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December 2002 Charles City Community Schools Physical Science - Grades 9 I = Introduce, D= Develop, A=Assess, M=Maintain MC/GF = Multicultual Gender Fair Approaches; CE=Career Education; GE=Global Education ITBS/ITED Standard 1: Understands the nature of scientific inquiry IDAM ID ID ID IDA IDA ID I I Knows that scientific explanations must meet certain criteria; they must be consistent with experimental and observational evidence about nature; and they must include a logical structure, rules of evidence, openness to criticism, reporting methods and procedures, and a commitment to making knowledge public Knows that because all scientific idea depend on experimental and observational confirmation, all scientific knowledge is, in principle, subject to change as a new evidence becomes available; in areas where data, information, or understanding is incomplete, it is normal for scientific ideas to be incomplete Knows that in science, the testing, revising, and occasional discarding of theories, new and old, never ends; this ongoing process leads to an increasingly better understanding of how things work in the world, but not to absolute truth MC/GF x Knows that hypotheses are widely used in science for choosing what data to pay attention to and what additional data to seek, and for guiding the interpretation of the data (both new and previously available) Formulates a testable hypothesis Knows that scientists conduct investigations for variety of reasons, such as exploration of new area, discovery of new aspects of the natural world, confirmation of prior investigations require the contributions of individuals from different disciplines (including engineering) and new disciplines of science often emerge at the interface of two older disciplines Knows that results of scientific inquiry—new knowledge and x methods—emerge from different types of investigations and public communication among scientists; the nature of communicating and defending the results of scientific inquiry is guided by criteria of being logical and empirical and by connections between natural phenomena, investigations, and the historical body of scientific knowledge Knows that progress is science and technology can relate to social issues and challenges Knows that individuals and teams have contributed and will x continue to contribute to all scientific enterprise; doing science or engineering can be as simple as a individual conducting CE GE December 2002 ID ID ID field studies or as complex as hundreds of people working on a major scientific question or technological problem Knows that scientists have ethical traditions, including x commitment to peer review, truthful reporting of the methods and outcomes of investigations, and publication of the results of work; violations of ethical traditions such as these rarely occur, but if violations do occur, the scientists responsible are strongly condemned Knows that scientists in different disciplines ask different x questions, use different methods of investigation, and accept different types of evidence to support their explanations; many scientific investigations require the contributions of individuals from different disciplines(including engineering)and new disciplines of science often emerge at the interface of two older disciplines (e.g.geophysics, biochemistry) Knows that creativity, imagination, and a good knowledge base are all required in the work of science and engineering Standard 2: Understands features and processes of the Earth/Universe NOT APPLICABLE Standard 3: Understands diversity and unity that characterize life NOT APPLICABLE Standard 4: Understands basic concepts about the structure and properties of matter MC/GF CE IDAM IDA IDA IDA IDA IDA Knows that an element is composed of single type of atom; when elements are listed in order according to the number of protons (called the atomic number); repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements with similar properties (as seen in the periodic table) Knows that atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus; these outer electrons govern the chemical properties of the element Knows that atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids; when two or more kinds of atoms bind together chemically, a compound is formed Knows that atoms consist of negative electrons, which occupy most of the space in the atom, any very tiny nuclei consisting of neutrons and positive protons, each almost two thousand times heavier than and electron; the electric force between the nucleus and electrons hold the atom together Knows that the number of electrons usually will equal the number of protons, and the neutron has no electric charge, so the atom, overall, is electrically neutral; but an atom may acquire an unbalanced charge by gaining or losing electrons Knows that when an element has atoms that differ in the number of neutrons, these atoms are called different isotopes of the element; GE December 2002 although neutrons have little effect on how an atom interacts with others, they do affect the mass and stability of the nucleus IDA Knows that a large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules or atoms; in other reactions, chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds Standard 5: Understands energy, motion and forces MC/GF CE IDAM IDA ID I GE Knows that heat energy consists of random motion and the vibrations of atom, molecules, and ion; the higher temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion Knows that materials contain almost exactly equal proportions of positive and negative charges, making the materials as a whole electrically neutral; a very small excess or deficit of negative charges in a material produces noticeable electric forces Knows that at the atomic level, electric forces between oppositely charges electrons and protons hold atoms and molecules together and thus are involved in a chemical reactions; on a larger scale, electric forces hold solid and liquid materials together and act between objects when they are in contact Knows that gravity is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass; the strength of the gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Standard 6: Understands the relationships of science, technology, and social perspectives MC/GF CE Knows that science and technology are pursued for different purposes; scientific inquiry is driven by the desire to understand the natural world and seeks to answer questions that may or may not directly influence humans; technological design is driven by the need to meet human needs and solve human problems and has a more direct effect on society than science because its purpose is to solve human problems, help humans adapt, and fulfill human aspirations x GE