen.
e. The government removes restrictions on imported oranges.
16. Multiple choice question (circle one): Tin and aluminum are substitutes. If the price of tin rises we
would expect the equilibrium price of aluminum to
and the equilibrium quantity of
aluminum to
.
a. rise; rise.
b. fall; fall.
c. fall; rise.
d. rise; fall.
e. none of the above.
17. Multiple choice question (circle one): Suppose the government imposes new environmental
regulations that cause the cost of producing cars to increase. At the same time consumer income rises. Cars
are a normal good. We would expect the equilibrium price of cars to
and the equilibrium quantity of
cars to
.
a. rise; rise.
b. fall; fall.
c. rise; fall.
d. fall; rise.
e. uncertain; fall.
f. fall ; uncertain.
g. rise; uncertain.
h. uncertain; rise.
i. uncertain; uncertain.
18. Multiple choice question (circle one): If the level of tuition rises we would expect the equilibrium
price of textbooks to
and the equilibrium quantity of textbooks to
.
a. rise; rise.
b. fall; fall.
c. fall; rise.
d. rise; fall.
19. Suppose a $3 per unit tax is imposed on sellers (excise tax). Using the supply and demand curves in
Figure 1, illustrate the impact of this tax on buyers and sellers (use specific numbers). Prove that the
burden of the tax is same the tax is imposed on buyers instead of sellers. Again, use specific numbers.
20. Suppose the government grants buyers a $3 per unit subsidy for good Z. Using the supply and demand
curves in Figure 1, illustrate the impact of this subsidy on buyers and sellers (use specific numbers).
Prove that the benefit of the subsidy is same the subsidy is granted to sellers instead of buyers. Again,
use specific numbers.
21. Suppose the local government restricts the number of taxi-cab operators in the local area. Use a supply
and demand graph to illustrate the impact on the equilibrium price and quantity of taxi-cab services.
22. What is a price ceiling? Suppose the equilibrium price of good X is $8 and that a price ceiling is placed
at $5. Using supply and demand curves, show the results of this ceiling. What other effects would you
expect to observe? WHY? Explain how the ceiling will tend to increase the opportunity cost of
acquiring this good ABOVE $8.
23. Compare the different means of allocating the following goods, and for each pair indicate which good
is most likely to exhibit a shortage and explain why:
a. best-sellers at lent at libraries versus best-sellers at book stores.
c. space on the beach during the hot-summer days versus luxury motels along the beach during the
summer.
24. What is a price floor? Explain the effects of a minimum wage law on teenage unemployment.
P
FIGURE 1
$12
$11
S1
$10
$9
$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
D1
$2
$1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
.
14
.
16
.
18
.
Q
Answers for Study Questions-Set #1
1. Scarcity means that our wants exceed our ability to satisfy these wants. This is because (a) our wants are
seemingly unlimited, whereas (b) our resources (land, labor, and capital) are limited.
2. Cost means opportunity cost. Opportunity Cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a
choice is made. Scarcity means we do not have enough resources to produce all the goods and services that
people want. Therefore, we have to make a choice between how these scarce resources are used (for
example, the more land, labor and capital used to produced cars, the less land, labor and capital is left over
to produce wheat or health care or national defense). If we choose to use the resources one way, then we
give up--that is, forgo--some alternative use of them. But that is what is meant by cost--a forgone
alternative. For example, the cost of producing cars is the value of the output we could have had if we had
used these resources to produce some goods other than cars.
3. False. An important part of the cost of attending school is the income that you could have been earning if
you had been working (or working more hours) instead of going to school. Since people generally have
different job opportunities, the amount of forgone income will differ from one person to the next. Thus, the
cost of attending school will differ even if two students pay the same tuition, room, board, etc. An example
will help illustrate this. Suppose Michael is a highly skilled athlete who could be earning $5 million/year if
he left school and turned professional, whereas Alan could be earning at most $20,000/year if she was not
in school. Who has the higher cost of staying in school another year? Obviously Michael does since he
stands to lose a lot of income by staying in school another year.
