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U.S. History and Government Student Study Guide Unit 1 The Geography 2 I. Map – United States – Physical Features Lake Superior Lake Huron Columbia R. Adirondack Mts. Mohawk R. Lake Ontario White Mts. Lake Michigan Cascade Range Connecticut R. Hudson R. Catskill Mts. Sierra Nevada Mts. Rocky Mts. Missouri R. Lake Erie Delaware R. Susquehanna R. Chesapeake Bay Ohio R. ........ ........ ....... ........ .... ... ....... ........ .... Mohave Desert Mississippi R. Potomac R. James R. Appalachian Mts. Colorado R. Arkansas R. Rio Grande R. Tennessee R. II. Map – United States-Regions New England Pacific Northwest High Plains Mountain Mid-Atlantic Mid-West South Atlantic Southwest Southern-Gulf III. Map – United States – The 50 States Unit 2 Founding of America Map of the War Timeline Map of Colonies Founding of America Settlement of America Colonial Political Experience The American Colonial Period The European Tradition Causes of the Revolution The American Revolution 7 I. Map of American Colonial Situation II. Map of American Revolutionary War Ft. Ticonderoga Saratoga Lexington and Concord Valley Forge Trenton Vincennes Yorktown Cowpens III. Timeline of the Founding of America Lexington and Concord 1775 A Bill of Rights is created in England 1689 English establish Jamestown colony 1607 1600 1620 Pilgrims establish Plymouth Colony 1620 1640 1660 1680 Declaration of Independence 1776 1700 1720 1740 1760 French and Indian War starts 1754 1780 1800 British surrender 1781 Articles of Confederati on approved 1781 10 IV. American Colonial Period Settling America The Native Americans Relations with European Settlers: - Relations with Europeans varied from place to place – sometimes coexisting and sometimes in conflict - Differing cultural values led to many conflicts Trade: - Europeans depended on trade with Native peoples for survival initially - Some native tribes, such as the Iroquois, came to dominate areas of trade with the Europeans Alliances -various alliances between native people and European powers existed, failed, and became created again and again over time - Iroquois alliances helped them dominate the fur trade in the northeast - The Powhatan Confederacy influenced the initial survival of the Jamestown Colony Warfare: - Early fighting lessoned the threat of the Powhatan Confederacy in the Virginia area - King Philip’s War: New England tribes fought against growing European expansion o French and Indian War: - Between France and England (French and Native Americans against the English colonist) - In Europe (called the Seven Years War there) and America - Fought for control of the Ohio River Valley area mostly Africans Free Blacks: - early Africans were considered “indentured servants” – freed when their contract ended Enslaved Blacks - Large plantation farms in the south required many workers - Africans were brought to work on these farms as enslaved workers - smaller farms and a more diverse economy required less slaves in the northern colonies The Europeans - many different European cultures were represented in the colonies - the English dominated though, and came to influence the development of the 13 different colonies the most of any of the European peoples - They came for religious, economic, and political reasons The Colonial Political Experience Experiments of Democracy: Mayflower Compact: - 1620 – Pilgrims signed contract before landing at Plymouth to consent to be governed by a body that they created themselves - this established the precedent of self-government in the colonies Virginia House of Burgesses: - prototype for colonial legislative bodies – based on the two-house system similar to the English Parliament - This further established the tradition of republican government in America Northeast Town Meetings: - In New England – the “Town” was the local center of government - Citizens would hold “Town Meetings” and vote directly on issues Albany Plan of Union: - representatives from the colonies gathered to create a common “union” governmental body - initially designed to help protect the colonies against the French - was a plan to share governmental responsibilities between the colonies on a central level - was rejected by the colonies because the feared losing local control - became a model for later centralized governmental ideas such as the US Constitution John Peter Zenger – Freedom of the press - Zenger was arrested for accusing the governor of NY of doing things he want supposed to be doing - his lawyer argued that it was a crime – if what he printed was accurate - the jury freed Zenger – establishing the case of freedom of the press V. The American Revolution European Democratic Traditions Much of what later became a part of the American experience of democracy, came from ideas and events that took place in Europe before and during the American Colonial Period Events Magna Carta - document signed in 1215 – limited the powers of the monarchy for the first time English Bill of Rights - Late 1600’s – England – established representative government in England and the idea that the “rule of law” was more important than the powers of a monarch Enlightenment Connection: the ideas of these political thinkers greatly influenced American politics John Locke - people have certain rights (life-liberty-property) - if the government fails to protect people’s rights – people can overthrow that government Barron de Montesquieu: - separation of powers was a good idea (Legislative – Judicial – Executive) Jean Jacques Rousseau: - “Social Contract” – people can choose their government – but must agree to follow its rules - the idea that the “majority rules” Causes of the Revolutionary War 1. Mercantilism: - the idea that colonies exist to support the economy of the “Mother Country” - the colonies were used to provide raw materials and markets for English goods 2. Salutary Neglect: - the British government did not pay much attention to the day-to-day political activities of the colonists, allowing them to rule themselves as they saw fit - was seen as both a negative (the British didn’t care about them) and a positive (the colonists learned how to do things on their own) 3. Proclamation of 1763: - British rule that prohibited colonists from moving west into lands won from France after the French and Indian War 13 (Causes of Rev. War cont.) 4. Taxation Issues: several new taxes caused increasing resentment in the colonies British Act Colonial Response Sugar Act: tax on imported sugar - smuggling, reduced consumption Stamp Act: tax on all written documents, newspapers, letters, legal papers, playing cards - boycott of