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Echinodermata Webquest Visit the following web sites to answer the questions and complete the paragraphs given on this page. Your instructor may ask you to copy the questions into a word document and then complete them by filling in the missing information. http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/echinod.htm Echinoderms are __________ ____________ animals that are only found in the sea (there are none on land or in fresh water). Echinoderms mean "_____________" in Greek. Many, but not all, echinoderms have spiny skin. There are over 6,000 species. Echinoderms usually have _____ _____________ (arms or rays), but there are some exceptions. ___________ symmetry means that the body is a hub, like a bicycle wheel, and tentacles are spokes coming out of it (think of a starfish). As larvae, echinoderms are ____________ _____________. As they mature, they become radially symmetrical. Most adult echinoderms live on the bottom of the ocean floor. Many echinoderms have ___________ on the ends of their feet that are used to capture and hold _______, and to hold onto rocks in a swift current. Each _______________ had hundreds of tiny feet on the bottom of each ray. These are tube feet, or _______. These tiny feet can be filled with sea water. The __________ _________ of the sea star is also filled with sea water. By moving water from the vascular system into the tiny feet, the sea star can make a foot move by expanding it. This is how sea stars move around. Muscles within the feet are used to retract them. Each ray of a sea star has a light sensitive organ called an __________. Though it can not see nearly as well as we do, sea stars can detect light and its general direction. They have some idea of where they are going. Sea urchins, heart urchins, cake urchins, and sand dollars belong to a subgroup of echinoderms called _______________. These creatures have many sharp spines pointing out in all directions that offer protection from predators. http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html Reproduction is carried out by the release of ________ and ________ into the water. Most species produce _________ (= free floating) planktonic larvae which feed on plankton. These larvae are __________ -___________, unlike their parents (illustration of a larvae of a sea star below). When they settle to the bottom they change to the typical echinoderm features. Starfish have no hard mouth parts to help them capture prey. The ____________ is extruded over the prey, thus surrounding the soft parts with the digestive organs. ___________ ___________ are secreted and the tissue of the prey liquefied. The digested food mass, together with the stomach is then sucked back in. This method can be observed, if you turn around a starfish, that sits on prey or sand - you will see the stomach retreating. Starfish are well known for their powers of ________________. A complete new animal can grow from a small fragment such as a arm. In some species one of the arms will virtually pull itself away, regenerates and forms a new animal (____________ reproduction = autotomy): Linckia multifora and Echinaster luzonicus. In others the body is broken into unequal parts (= fission) then the missing limbs regenerate (Allostichaster polyplax and Coscinasterias calamaria) http://www.seasky.org/reeflife/sea2d.html What is the size of the purple sea urchin and where is it typically found? What is the common name for Psolus chitinoides? What is the genus and species name for an orange starfish? http://www.oceanicresearch.org/echinoderm.html What class of organism is a cushion star and example of? What class of organism is a basket star and example of? What happened to the northern sea star photographed in Massachusetts? Find the following information on sea cucumbers. Many sea cucumbers are quite _____________. These cucumbers, if injured, can kill fish in the same aquarium. The poison of some sea cucumbers has shown promise as an inhibitor in the growth of _________ ___________. The sea cucumber has another interesting (if not slightly disgusting) habit, called ______ __________. When a sea cucumber is attacked, it may expel some of its internal organs. This could either satisfy a predator, or scare it off. The cucumber will then proceed to ___________ another set of organs. http://www.cyhaus.com/marine/Echinoderm.htm List the 5 classes of Echinoderms with examples http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Echinodermata.html Look for information on subclass Orphiuroidea The rays differ from those of asteroids and crinoids in being long and _________, and nearly solid. They are very flexible and enable the animals to make snake-like movements (which is the source of the class name: G. ophis = ____________) -- an ophiuroid locomotes by using two rays to produce a _____________ motion. _______________ are carnivores, filter feeders, and scavengers; those of some species use more then one method to obtain food. Mucus on the tube feet can trap phytoplankton, bacteria, and even medusae from the water or particles from sediment that are moved by the tube feet to the mouth; some ophiuroids capture small ___________ ____ __________ by looping the organisms with their rays. The mouth is surrounded by five _______ and leads to an ____________ that connects to the sac-like stomach. The stomach fills much of the disc, but does not extend into the arms, and ends blindly (that is, it has no ________). Digestion occurs within 10 pouches or infolds of the stomach. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/echinomm.html All echinoderms have a ______________________, a set of water-filled canals branching from a ring canal that encircles the gut. The canals lead to _________, or tube feet, which are sucker-like appendages that the echinoderm can use to move, grip the substrate, or manipulate objects. These tube feet are extended and retracted by hydraulic pressure in the water-vascular system. Echinoderms also have a spacious ____________ (an open, fluid-filled body cavity lined with tissue), large _______, and (usually) a complete gut. Many starfish have the peculiar ability to feed by turning the stomach inside out through the mouth; sea urchins scrape algae from rocks with five large teeth arranged in a structure known as "_________ __________." Echinoderms (except holothurians) generally lack respiratory systems, and many have only rudimentary circulatory systems; the water-vascular system takes over some of the functions of these systems. Nervous and sensory systems are generally poorly developed in echinoderms. http://www.floridasmart.com/subjects/ocean/animals_ocean_echin.htm A water _____________system A system of endoskeletal elements (arising from mesoderm) composed of a calcareous meshwork called ____________ Basic 5-part symmetry (often modified later in ontogeny) expressed in the development of 5 primary lobes in the hydrocoel of the rudiment Construction of ambulacra by the addition of new plates adjacent to the terminal (or ocular) plate that marks the ends of the radial canals A diffuse ______-______________ nervous system Sea cucumber is a ocean creature found in the wild. A traditionally treatured nutritious sea delicacy enjoys by most Asians as a healthy products. Known to be free of ______________, sea cucumber is also good for blood purification, enhacing kidney performace, lowering ________ _______________. http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Metazoa List the Synapomorphies of the Echinodermata list the Plesiomorphies and other features