4. a. It will increase the cost of raising crops. Why? Land has alternative uses--it can be used to grow crops
or it can be used for residential housing. The more land used for agriculture, the less land available for
residential housing. Therefore, as the demand and value of residential housing rises, the cost of using this
land for agriculture rises. Here is an example to help you understand. Suppose Farmer Jones is initially
offered $10,000 for an acre of his land by a land developer. If he refuses the offer and continues to use the
land for crops, then he forgoes $10,000--an opportunity cost. If the demand for residential housing now
increases, and this induces the land developer to offer $20,000/acre now, then Farmer Jones would forgo
even more money by refusing the offer---and thus the opportunity cost of using the land for growing crops
increases.
4b. False. If the company borrows $ 1million at 10% its annual interest costs are .10 times $1 million, or
$100,000 per year. If it uses its own funds, then the $1 million spend on the factory building could have
lent out at 10% and thus the firm could have been earning $100,000/year interest. By choosing to use the
funds to build the factory building the firm forgoes this interest payment. A forgone alternative is a cost. So
either way the firm’s opportunity costs are $100,000 per year.
4c. Fred’s hourly labor costs would be the $20 per hour he pays the two hired workers PLUS the $20 /hour
Fred forgoes by using his time to operate his firm instead of giving banjo lessons. So his hourly labor costs
are $40/hour.
4d. What is the next best use of this seat? If the airline could have sold a ticket for that seat, then by letting
an employee fly at no charge it forgoes the revenue it could have had if it had instead sold a ticket.
4e. Annual costs of operating the parking lot for students would be the $10,000 maintenance and
monitoring cost PLUS the $20,000 forgone rental. So total operating costs are $30,000/year.
4f. If Maria sells the water to the company she forgoes the $30/unit she could have had if she had instead
sold it to the farmer. [Of course, Maria will find profitable to sell the company since her revenue of $50
exceeds her opportunity costs ($30) ] Now her opportunity cost is $40. (She still sells to the company;
revenue of $50 exceeds opportunity cost of $40].
4g. The cost of buying the ticket at outlet A is $20. The cost of buying the ticket at outlet B is $10 plus the
forgone income of $15 (she spends ½ hour in line and could be earning $15 in that time). So her cost at
outlet B is $25, and therefore it is cheaper to buy a ticket at outlet A.
4h. Cost of working at the college is the forgone income of $200,000. If college professors only cared
about monetary rewards, then colleges would have to pay these profs. at least $200,000 to keep them from
moving to the private sector. With limited budgets, that would imply that the chemistry dept. will probably
have a small number of professors. [Note: Of course, if college professors derived non-monetary benefits
from teaching, the college could pay less than $200,000 to keep them].
4i. Assuming that the shopping mall has offered to buy the land with the apartment building on it, then the
cost of operating the apartment building is greater since the owner would be forgoing larger amounts of
money by continuing to use the land for apartment buildings (rather than selling to the mall).
4j. The cost to the network of allowing free messages is the income they could have had if they had instead
sold that time slot to an advertiser. During prime-time viewing hours networks can sell time slots for more
than during non-prime-time hours. Therefore, it is less costly to the networks to allow the public service
messages to run at non-prime-time hours (perhaps during the day or at very late night hours).
5.a.False. A change in price does NOT shift the demand curve, but causes a movement along a given
demand curve. In this case, a decrease in price causes a movement down along the demand curve. See
Figure 5a.
5b. True. The law of demand claims that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, other things
constant. This implies a negatively-slopped curve.
5c. False. The law of demand says nothing about “wants” or “needs”. It merely claims that as the price of a
good increases, the amount of the good people are ABLE and WILLING to purchase decreases, other
things constant. For example, as the price of strawberries rises, I may be unable or unwilling to purchase as
many strawberries at this higher price. That does not mean that I stop deriving satisfaction from consuming
strawberries (I will “want” strawberries).
6. a. Increase in demand (rightward shift). See Figure 6a.
6. b. Since cream is a complement to coffee, this would cause a decrease in demand for coffee. (leftward
shift). See Figure 6b.
6.c . Tea and coffee are substitutes, so a decrease in the price of tea would cause a decrease in demand for
coffee. See Figure 6c.
6d. This would cause the current demand for coffee to rise. See Figure 6d.
6e. A decrease in demand. See Figure 6e.
6f. Increase in demand. See Figure 6f.
6g. NO SHIFT. This would cause a movement along a given demand curve.