products, Stamp Act Congress Townsend Acts: variety of taxes (lead, glass, tea) Provides for the firs search warrants against colonists - continued boycott of products Tea Act: tax on non-British Tea - gave a monopoly to the British East India Company for sale of tea in colonies - Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts: Response to Boston Tea party, closure of Boston Harbor, Suspension of self-government (New England town meeting) Also called the “Coercive Acts” - continued protests, prelude to war 5. Natural Rights: the basic tenants of the Enlightenment caused the colonists to eventually decide to make a political break from Great Britain Common Sense: - written by Thomas Paine - appealed to rational thought - propaganda for action by the common man in the colonies - increased support for the fight for independence Declaration of Independence - Delegates from all colonies met in Philadelphia in June, 1776 - This document stated the colonies’ intention to declare their independence from Britain, and then gave the reasons why they did so - Agreed to by the representatives on July 4th – marking the beginning of the United States of America - written by Thomas Jefferson - most of the document was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment (natural rights, consent of the governed, etc.) 14 VI. Essential Questions 1. In what ways, was the social make-up of the colonies in America significantly different from the culture in Great Britain? Though dominated by the English culture, the colonists were also made up of Scottish, Irish, German, Dutch, French, and many other European cultures The experiences and relationships the colonists had with the Native Americans was significantly different than anything Europeans ever dealt with. The reliance on Africans for labor, created a unique economic environment in the colonies, in addition to the social and cultural effects on the community 2. In what ways did aspects of European culture contribute to a desire by colonists to claim their independence? The documents of the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights had established a tradition of questioning and limiting the powers of a monarchy The ideas of the European Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced the minds of the colonists and the creators of the new political system in the Americas 3. What part of the colonial experience in America helped colonists feel confident in both their ability and right to declare their independence from Great Britain? The mixing of different cultures created a new culture that was not entirely similar to the “home culture” – a feeling of cultural independence existed The effects of “salutatory neglect” gave colonist motivation and confidence to establish a government that would look after their own interests 15 Unit 3 The Constitution 16 Timeline The Constitution Articles of Confederation Events of the Critical Period The Critical Period New Jersey Plan The Delegates The Purpose Virginia Plan The Compromises The Constitutional Convention The Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan) Principles of the Constitution The Constitution Articles of the Constitution Ratification of the Constitution 17 I. Timeline of the U.S. Constitution Annapolis Convention 1786 Articles of Confederation approved 1781 First Amendments (10 of them) added to Constitution Shay’s Rebellion Called the Bill of Rights 1791 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia 1787 Constitution Ratified by the States 1788 1789 1790 II. The Critical Period The Articles of Confederation Confederation (confederacy): a union of states into one organization Examples of other historical confederations: Iroquois Confederation: Separate Iroquois tribes united in the 1500’s-1700’s Confederate States of America: Southern U.S. states broke away from the Union and formed their own nation, sparking the U.S. Civil War Confederation of Independent States: After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1989, several of the former republics united together Articles of Confederation What it was: - first written constitution of the United States - protected states rights more than it strengthened the federal government How it began: created by the Second Continental Congress – created 1777, ratified 1781 Strengths * was able to direct the military and make war or peace Weaknesses * no Executive branch * no Federal Judicial branch * could enter into treaties or alliances * no power to regulate interstate commerce * could coin money * had to be a unanimous vote to change the document * 9 of 13 states needed to make a law Events of the Critical Period (reasons leading for a call to revise the Articles of Confederation) Annapolis Convention: Hamilton calls for conference on trade and navigation (few show up) Shay’s Rebellion: farmers in Massachusetts rebelled against state - indicated a need for revising the constitution Continental Dollars: Poor Foreign Relations: France: US couldn’t pay back loans – government didn’t have ability to raise required funds worthless money against each state’s own money – unstable currency Spain: “Right of Deposit” Spain threatened to cut off access to the Gulf of Mexico at New Orleans – would inhibit trade between the West and coastal cities Britain: Britain was not following terms of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War) III. The Constitutional Convention Purpose/Intent: - create a new government that would be better able to deal with foreign powers as well as regulate interstate commercial activity Much of the U.S. Constitution was borrowed from other previously created state constitutions From the NY State Constitution: _ three branches: executive, judicial, legislative The Delegates: 12 of the 13 states were represented (Not Rhode Island) _ legislative branch would have two houses 55 men: - Lawyers, merchants, wealthy farmers _ executive branch had some veto powers of legislative branch - no women, Native Americans, African-Americans or poor _ Judges appointed for judicial branch _ has a Bill of Rights Famous delegates: Washington: appointed President of the Convention – only spoke twice Franklin: oldest member Madison: became known as the “Father of the Constitution” Hamilton: argued for a vision of America as a “new Europe” Not there: Jefferson and Adams: Serving overseas as U.S. Representatives in Europe Henry: Disagreed strongly with the idea of a stronger central government 20 Compromise The compromises: the delegates did not agree on how the new government would look (representation), the slave issue, or interstate commerce. Various proposals were