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Quantum numbers and Periodic table II/ What is an orbital? • It is the space around the nucleus in which the electron is found with a probability of 90%. • The electron spends 90% of its time in that space. 90% II/ Different shapes of orbitals s p d f II/ university 1 2 Faculty of art Faculty of engineering a b Arabic g D B M c Engl. a b b M 3 g B b M Faculty of science d Mech g B Main shells civil b e chem g M B g f phys Math g b g B B b M subshells M Each student in the university is defined by a set of symbols: A Math student in the master program has the set: 3 gb II/ Similarly, electrons in atom are specified by a set of numbers, the quantum numbers: The Quantum Numbers name symbol values Physical significance -Gives the main shell in which the electron exists. Principal Quantum Number n 1, 2, 3, 4, ……. -Determines largely the energy of the electron. -Determines the size of the orbital. -Gives the subshell in which the electron exists. Azimuthal (secondary, angular moment) Quantum Number ℓ 0, 1, 2, …, (n-1) -contributes to energy of electron. -Determines the shape of the orbital Magnetic Quantum Number mℓ -ℓ, …, 0, … +ℓ Spin Quantum Number ms +/- 1/2 -Determines the orientation of orbital in space -orientation of rotation of electron around itself. II/ l-value orbital type 0 s 1 n-value Main shell designation p 1 K 2 d 2 L 3 f 3 M 4 g 4 N 5 h 5 O II/ ℓ mℓ (n-1) (-ℓ, …, +ℓ) No. of orbitals 1 0 (s) 0 1 2 2 2 0 (s) 1 (p) 0 -1, 0, 1 1 3 2 6 8 3 0 (s) 1 (p) 2 (d) 0 -1, 0, 1 -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 1 3 5 2 6 10 0 (s) 1 (p) 2 (d) 3 (f) 0 -1, 0, 1 -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 -3, -2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 1 3 5 7 2 6 10 14 n 4 No. of electrons 18 32 2n2 II/ II/8 II/ Nodes: Regions where electrons are not allowed to be present in. Electron Probability of being there is zero. II/ 3p 1 node Number of nodes: n-ℓ-1 3s: 3-0-1=2 nodes 2s: 2-0-1=1 node 1s: 1-0-1= 0 node 2p: 2-1-1= 0 node 3p: 3-1-1=1 node 3d: 3-2-1=0 node II/