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Sewanhaka Central High School District Floral Park Memorial High School Final Exam Review Sheet Make sure to review ALL OLD exams and quizzes. Chapter Summary review questions and homework’s assigned as well as any labs completed Chapter 1 Definition of Forensics, criminalistics: the application of criminal and civil laws enforced by police agencies the recognition, collection, identification, individualization, and interpretation of physical evidence the application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidence in criminal cases History of Forensics Ancient Babylon Archimedes Erastratus Sun Tzu Mathieu Orifila Alphonse Bertillion: anthropometry Francis Galton: fingerprinting Leone Lattes and Karl Landsteiner: serology Calvin goddard: ballistics Albert Osborn Walter McCroone: crystalography Edmond Locard (exchange principle) Organization of the Crime Lab, Services of a Crime Lab Physical Science unit Biology Unit Firearms Unit Documents examination unit Photography Unit Toxicology Unit Latent Fingerprint Unit Polygraph Unit Voiceprint analysis unit Evidence collection unit Forensic Pathology (know job of the coroner which is to establish cause of death) Autopsy, rigor mortis, algor mortis, liver mortis) Forensic Anthropology Forensic Entomology Forensic Psychology Forensic Odontology Forensic pathology: rigor mortis, liver mortis, algor mortis Organization of crime labs: Federal, state, county, municipal FEDERAL: FBI – largest crime lab in the world, broad investigative powers DEA – analysis of drugs seized in violation of federal laws regulating production, sale & transport, of drugs ATF: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives U.S. Postal Inspection Service – criminal investigations relating to the postal service STATE: NEW YORK STATE COUNTY: Nassau, Suffolk, Queens, Brooklyn, Bronx, Manhattan, Staten Island Municipal; Floral park Chapter 2 The Crime Scene A crime scene is a location where the law has been broken. It may contain evidence about the crime. It may have more than one location. Ex If a person is murdered in a home but the body is buried by the river, the home is the primary crime scene the river is the secondary crime scene. Know the steps in processing the crime scene What Is Physical evidence and know types of physical evidence? What is testimonial evidence? What is expert testimony? Processing the crime scene Secure and isolate the crime scene Record the crime scene Photography Sketching Rough sketch vs finished scetch Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) Finished sketch must contain polarity (N,S,E,W), Room measurements key or legend, At least two reference points for each piece of physical evidence. Know the polarity of room 239. Hempstead Turnpike is South, Jericho North, Plainfield Avenue West, Locust Street East Note taking Conduct a systematic search for evidence Spiral search method Grid method Strip or line search Quadrant or zone search Evidence collected and maintained from a body for lab examination Tissues and organs Vicim’s clothing Fingernail scrapings Head and pubic hairsm Blood (for DNA) Vaginal, anal, and oral swabs Recovered bullets or weapons Hand swabs from shooting victims for Gun shot residue Collect and Package evidence How are different pieces of evidence gathered from a crime scene and how are they packaged? Use of vacuum, tweezer etc. what type of containers are used to package evidence? What is a druggist fold when is it used? How are blood stained items handled? How are articles of clothing handled? Maintain Chain of Custody Obtain Standard or Reference Samples What is a standard or reference sample and why is it important? Buccal swab Physical Evidence Quantitative vs qualitative analysis: A white powdery substance is found in a small bag in the pocket of a murder victim. Forensic analysis determines the powder is Qualitative analysis identifies the powder as cocaine and baby laxative Quantitative analysis identifies it as 85% cocaine and 15% laxative. Modus operandi vs criminology Staged crime scene Types of physical evidence Blood,semen,saliva,documents(handwriting)drugs,explosives,fibers,hairs,fin gerprints,firearms and ammunition, glass, impressions, paint, petroleum products, plastic, rubber, powder residue, serial numbers, soil, minerals, tool marks and impressions, vehicle lights, wool and other vegetative matter Identification Comparison Individual vs class evidence Crime scene reconstruction Fingerprinting Before fingerprinting, which method was used in the identification of a suspect and/ or repeat criminal? What is a fingerprint? What is the study of fingerprinting? Know the 3 types of fingerprint pattern and their percentages Loop, whorl, arch How are fingerprints formed? Ridge patterns How are fingerprints compared and admitted into the court room Be able to compare two fingerprints by identifying specific minutiae patterns What are the different types of fingerpints left at a crime scene? Latent, visible, imprint What are some other individual prints left at a crime scene? AFIS How are latent fingerprints lifted from a crime scene? Ninhydrin, iodine, superglue, silver nitrate, dusting Hair 3 parts of hair: root, shaft, tip 3 parts of the shaft: cuticle, medulla, cortex Be able to give the function of each part of hair and each layer of the shaft. What information does the follicular tag give us? What are the stages of hair growth? Blood: Is blood individual or class evidence EXPLAIN! 4 parts of the blood and their function Erythrocytes (RBC) carry oxygen c determine asphyxiation Leukocytes (WBC) defend the body, have a nucleus housing DNA Thrombocytes (platelets) clot the blood Plasma: liquid part of blood dissolves ALL solutes Blood type is determined by the antigen found on the surface of the RBC With that antigen comes the antibody to fight against foreign antigens Blood type A has antigen _____________ and antibody ___________ It can successfully receive transfusions from _________________ Blood type B has antigen _____________ and antibody ___________ It can successfully receive transfusions from _________________ Blood type AB has antigen _____________ and antibody ___________ It can successfully receive transfusions from _________________ Blood type O has antigen _____________ and antibody ___________ It can successfully receive transfusions from _________________ Which is the universal receiver and WHY? Which is the universal donor and WHY? What is the rheusis factor and what does it have to do with blood typing? What is agglutination? How does it happen? Blood Spatter List the factors that effect the shape and size of a blood droplet What is the difference between low, medium and high velocity spatter? How can you determine the direction a blood droplet is moving? What is the point of origin? How can you find the point of origin? What is the angle of impact? How can you calculate the angle of impact? What is the difference between a presumptive and confirmatory test? Be able to identify each reaction: luminol, fluorescin, Kastle Meyer, hematest Confirmatory tests: precipitant test uses animal blood to determine if a sample is human. How does this work? Drugs Complete the table Category of Examples of Drug drug Narcotics Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Drug effects on body Targeted dependency neurotransmitter Be able to identify what a positive test looks like and which drug it is testing for the following: Dillie-Koppanyi, Duquenoix- Levine, Marquis reagent, Scott test, Van Urk What % of crime labs deal with drug related evidence? Which department created the controlled substance list? DNA Fingerprint What are the sources of DNA found at a crime scene? Isolate the DNA from the source Cut up the DNA with restriction enzymes RFLP Separate the DNA: gel electrophoresis: separates on size, charge, solubility Add a DNA probe or radioactive probe to look for a specific sequence Transfer fragment pattern via southern blot Visualize and compare fragments Remember: restriction enzymes recognize palindromes. They cut specific sequences Gel electrophoresis adds negative charge to fragmented DNA repelling the negative fragments. Small fragments move the fastest and are at the bottom of the gel. Larger fragments move slower and are at the top of the gel CODIS: Combined DNA Index System compares two DNA sources. The more fragments in common, the closer the reationship