created, and compromises needed to be achieved for final agreements: A. The “Great Compromise” (Connecticut Plan) Concerning state representation in the government New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan One house in the Legislative branch All states elect the same number of Congressmen Two houses in Legislative branch Both houses based on population of states Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan) Two housed in the Legislative branch States represented equally in Senate House representation determined by state population 21 B. The Three-Fifths Compromise Do slaves count as population? Southern Northern Slaves should not be counted for representation in Congress because they could not vote Slaves should be counted for representation but not for taxes Three-Fifths Compromise C. Commerce Compromise Three-Fifths of the slaves in a state would be counted for both representation in Congress and for taxation Congress has power to regulate foreign and interstate trade? Southern (Agricultural) Northern (Industrial) Congress could regulate aspects of trade – foreign or domestic no taxes on state exports no regulation of the slave trade Commerce Compromise Congress could impose duties(taxes) on imports No taxes on state exports No regulation on slave trade for at least 20 years 22 IV. The Constitution About it: Principles of the Constitution Federalism - the relationship between the “federal” government (think ‘national”) and the various state governments Separation of powers - the federal powers are separated between a Legislative (law making) branch Executive (law enforcing) branch, and a Judicial (law interpreting) branch Flexibility - the Constitution can be changed. The Elastic Clause, Amendment process, And Judicial interpretation can make “necessary and proper” changes Bill of Rights: - assurances of the protection of individual rights was guaranteed Articles of the Constitution - Preamble: explains the intent and purpose of the document 1. Legislative: explains the make-up of Congress and the procedure for the making of a law 2. Executive: explains the duties and responsibilities of the President, as well as the procedure for the choosing of a President 3. Judicial: explains the make-up of the Federal Court system and its duties and responsibilities and rights 4. State Relations: outlines the responsibilities that belong to the federal government and those of the states 5. Amendments: describes the process for amending, or changing the Constitution 6. Supremacy Clause: explains that federal laws are the “supreme law of the land” and have power over state laws 7. Ratification: explains how the constitution would become official 23 V. Ratification of the Constitution Ratification: the process of making the Constitution official – getting permission from the people Constitutional requirement: 9 of the 13 states needed to approve it Arguments for or against: Types of People Federalists - northern - urban - southern - interior U.S. Famous Leaders Stance - James Madison - Alexander Hamilton - John Jay - Wanted a strong national government to provide order and protect people’s rights NY Governor George Clinton - Wanted a weak national government to protect the rights of the states - wanted to add a Bill of Rights to protect the rights of the people Anti-Federalists The Federalist Papers: Examples #2 The Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay #8 Consequences of Hostility Between the States Alexander Hamilton #10 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection James Madison #52 The House of Representatives James Madison Results of Ratification the Constitution becomes the Supreme law of the United States a stronger central government has been established resentment by some states builds (southern states loose influence) 24 VI. Essential Questions 1. Why were the years during the time of the Articles of Confederation known as the “Critical Period”? the “nation” was actually a collection of “states” – not a unified nation yet it was an experimental stage with a brand new nation there was no real written plan in place to direct the new government the nation’s survival was a real issue 2. What were the main issues that states disagreed over and ended up having to make compromises on in order to complete the Constitution? slavery whether to tax – how to tax influence of Federal government against the “sovereign” states state representation in the Federal government commerce separation of powers 25 Unit 4 The New Nation 26 Map Timeline The New Nation The Washington Administration Case Study The Marshall Court The Federalist Era The Adams Administration The Madison Administration The Jefferson Administration DemocraticRepublicans The Monroe Administration The Jacksonian Democracy The Jackson Era The Nullification Crisis The Bank Wars Social/Economic Issues 27 I. Map: The New Nation War of 1812 British try to control the Great Lakes. Lose to Commodore Perry Lewis and Clark e Seneca Falls Whiskey Rebellion s War of 1812 Louisiana Purchase British capture Washington, DC Ft. McHenry inspires “Star Spangled Banner” War of 1812 British try to take the Mississippi but lose to Jackson at New Orleans II. Timeline: The New Nation Monroe Doctrine 1823 1790 War of 1812 begins Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 1st Bank of the United States 1791 1795 Washington Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Seneca Falls Convention 1848 1800 Adams 1805 Jefferson Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of America 1803 1810 Indian Removal Act 1830 1815 Madison 1820 Monroe 1825 1830 Adams 1835 1840 Jackson Bank Wars 29 III. The Federalists Era The Washington Administration The Unwritten Constitution: during the nations first years, policies and procedures for running the government efficiently came about. These have become traditions, and are referred to as the “unwritten constitution” The Cabinet: - The President appoints individuals to run certain parts of the Executive Branch - the first 3 were the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War - together, these positions are known as the President’s “Cabinet” The Two Term Tradition: Based on Washington’s precedent, the office of the President was informally limited to two terms only Foreign Relations Jay Treaty: A U.S. agreement with Great Britain – U.S. agreed Britain could stop U.S. shipments to France, in return for a “most-favored nation” status in trading with Britain Proclamation of Neutrality: Washington’s precedent of having the U.S. try to stay out of alliances with foreign powers – he urged the nation to remain as independent as it could