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Bacteria-Procaryotic Cells
Read pages 360 to 372 and answer the following questions.
1. What are prokaryotes? Cells without a true nucleus
2. To which two kingdoms do prokaryotes belong?
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
3. Contrast prokaryotes and eucaryotes in regard to size
and explain the reason. Eukaryotes are larger because
they need room for the nucleus
4. What are the general characteristics of Eubacteria?
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Reproduce mainly asexually
5. What are cyanobacteria? (Where do they live , What did
they used to be called, What is special about them?)
6. What are the characteristics of Archebacteria?
7. Why are archebacteria considered to be different from
eubacteria?
8. What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? Rod
shaped, spherical and spiral shaped
9. Complete the table:
Name of
bacteria
Bacilli
Shape of
bacteria
Rod shaped
Drawing
Spherical
cocci
Spiral shaped
spirilli
10.
What other methods are used to differentiate
bacteria?
11.
Who was Hans Christian Gram? He invented the gram
stain.
12.
Complete this table:
Name
Gram positive
Colour
purple
Cell membrane
Only one cell
structure
layer outside the
cell membrane
Gram negative
Red
Two cell layers
outside the cell
membrane
13.
Describe the different ways that bacteria can
move. Some use flagella while others lash, snake, or
spiral forward.
14.
If bacteria were classified according to their
method of obtaining energy, what groups would they be
classified into?
Phototrophic autotrophs
Chemotrophic autotrophs
Chemotropic heterotrophs
Phototrophic heterotrophs
15.
Compare and contrast HETEROTROPHS and AUTOTROPHS.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs are both types of bacteria
(ie. Prokaryotic unicellular organisms), they need
energy to stay alive while autotrophs are able to make
their own organic molecules by harnessing energy from
light or chemicals and chemotrophs need to take in
organic molecules then breaking them down.
16.
Define and give an example of the following:
a. obligate aerobes
need oxygen to stay alive
b. obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by oxygen and do not need it to
stay alive
17.
c. facultative anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
How often can bacteria reproduce?
As often as every 20 minutes
18.
Why don’t bacteria reproduce to reach a mass
approximately 4000 times the mass of the Earth?
Growth of bacteria is held in check by availability of food
and the production of waste products.
19.
Complete yet another table:
Method of
Reproduction
Sexual or Asexual
asexual
Binary Fission
sexual
Conjugation
asexual
Spore formation
Purpose of method
of Reproduction
To produce many
identical
offspring
To create genetic
variety within the
species
To survive adverse
conditions
20.
Give some examples of methods of food and
beverage production in which bacteria are important.
They are used to make cheese, buttermilk, sour cream as
well as pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut and some vinegar and
wine.
21.
Give some examples of how bacteria are used in
industry. Digesting oil during an oil spill
Removing waste products and poisons from water
Help mine minerals from the ground
22.
What is symbiosis? A close relationship between
two species in which at least one species benefits
from the other.
23.
What are E. coli? What do they do for us?
Bacteria that live in our intestines. They help us
digest food and make a number of vitamins.
24.
On what does every living thing depend on for
growth? A supply of raw material
25.
What role do bacteria have in breakdown of dead
material? Bacteria recycle and de compose or break
down dead material.
26. What are saprophytes? Organisms that use complex
molecules of a once-living organism as their source of
energy enriching the soil in which it grew.
27. Describe the role of bacteria in sewage decomposition?
Bacteria is added to human waste in sewage. They
break down the complex compounds in the sewage into
simpler compounds. This process produces purified
water, nitrogen gas, and CO2 gas and leftover products
that can be used as crop fertilizers. (Sometimes it
doesn’t work so well and we get lettuce with E. coli
on it.)
28. What is that plant called that you smell when you
cross the Alex Fraser Bridge? Annacis Island Waste
Treatment plant.
29. What % of N2 is our atmosphere made of?
80%
30. What form of nitrogen do living things require? NH4 or
NO331. In order for humans to make nitrogen-containing
fertilizers they must use the Haber process, the one
at 500° C. Describe the Haber process in more detail.
Haber process: Take nitrogen gas + hydrogen gas heat the
mixture to 500° C and squeeze it to 300 times the normal
atmospheric pressure to make NH4. It is expensive and timeconsuming.
32. What do bacteria do to make nitrogen-containing
compounds? They live in the roots of legumes and take
N2 from the air and change it into NH4 at room
temperature and normal pressure.
33. Describe the symbiotic relationship with nitrogen
fixing bacteria in soybeans.
Soybeans provide food for the bacteria and the
bacteria provide organic nitrogen (NH4 )for the plant
(mutualism)
34. How much nitrogen is released into the environment
every year. More than 170 million metric tonnes per
year. Just from those tiny bacteria.