7. a. We would expect this to reduce health problems and thus decrease the demand for medical
care(leftward shift).
b. A decrease in the price of medical care would cause a movement down along the D curve, NOT a shift.
c. This would increase the demand for medical care(rightward shift).
8. A change in quantity supplied refers a movement along a given supply curve. The only thing which
causes a movement along a given supply curve is a change in the price of the good. See Figure 8a.
A change in supply refers to a shift in the supply curve (that is, get a new supply curve). See Figure 8b.
Shifts are caused by a change in “other things”. These “other things” (shift variables) include:
a. Technology.
b. Input prices.
c. Prices of other outputs.
d. Seller expectations of future prices.
e. Taxes, subsidies, and government regulations.
f. Changes in the natural environment.
g. Number of sellers.
8. a. Disagree. A high wheat price causes an increase in quantity supplied (movement up along the supply
curve) is how it should read.
8b. Disagree. A lower quantity supplied (movement along a given supply curve) of cars is caused by a
lower price. This statement is confusing a movement along a supply curve with a shift in the supply curve.
The correct way to express it is “A decrease in supply (leftward shift) causes a higher price”.
9a. Increase in supply (rightward shift).
9b. Decrease in supply (leftward shift).
9c. Current supply increases.
9d. Decrease in supply.
9e. Decrease in supply.
9f. Decrease in supply.
9g. NO SHIFT. An increase in price causes a movement up along a given supply curve.
10. a. Equilibrium price (“market-clearing price”): the price at which quantity supplied equals quantity
demanded. That is, it is the price at which the amount of a good sellers are able and willing to sell (quantity
supplied) equals the amount of a good buyers are able and willing to buy.
Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at some given price. (See
Figure 10b). Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at some given
price. (See Figure 10a) If there is initially a shortage, then competition among buyers will bid up the price.
The higher price will cause a decrease in quantity demanded (represented on a graph as a movement up
along the demand curve) AND an increase in quantity supplied (represented on a graph as movement up
along the supply curve). If there is initially a surplus, then competition among sellers will bid the price
down. The lower price will cause an increase in quantity demanded (represented on a graph as a movement
down along the demand curve) AND a decrease in quantity supplied (represented on a graph as movement
down along the supply curve).
10.b. No. A reduction in the supply of wheat will lead to an increase in the equilibrium price of wheat. At
this new price, quantity supplied again equals quantity demanded, therefore there in no shortage.
No, not used correctly. Large populations, by increasing the supply of labor, will cause a decrease the
equilibrium price (wage rate) of labor. At this new equilibrium wage the quantity of labor supplied will
equal the quantity of labor demanded, thus there is no surplus.
11. The last part of this statement confuses a shift with a movement along a curve. The statement should
read: “ If there is an increase in demand, the price rises, the higher price then causes a decrease in quantity
demanded (a movement down along the new demand curve) and an increase in quantity supplied (a
movement up along the supply curve).”
12. a. This government regulation will make it more costly for sellers to produce cotton and will therefore
reduce the supply of cotton (leftward shift). This will cause the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium
quantity to fall. See figure 12a.
12.b. Cotton grown in other countries can be considered a substitute for U.S. cotton. Thus the development
of this alternative source of cotton will cause a decrease in the demand for U.S. cotton (leftward shift).
Equilibrium price falls and equilibrium quantity falls. See figure 12b .
12c. The increase in demand for peanuts, which can be expected to increase the price of peanuts, will cause
some farmers to reduce the amount of land being used to grow cotton and switch to growing peanuts.
Thus, there will be a decrease in the supply of cotton (leftward shift). Equilibrium price increases and
equilibrium quantity decreases. See figure 12c.
12d. This is a more difficult problem. A key to answering it is to recognize that wool and cotton are
substitutes. First thing to note: a reduction flocks of sheep will reduce the supply of wool, which will drive
up the price of wool. The higher price of wool will cause an increase in demand for cotton (since cotton is a
substitute for wool). The higher cotton demand will drive up the equilibrium price of cotton and increase in
the equilibrium quantity of cotton. See figure 12d.
12e. This would reduce the supply of cotton (leftward shift). Equil. price increases and equil. quantity
decreases. See figure 12e.
12f. Irrigation water is an input into the production of cotton. This decline in this input price will increase
supply (rightward shift). Equil. price falls and equil. quantity rises. See figure 12f.