Economic Stability Hamilton Financial Plan Why: the nation needed economic stability and an ability to raise funds and pay debt Bank of the United States (B.U.S.): - to act as the central bank of the United States - dominated by New Englanders - its creation was an example of “implied powers” Whiskey Rebellion - in western Pennsylvania - farmers rebelled against an excise tax on corn - Washington sent troops as a show of force - showed Federal govt. could pass laws that state citizens had to follow Excise Taxes: - a tax on certain products - Hamilton wanted a tax on Whiskey Assumption: - Hamilton urged the new government to pay off all debt from the Revolutionary War. Political Parties Forming - he said this would give the nation a good credit and status with both Americans and foreign nations - our current “Two party Washington’s Farewell Address In leaving office, President Washington warned Americans about the following issues: - getting too involved with other counties’ issues - the states sectionalizing and dividing the “nation” - political parties becoming too important and divisive system” began at this time - over the struggle for ratification of the constitution - started with Federalists v. Anti-Federalists The Adams Administration Alien and Sedition Acts - attempts by the Federalist party to strengthen themselves and weaken the Republican party - laws were passed making it harder for foreigners to become Americans - also made it against the law to print anything against the U.S. government Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: - these two resolutions were reactions against the Alien and Sedition Acts - they basically said that states could declare federal laws invalid if the were unconstitutional Election of… What about them: each of these two elections were important in establishing the early direction that the new U.S. government would go in – and if it would even survive or not 1796 - Won by the Federalists (John Adams-President) - allowed the policies of Washington and Hamilton to continue and strengthen the nation 1800 - The “Jeffersonian” Republicans won – bringing the possibility of huge changes to the government and possible challenges to the U.S. Constitution - This election marked the first peaceful transition of power between two opposing groups in the history of the world. It set a precedent for the future of our civilized government. Case Study: The Marshall Court What about it: As Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, John C. Marshall presided over some very important cases that established the Court as being equal in power to the other two branches of federal government and granted it the ability to interpret Constitutional law. Marbury v. Madison: important because it gave the U.S. Supreme Court the right of “ judicial review” Judicial review the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional or not, and to nullify laws that were not. McCullach v. Maryland: extended the policy of “loose interpretation” of the constitution – strengthening the federal government over the states Gibbons v. Ogden: similar to McCullach v. Maryland’s results on interpretation – this time about the federal governments ability to regulate interstate commerce 31 IV. Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans: often called “Jeffersonian” Republicans at first - opposed most of the policies and philosophy of the Federalists The Jefferson Administration Louisiana Purchase: Why: to create lands for expansion westward and gain control of the Mississippi River The purchase: $15 million Lewis and Clark: sent to explore the new territory and search for a passage to the Pacific Results: - the size of the U.S. doubled - more precedents and controversies over powers of the federal government - starts the theory of manifest destiny – the idea that the United States should expand from coast to coast Embargo Act - in retaliation for British acts against U.S. shipping, Jefferson proposed and Congress Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807 - this banned trade with other countries - ended up hurting the U.S. more than it punished Britain – repealed in 1809 strict vs. loose interpretation: the argument over whether the constitution should be interpreted strictly (do only what the document says) or loosely (allows for “implied” interpretation of powers) The Madison Administration War of 1812 Causes: - continued British harassment of U.S. shipping on the seas and the practice of impressmentthe capture of US citizens and forcing them to serve in the British military - trade restrictions between Britain and the U.S. - Southern and Western “War Hawks” encouraged war to allow for expansion westward - concerns over Native-American activities on the western borders Events: Burning of Washington D.C.: British troops entered and burned the White House and Capitol Star Spangled Banner: written during the attacks on Baltimore by Francis Scott Key New Orleans: General Andrew Jackson defeated larger British Army, became a national hero 32 Results: - the U.S. won the war but it did not change many existing conditions - the victory gave the country more prestige overseas - caused an increase in U.S. national pride and patriotic feelings (nationalism) The Monroe Administration Era of Good Feelings name given to the time after the War of 1812 when there were few political conflicts and the new nation had much support Nationalism (War of 1812): - victory over Britain caused new feelings of national pride and support for the new country by Americans One Party: - by opposing the War of 1812, the Federalists lost power and then ceased to exist as a party - the Republicans had, for a time-being, little competition for their policies The American System: Henry Clay’s plan to strengthen America: - creation of the Second Bank of the United States - passage of tariffs to protect U.S. industry and businesses - improve internal transportation routes to connect the nation together better (Erie Canal, National Road, development of Railroads) Monroe Doctrine - the U.S. bravely declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European powers. In return, the U.S. promised to stay out of European colonial affairs. The Jackson Era Jacksonian Democracy National conventions: instead of members of Congress choosing Presidential candidates (caucus system), national nominating conventions began –opening up the process to more of the common citizens Secret ballot: early forms of today’s secret ballots began under Jackson’s Presidency No property requirement: by the mid-1820’s, most states had eliminated the ownership of property as a requirement