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Ch 17, 18, & 19 Earth’s Internal Processes Study Guide Name: _______________________ Date: _______________ Period: _______ Lesson 1: Plate Tectonics: An Overview… 1. What is the theory of continental drift? ________________________________________ a. What was Pangaea? _____________________________________________________ b. What evidence supports the hypothesis of continental drift? _____________________________________________________________ c. 2. 3. 4. What do the following discoveries tell us about the original climate/location of each place? i. Glacial erosion in India, Africa, and Australia? _____________________________ ii. Coal beds in Antarctica? _____________________________________________ What is the theory of seafloor spreading? ______________________________________ What evidence shows us that the seafloor has/is spreading? ________________________________________________________________ What is the theory of plate tectonics? __________________________________________ How do the following processes cause the lithospheric plates to move? i. … convection currents in the mantle ______________________________________ ii. … ridge push _______________________________________________________ iii. … slab pull_________________________________________________________ Causes of Plate Movements (Label all!) Lesson 2: Divergent Boundaries… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How do plates move at a divergent boundary? ____________________________________ What geologic events/landforms occur at a divergent boundary? ______________________________________________________________________ Do the volcanoes here tend to be quiet or explosive? Why? _________________________ What is a rift valley? What happens there? ______________________________________________________________________ What is a mid-ocean ridge? What happens there? _______________________________________________________________ What type of fault is found at divergent boundaries? ______________________________ Divergent Boundary (Draw, label and write at least 3 examples.) Lesson 3: Convergent Boundaries… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How are the plates moving at convergent boundaries? _____________________________ What type of fault is found at all convergent boundaries? __________________________ What geologic events/landforms occur at an ocean/ocean convergent boundary? List all! ______________________________________________________________________ a. What is subduction and what seafloor feature does it create? _______________________________________________________________ b. What is a trench? _________________________________________________ c. What creates the volcanoes here? _____________________________________ d. Do the volcanoes here tend to be quiet or explosive? Why? _______________________________________________________________ e. What are 3 examples of ocean/ocean convergent boundaries? _______________________________________________________________ What geologic events/landforms occur at an ocean/continental convergent boundary? List all! ______________________________________________________________________ a. Where is subduction zone this type of boundary? __________________________ b. Why does the subducting plate go under? ________________________________ c. What creates the volcanoes here? _____________________________________ d. What are 3 examples of ocean/continental convergent boundaries? _______________________________________________________________ What geologic events/landforms occur at a continental/continental convergent boundary? ______________________________________________________________________ a. Why doesn’t either plate go under? _____________________________________ b. Why are folded mountains NOT volcanic? ________________________________ c. What are 3 examples of continental/continental convergent boundaries? _______________________________________________________________ Convergent: Ocean/Ocean 6. Convergent: Ocean/Continental Convergent: Continental / Continental How did the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina form? (Computer Lab and p. 532-534.) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Appalachian Mtns Formation Lesson 4: Transform Boundaries… Draw this here! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How do the plates at a transform boundary move? ________________________________ What geologic event occurs at a transform boundary? ____________________________ What type of fault is found at transform boundaries? _____________________________ Why are mountains or volcanoes NOT formed here? _______________________________ Where are 3 examples of transform boundaries? ______________________________________________________________________ Lesson 5: Volcanoes, Part 1 (Types of Magma and Volcanoes)… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is magma? ________________________________________________________ What is the gas and silica content of the 3 types of magma? How explosive is each? Where are each type found? (Study the chart.) a. Basaltic _______________/___________________/_____________________ b. Andesitic ______________/___________________/_____________________ c. Rhyolitic ______________/___________________/_____________________ What is a pluton? _______________________________________________________ What and where are the following features found in a volcano? Draw and label one here a. vent ___________________________________________________________ b. crater __________________________________________________________ c. caldera _________________________________________________________ Study the chart entitled “Types of Volcanoes.” Describe the size and shape of each type of volcano, state from what (lava, tephra, both) each forms, and give an example of each. a. shield ____________________/ _______________/_____________________ b. cinder-cone _______________/________________/_____________________ c. composite ________________/______________/__________________ Shield Cone Cinder-Cone Composite Lesson 6: Volcanoes, Part 2 (Effects on the Lithosphere)… 1. 2. What is tephra? ___________________________________ List the sizes in the margin. What is a pyroclastic flow? ________________________________________________ How does it affect the lithosphere? __________________________________________ Atmosphere? ___________________________________________________________ 3. How does each of the following volcanoes form? Give an example of each. a. convergent boundary volcanoes ____________________________________________ b. divergent boundary volcanoes _____________________________________________ c. hot spot volcanoes ______________________________________________________ 5. How do volcanoes cause tsunamis? Describe the chain of events! ______________________________________________________________________ 6. What gases come out of a volcano? ___________________________________________ Hot Spot Volcano Formation… Lesson 7: Earthquakes: Forces and Faults … 1. 2. 3. 4. What is an earthquake? ___________________________________________________ What is stress? _________________________________________________________ a. compression ______________________________________________________ b. tension__________________________________________________________ c. shear___________________________________________________________ What is strain? __________________________________________________________ a. What happens to a rock at the elastic limit? ______________________________ b. What happens to a rock at failure?_____________________________________ What is a fault? _________________________________________________________ a. …reverse ________________________________________________________ b. …normal_________________________________________________________ c. …strike-slip______________________________________________________ Normal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-Slip Fault Lesson 8: Earthquakes: Seismic Waves… 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the focus of an earthquake? __________________________________________ …the epicenter? _________________________________________________________ What are seismic waves?__________________________________________________ a. …primary________________________________________________________ b. …secondary______________________________________________________ c. …surface________________________________________________________ What does “seismo-” mean? __________________________ What does a Travel-Time Graph show? ________________________________________ What information can you get from it? ________________________________________ Focus and Epicenter Seismic Waves (Seismograph) Lesson 9: Earthquakes: Measuring and Locating Earthquakes … 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How do the following scales measure the intensity of earthquakes? What numbers are used by each? What does each successive number represent? a. Richter _________________________________________________________ b. Modified Mercalli _________________________________________________ How is a seismic intensity map made? _________________________________________ What produces the most catastrophic EQs?_____________________________________ How can an EQ’s epicenter be located? ________________________________________ Draw a sketch of this in the margin. Where do most EQs occur? ________________________________________________ Lesson 10: Earthquakes: Earthquake Hazards and Seismic Risk … 1. 2. 3. 4. Define the following EQ hazards… a. pancaking _______________________________________________________ b. soil liquefaction___________________________________________________ c. fault scarp_______________________________________________________ d. tsunami__________________________________________________________ Which U.S. states have the highest seismic risk? (in order!) Why? ______________________________________________________________________ What is N. Carolina’s seismic risk? Plains - ________ Piedmont - _______ Mtns - ________ How are the following concepts used to predict where and when EQs will occur? a. EQ recurrence rates ______________________________________________ b. seismic gaps______________________________________________________ Pancaking Liquefaction Fault Scarp Tsunami