12g. There would be both a decrease in supply AND a decrease in demand. It is uncertain what happens to
price, but quantity falls. See figure 12g.
13. a. An increase in the price of crude oil, which is an input in the production of gasoline, will cause the
supply of gasoline to decrease (leftward shift). This shift will result in a higher equilibrium price and a
lower equilibrium quantity. See figure 13a.
13.b. The drop in the demand for heating fuel will lead to a lower price of heating fuel and lower quantity
supplied. This means more crude oil will allocated to the production of gasoline. Thus, the supply of
gasoline increases. P falls and Q rises. See figure 13b.
13c. Increase in demand for gasoline. Higher equil. P and Q. See Figure 13c.
13d. Decrease in supply of gasoline. Higher P and lower Q. See Figure 13d.
13e. Demand increases and Supply decreases. Price rises, but it is uncertain what happens to Q. See
Figure 13e.
14. The rising population would increase demand which BY ITSELF would tend to cause price to rise.
However, given that price actually fell, then this outcome can be explained by an even greater increase in
supply over this period of time. The dramatic changes in the technology of mining iron ore and producing
iron could explain this supply shift. See Figure 14.
15. Only a decrease in supply and/or an increase in demand could explain the rising price. So in
determining the answer, you need to look for a “fact” that causes one of those shifts. The answer is (c). The
rising demand for residential housing would make it profitable to convert some orchard land into land used
for residential housing. Thus, the supply of oranges falls.
16. The rise in the price of tin would cause an increase in demand for aluminum. This would cause the
equilibrium price and quantity of aluminum to rise. Answer is (a).
17. The regulations decrease the supply of cars and the increase in incomes causes the demand for cars to
rise. The price will rise but it is uncertain what happens to quantity. Answer is (g).
18. Complementary goods. So as the tuition rises, the demand for textbooks falls, and this leads to a
decrease in P and Q. Answer is (b).
19. See Figures 19a and 19b.
20. See Figures 20a and 20b.
21. See Figure 21.
22. Price ceiling: a legal maximum price. See Figure 22.
Effects: i. Chronic shortage since price is not legally allowed to rise to eliminate the shortage.
ii. An increase in the use of non-money-price competition. If offers of money price are no longer allowed to
determine who gets the good, then some other form of competition must determine this. Examples of nonmoney price competition include waiting-in-line, political influence, grades, violence or the threat of violence.
iii. There may be a reduction in the quality of the good. Sellers cannot benefit from the shortage by raising
price, but they can cut costs by producing lower-quality goods. Suppliers will be motivated to reduce quality
as long as they can sell all they desire to sell at the controlled price. In terms of a supply and demand graph, a
decrease in quality will decrease demand (leftward shift) by making the good less attractive to consumers.
Even after the decrease in demand, if there is still a shortage then sellers can still sell all they desire to sell at
the controlled price. So they receive the same revenue but have lower costs.
d. Inevitably, price controls lead to black-market transactions. That is, sellers and buyers agree on illegally
high prices and secret exchanges. Some consumers would rather pay an illegally high price for the good than
not get the good at all at the controlled price, and sellers will produce more of the good if they can get a higher
price.
First, note that the quantity supplied is less at the controlled price than at the free-market price. Second, at the
controlled price there exists a shortage which leads to an increase in the use of non-price competition (for
example, waiting in line). Although the money price is lower, the cost in non-monetary terms is driven up by
increased non-price competition. The fact that the quantity supplied is less at the controlled price than at the
free-market price implies that total price (money price+non-monetary costs) will be higher than the freemarket price. [Note: There isn't an increase in quantity supplied because the time lost to consumers does not
represent a corresponding gain to sellers. ]
23. Best-sellers at libraries and beach space are “free” in the sense that there is a zero money price
charged for the use of these resources. In other words, there is effectively a price ceiling at zero. They thus
exhibit shortages since quantity demanded will exceed quantity supplied at P = 0. On the other hand, the
prices of books at bookstores and rooms at luxury motels are set so as to equate quantity supplied and
quantity demanded. So would do not observe shortages of these goods or services.