for voting, many more Americans could then participate Spoils system: - Jackson supported the idea of appointing loyal party supporters to office Veto Power – Jackson used the checks and balance’s power to veto more than all previous presidents combined The Bank War Background: most southern and western states opposed the idea of a national bank. Jackson felt he had a responsibility to the people to bring an end to it What happened: when the issue came up to extend the provisions of the national bank for another 20 years, Jackson vetoed it and pulled federal money from it – ending it! 33 Pet Banks (Wildcat Banks) Jackson took deposits from the B.U.S. (Federal banks) and placed them in state banks – thus killing the Bank of the United States The Nullification Crisis - a battle of a state’s right to not obey a federal law Tariff of 1828: - a tariff was placed on all imports into the country - this cause an increase in the price of manufactured products - states hurt most by this called it the “Tariff of Abominations” (South Carolina) States rights argument: - led by John Calhoun, South Carolina argued that a state had the right to “nullify” (make void) any federal law that they saw as unconstitutional - they said that since they originally agreed to form a nation, they also then had a right to break away from or ignore the nation’s laws. The Force Bill: Congress gave Jackson power to use any means necessary to enforce South Carolina to pay the tariffs. resolution: - Jackson eventually lowered the amount of the tariff - South Carolina withdrew its nullification of the tariff VI. Social/Economic Issues With the stability, and expansion of a new nation, and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, many socio-economic changes came about in the U.S. and new issues arose. Women’s Rights - the 1830’s marked an increase in women actively speaking out about the inequality of men and women. Seneca Falls, NY: - led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, this convention held here marks the beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement - They created a document declaring that all men AND women are considered equal Public Schools - the first public schools were created at this time - the idea of having an educated population was seen as good for the nation - these were paid for by taxes and became mandatory in most places Horace Mann - his model was followed in many places around the nation: teachers would be trained, students divided up into grade levels, usually about 10 months of the year 34 Mentally Ill/Prison Reform - mentally ill patients were often just cast into prisons Dorthea Dix - she led the movement to create state run hospitals for the mentally ill Abolition The issue of slavery became very important at this time. Abolition = to get rid of Underground Railroad: - a series of safe houses to hide escaped slaves as the fled North to free states of Canada Harriet Tubman: - she led 19 trips along the Underground Railroad to free slaves William Lloyd Garrison - white abolitionist leader that was influential in the development of the abolition movement o The Liberator - Boston based newspaper started by William Lloyd Garrison o The North Star – another abolitionist newspaper – started by former slave Frederick Douglass Case Study – Native Americans Background - by the early 1800’s, white settlers were moving westward and coming into contact with Native American tribal lands - the natives tried various methods to deal with the stress of cultural conflict Ways Native Americans tried to survive: cultural adaptation: some, like the Cherokee, tried to survive by combining European cultural elements with their own traditional cultural ways. - this was not very effective cultural revitalization: - Handsome Lake urged the Iroquois to adopt a better lifestyle: education, temperance, farming and peaceful living were encouraged. Pan-Indian movement: - an attempt to unite the natives of the Old Northwest Territory, it died with their defeats in the War of 1812 Resistance: - Creeks resisted and attacked settlers in Georgia and Alabama - there were defeated at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, opening up the South to settlement by whites Indian Removal Policy - in the 1830’s, President Jackson began the forced movement of native populations to the Great Plains area. - in the South, many natives died along the “Trail of Tears” on their way west Worcester vs. Georgia: the Cherokee went to the Supreme Court to prevent the state of Georgia from taking their land. They won the case – but Presidents Jackson and Van Buren ignored the ruling 35 VII. Essential Questions 1. How were each of the 3 Presidential Eras, The Federalist Era – The Democratic Republicans – and the Jackson Era, each different from the others? Federalist: A time of precedent setting and enhancing the power of the Federal (centralized) government. The rulings of the Marshall Court and actions of the Washington Administration Democratic Republicans: Establishing an international relationship and geographic expansion Jackson Era: Increasing the power of the Presidency. Expanded democracy? 2. Why were the first few presidential terms so important to the development of the United States? To establish important precedents that would shape the American political future 3. In one sentence, tell what is the most meaningful aspect of each of these Presidencies: Washington’s: establishing a firm footing for the new nation. Adam’s: The attempt to silence political opposition (Alien and Sedition Acts) Jefferson’s: expanding the nation’s geographic size Madison’s: Victory in war of 1812 Monroe’s: Establishing dominance in Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine) Jackson’s: Strengthening the power of the Presidency 36 Unit 5 Civil War Era 37 Map – Before the War Map – During the War Map – Manifest Destiny Timeline Civil War Era Before the War Manifest Destiny Sectionalism Causes of the War Strategies The War Major Battles Role of Lincoln On the Home front Essential Questions 38 I. Maps – Civil War Era Map#1 Manifest Destiny Oregon Country Me . Michigan Territory. Unorganized Territory Missouri Compromise Line New Spain Mo. Arkansas Terr. States admitted by Missouri Compromise Slave states and Territories Map #2 Before the War Oregon Territory Minnesota Territory Unorganized Territory Utah Territory California New Mexico Territory Indian Territory Slave States and Territories Territories to vote on slavery 40 Map #3 During the War Gettysburg Antietam Manassas (Bull Run) Washington, D.C. Appomattox Richmond Monitor and Merrimack Shiloh Atlanta Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Vicksburg Savannah 41 II. Timeline – Civil War Era Abraham Lincoln elected President Westward expansion “Manifest Destiny” Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise 1820 1815 1820 Dred Scott Case 1857 1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 Mexican – American War 1850 1855 Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854 North wins Civil War 1865 1860 1865 Ft. Sumter fired on Civil War begins 1861 42 III. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny: the concept, believed by most Americans, that the United States had the right to any lands from the Appalachian Mountains to the Pacific Ocean Reasons for wanting to expand west Religion - many Americans were looking for increased religious freedoms from persecution or harassment NYS Connection - Brigham Young led the Mormons (see box) along the The Missionaries Mormon Trail to Utah Expansion of cotton culture: - the expansion of cotton into the west meant the expansion of slavery too – the question of balance between “slave states” and “free states” would be a huge issue in the coming years before the Civil War opportunity - the chance for a better economic situation, or personal freedoms, encouraged many people to move west for a new, and hopefully better life. - the “Gold Rush” of the late 1840’s brought many people to the west coast Disputes over expansion Marcus Whitman - Missionary to Oregon territory. Group massacred by Native Americans – this led to the demand for annexation of Oregon country The Mormons – begun by Joseph Smith in Palmyra, NY - after he was killed, his supporters moved westward and established the Mormon Church in Utah. Oregon Dispute: - both the U.S. and Great Britain claimed the area that is now the American Northwest - a settlement was made dividing the lands at the 49th parallel - Great Britain got the lands north of the line (What is today Canada) Texas/Mexican War - Texas was first its own nation – it had won independence from Mexico in 1836 - over time, many Texans began to have economic and cultural connections with the U.S - the U.S. annexed Texas into the Union in 1845 - a boundary dispute led to the Mexican-American War the next year - the U.S. won and took over additional lands from Mexico – including California Settlement of the West Homestead Act: - 1862 – The Federal Government, in an attempt to encourage more settlement in the west, offered 160 acres to any adult citizen for just $10 - the settler agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 years before acquiring ownership - millions of Americans, along with millions of foreign-born immigrants moved west Transcontinental Railroad: - the federal government sponsored the building of a railroad to cross the United States - the first was completed in 1869 - new markets in the west were opened up to eastern products - western products could now reach the eastern markets easier - migration of people increased significantly Clash with Native Americans: o Indian Wars - the late 1800’s saw increased conflict between Native-American tribes and Americans - led by Sitting Bull, the Sioux had many conflicts, including the Battle of Little Big Horn - the Massacre at Wounded Knee is considered the end of the Indian Wars - most native people were now located on lands called “reservations” The Genocide question: - events such as the Massacre at Wounded knee, in which many unarmed innocent natives were killed by American soldiers, along with the harsh reservation system, have led to questions about the governments role in trying to get rid of the Native-Americans. o Dawes Act: - 1887, Congress passed legislation to attempt to “Americanize” native people - they offered individual natives American citizenship and land ownership if they would each leave the reservations and their tribes and live like other Americans - few natives took this offer o The Reservation - lands set aside by the Federal government for Native-American tribes to live on in peace - these lands often became hash areas to live and much poverty existed there 44 IV. Sectionalism Sectionalism: as the years went by, areas of the nation, mainly the northern and southern sections, each began to develop separate identities, as well as varying wants and needs. This “sectionalism”, would prove to be the biggest test to the survival of the still young nation. Divided America The Industrial North o Trade: - While trading with other nations, the northern states industrial centers traded products across the entire nation o Factories: - the northern states dominated the industrial revolution in America - their factories produced as much vital products as any nation in the world - their culture was centered around the industrial workplace o Urban Centers: - industrialization drew rural people to the new urban centers - most northerners lived in industrial cities - the north’s population was the largest of any section of the nation o Transportation: - again, because of industry, the north dominated the development or transportation systems including canals, roadways, and especially the newer railroads. Agrarian South o Plantation System: - Large, slave worked cash crop farms dominated the economy of southern states - most southerners lived a rural life in small towns o Cash Crop: - the economy of the south was based on the sale of cash crops – notably cotton - southern states depended on trade not only with northern states, but with industrial centers of Europe as well o Slavery: - dependent on slave labor, southern states had to base their political interests along lines that would ensure the existence of slavery 45 Sectional Disputes Issue Northern View Southern View Western View - anti bank - viewed bank as another infringement on southern sovereignty - pro bank Bank of the United States - pro bank - controlled majority of ownership in the bank - located in Phil. PA Internal Improvements - for federally funded internal improvements - due to increased output in the North, wanted to sell their products out west. - against internal improvements - used existing waterways to move products - for internal improvements -people and products could move west cheaper and easier - increasingly opposed - favored - more potential “Southern” states would emerge from new territories - the issue divided westerners - opposed - might upset the balance between free and slave states - favored - many new territories would likely include slavery - favored cheap lands - encouraged migration to west - favored tariffs to protect infant industries developing in the north (protective tariffs - opposed - would raise the price on southern