24. A price floor is a legal minimum price. There would be a surplus (unemployment) of low-skilled labor.
Ordinarily, with a surplus of labor the wage rate would fall until the market cleared. However, with the
minimum wage law this is not allowed to happen, and therefore some other form of competition will arise to
determine who gets the relatively few jobs. Worker characteristics such as punctuality and reliability will
likely play a larger role in allocating jobs. It is likely that adults will be better able to compete on this basis
than teenagers, and therefore adult low-skilled labor may benefit from the minimum wage law, although
teenagers will almost certainly be hurt by this law. See Figure 24.
Price
Figure 5a.
Price
Figures 6a,6d,6f
Price
Figures 6b,6c,6e
P1
P2
D
D2
D1
D1
D2
Q1 Q2
Price
Quantity
Figure 8a.
Change in quantity
Supplied
S
Quantity
Quantity
Figure 8b.
Change in Supply (Increase in supply shown below)
S1
Price
P2
S2
P1
Q1
Q2
Q
Quantity
Figures 9b,d,e,f
Decrease in Supply
S2
S1
Price
Figures 9a, 9c,.
Increase in Supply
S1
Price
S2
Q of Crude Oil
Price
Figure 10a.
Surplus
Quantity of Crude Oil
Price
Figure 10b.
Shortage
S
S
P0
P0
D
D
QD
QS
Quantity
QS
QD
Quantity
Price
Figures 12a,12c,12e
S2
S1
Price
Figure 12b
Price
Figure 12d
S1
S1
P2
P2
P1
P1
P1
P2
D2
D1
Q2 Q1
Price
D2 D1
Quantity
Figure 12f.
S1
Price
Q2 Q1
D1
Quantity
Q1
Q2
Quantity
Figure 12g. (It is uncertain what happens to P)
S2
S2
S1
P1
P1
P2
D1
Q1 Q2
Price
D2
Quantity
Q2
Q1
D1
Quantity
Figures 13a,13d
S2
S1
Price
Figure 13c.
S1
P2
P2
P1
P1
D2
D1
Q2 Q1
Price
D1
Quantity
Figure 13b
S1
Price
Q1
Figure 13e. (It is uncertain what happens to Q)
S2
S2
S1
P2
P1
P1
P2
D2
D1
Q1 Q2
Quantity
Q2
D1
Q1
Quantity
Quantity
Price
Figure 14
S1
Figure 21.
S2
Price
S1
P2
P1
P1
S2
P2
D
D1
Q1
Price
D2
Q2
Quantity
Figure 22.
Q2
Price
Q1
Quantity
Figure 24.
S
S
surplus
P*
P*
Floor
Ceiling
shortage
QS
D
QD
Quantity
D
QD
QS
Quantity
Question 19.
P
Excise tax of $3/unit
$12
$11
S2
S1
$10
P2=$9
vertical gap =$3
P1=$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
D1
$2
$1
2
4
6 .
8 .
For Excise Tax:
Buyers Pay
Sellers receive
Net price of
10 .
12
.
14
.
16
.
18
.
Q
For Sales Tax:
Before Tax
$8
After Tax
$9
.
$8
$9-$3=$6
P
Before Tax After Tax
Buyers Pay (inclusive
of tax)
Sellers Receive
$8
$8
$6+$3=$9
$6
.
Sales tax =$3/unit
$12
$11
S1
$10
$9
$8
vertical gap=$3
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
D2
D1
$2
$1
2
4
6 .
8 .
10 .
12
.
14
.
16
.
18
.
Q
Question 20.
P
Subsidy to Seller
$12
$11
S1
$10
$9
S2
P1=$8
vertical gap=$3
P2=$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
D1
$2
$1
1
2
3
4
5
6
P
7
8
9
10
12
.
14
.
16
.
18
.
Q
Subsidy to Buyers
$12
vertical gap=$3
$11
S1
P2=$10
$9
P1=$8
$7
D2
$6
$5
$4
$3
D1
$2
$1
1
2
3
4
For Subsidy to Sellers
Before
Buyers Pay
$8
Sellers receive
$8
(inclusive of subsidy)
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
.
14
.
16
.
18
.
For Subsidy to Buyers
After
$7
.
$7+$3=$10
Buyers pay (inclusive
of subsidy)
Sellers receive
Before After
$8
$10-$3=$7
.
$8
$10
.
Q