imports - while having little effect on southern exports (cotton) - opposed - would raise the price of goods reaching the west Expansion of Slavery (New Territories) Cheap western lands Tariffs Compromises on the Expansion of Slavery Issue 46 Compromises on the Expansion of Slavery Name Issues - Could Congress prohibit slavery in new territories? Missouri Compromise - Could Congress place conditions on new states entering the Union? - The admittance of California as a free state threatened the balance of power in Congress between free and slave states Compromise of 1850 Kansas/Nebraska 1854 Resolution - Missouri would be added as a slave state (at the same time as Maine is added as a free state) - No slavery in the rest of the old Louisiana Territory above the 36 *30’ line of latitude - California was admitted a free state - Fugitive Slave Act required escaped slaves to be returned to owners - Popular Sovereignty: citizens in each territory would vote to be entered as a slave or free state - People in Kansas and Nebraska wanted to vote to decide whether or not to become slave states – not follow the Missouri Compromise - The Kansas/Nebraska Act overturned the Missouri Compromise in the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska allowing for popular sovereignty to decide Impact - Gave a formal boundary to slavery - future states along boundary would lead to major questions -never really dealt with the legal issue of slavery - postponed the inevitable: war - Kept southern states from leaving the Union for the time being - Northern states often ignored the Fugitive Slave Act - Popular Sovereignty was confusing to many - Violence erupted in “Bleeding Kansas” between pro and anti slavery supporters - The Whig party weakened and died out and a new party, the Republican Party, began. 47 Case Study – The Dred Scott Case Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) Scott, an African American, had lived for awhile with his owner in free Illinois Later, his owner moved to Missouri, a slave state He sued for his freedom claiming he was free because of his time in Illinois Constitutional Issue: the issue of slavery in the territories Court Decision: The Supreme Court said Scott was not free because he was not a citizen – and could not be protected by the U.S. Constitution – he was property Impact: Because slaves were now considered property, the Missouri Compromise was considered to now be unconstitutional – the Federal government could not restrict people from owning property Northerners opposed the ruling Southern states threatened to leave the Union if Northerners did not obey it 48 V. Causes of the Civil War Cause Effect Sectional Polarization: - By the mid-1800’s, the nation was divided up politically over the slavery issue mostly - Some supported slavery everywhere - Some opposed slavery everywhere - Some favored popular sovereignty Radical Abolitionism: - Some opponents of slavery, including John Brown, used violence against slavery supporters. Many slave owners became convinced some abolitionists wanted to murder slave owners Rise of Republican Party (North): - born after the Kansas/Nebraska Act - created in opposition to slavery - Most Republicans were in the North - Their motto: “Free soil – Free Labor – Free Men” Disunion of Democratic Party: - Southern Democrats wanted to protect slave owners rights - Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty - divided, they were weaker Election of Lincoln: - The divided Democrats could not defeat the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln - fearing a loss of southern power, southern states began to seriously talk of breaking away from the Union Failure to Resolve The Slavery Issue Regionalization Of Political Parties Secession: Seven southern states eventually voted to break Away from the Union (secede) - South Carolina was the first Lincoln’s election Ft. Sumter: South Carolina troops took over the federally owned fort in Charleston harbor - Lincoln called up more federal troops - more southern states reacted by seceding too 49 VI. The War Military strategy of each side North - use superior resources, technologies, and manpower - divide the Confederacy – capture and control the Mississippi River - blockade the southern ports – don’t let supplies into the Confederacy - capture the capital - Richmond South - attack, again and again, hoping to wear down the north’s will to win - gain support from Great Britain and France, each dependent on southern cotton Major Battles Ft. Sumter: South Carolina troops took over the federal fort. 1st Manassas (Bull Run): - the north thought it would be an easy victory and an end to a short war - the southern victory proved it would be a tougher fight, and longer war than expected Monitor vs. Merrimack: - strategically unimportant, the first battle between iron clad gunboats Antietam: - the first significant Northern victory – kept Great Britain and France from helping the South - had the most one-day casualties in the history of the United States Gettysburg: - the turning point of the war – until this time, the South had, in general, been wining the war - the northern victory bolstered morale, and weakened the southern army Appomattox: scene of the final moments of the war; Lee surrendered to Grant here. 50 On the Home front Civil Liberties: - citizens in Washington, D.C. area were arrested and held without habeas corpus rights (not being told charges against them) - Lincoln felt threatened for potential espionage, and the courts were overwhelmed with cases o ex parte milligan: Supreme Court case – determines unlawful to hold persons without formal charges Role of Women - in both then North and South, women took the place of men in factories and on farms many served as nurses in hospitals and near the battlefields o Clara Barton: - pioneering woman in the nursing field - founder of the American Red Cross Role of African Americans: - in the north, many took the place of white workers in the factories - after the Emancipation Proclamation, many in rushed to enlist and serve in the U.S. Army Role of Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation: - Lincoln’s decision to free all persons in states that were still rebelling in January of 1863 - it changed the purpose of the war – from just about preserving the Union – to ending slavery as well Gettysburg Address: - Lincoln’s short, but meaningful speech outlined the meaning and significance of the war 51 VII. Essential Questions 1. How did expansion in the West contribute to the ongoing sectional conflicts that would ultimately lead to a civil war in America? The issue of admission of states as either being free or slave states cause great conflict and strengthened sectional rivalries The balance of power in Congress was at stake 2. In what ways was the treatment of Native Americans in the West contrary to the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution? The fundamental principles of the early American documents was rarely applied to the lives of Native Americans in early American history. 3. In what ways were the reasons given by southern states for secession similar or different than the founding father’s reasons for breaking away from Great Britain? In both cases, each rebelling area felt that their fundamental rights were not being protected by their government Economic concerns were important issues in each situation The issue of representation in government: o Colonies – no representation in Parliament o South – the balance of power was such that their representation in Congress was often minimal at best 4. How can it be argued that the U.S. Civil War was a “total war” – a war against an entire society, not just a war against an army? The war time strategies of both sides was often directed at the citizenry o Armies living off the land – destruction of crops and capital facilities – instilling general fear among the public 52 Unit 6 Reconstruction 53 Timeline The Reconstruction Pewriod Lincoln’s Plan The Assassination Various Plans to Reconstruct America Johnson’s Plan Radical Republican’s Plan Economy The New South Government Society End of Reconstruction Essential Questions 54 II. Timeline – Reconstruction Period 15th Amendment guarantees voting rights to African Americans 1870 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court Case 1896 The election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President ends the Reconstruction Era 1877 14th Amendment extends citizenship to African Americans 1868 13th Amendment abolishes slavery 1865 1862 1865 1868 Reconstruction Acts passed 1867 President Lincoln Assassinated 1865 1871 1874 1877 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 III. The Plans for Reconstructing America After the Civil War – the United States needed to be rebuilt – and heeled, especially in the South. But – how to do it? Lincoln’s Plan His view: Do not punish the South Pardons to southerners if they swore loyalty to the U.S. If a state got 10% to swear loyalty, they could form a new state government with a constitution. The new constitution had to ban slavery in the state The Assassination John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln right after the war ended – making his plan weak President Johnson’s Plan His plan: - Supported most of Lincoln’s plan - no provisions for protecting the rights of African-Americans - High ranking Confederate officials had to apply for amnesty Johnson’s Impeachment Issue: impeachment: - Johnson angered many Congressmen by firing many officials – a violation of the Tenure of Office Act The trial: - Lasted three months The verdict: - The vote in the Senate was one short of the 2/3 needed to impeach effect: - Johnson’s political power was lost and the way was open for more radical Republicans to lead Reconstruction Radical Republican’s Reconstruction Plan Legislation 13th Amendment (1865) - abolished slavery in the United States 14th Amendment (1866) - anyone born in the U.S. was a citizen - states could not deprive a citizen of rights without due process of law - limited the rights of former Confederate officials - took care of debts from the war 15th Amendment (1869) - The right to vote could not be denied to any citizen because or race Freedmen’s Bureau - created by Congress soon after the war to aid former slaves: - provided food and clothing - medical services - set up early schools for AfricanAmericans Military Districts 5 districts created Southern Response - all states, except Mississippi, ratified the amendment - “Black Codes” were created that limited the rights of African Americans - ten of the Confederate States refused to ratify the 14th amendment - Grandfather clause, literacy tests, poll tax, - use of terror tactics, re-emergence of Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camelia - Local state laws often got around the requirements of the Freedmen’s Bureau IV. The New South Economic End of the Plantation System -many plantations were ruined during the war - the end of slavery ended that plantation system as it existed before the war - the plantation system was the main basis of wealth in the old south – now it was gone - sharecroppers and tenant farmers, as well as established farms, tried to restart in a new economic environment - carpetbaggers: northerners who took advantage of southern economic ruin to profit for themselves Growth of Industry - envisioning a “New South”, some southerners saw the value of industry in a new economy - at first: railroads, textile mills, steel production - later: oil and coal Political - scalawags (“scoundrels”) Southern whites that sided with northern reconstruction - some African Americans elected to office (Hiram Revels) - Democrats returned to power in the South Society “Jim Crow” laws: laws passed in southern states that established social segregation – the separation of people based on race. African Americans could not use the same facilities as white people Case Study – Plessy v. Ferguson Background: - Jim Crow laws had created a social segregation in the south. - Louisiana passed a law requiring segregation on public transportation - the law was challenged by a 1/8 black blooded man named Homer Plessy Constitutional issue: - Plessy argued that the Louisiana law violated the 13th and 14th amendments - also that it labeled African Americans with a “badge of inferiority” Decision: - Segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to “equal but separate” facilities. Effect: - the decision reinforced segregation in the south and became the basis for legal segregation for the next half century - though not intended, the decision was applied to schools as well after this 57 V. End of Reconstruction Disputed Election of 1876: - A dispute in the Electoral College results for the 1876 Presidential race - a commission was set up to settle the dispute - Mostly Republican members of the committee ruled in favor of the Republican candidate – Rutherford B. Hayes o Compromise of 1877 - Democrats agreed to go along with the ruling as long as President Hayes: - withdrew federal troops from the south - appointed a southerner to his cabinet - supported federal spending to improve conditions in the South o End of military occupation: - The withdraw of federal troops virtually ended any advances by African Americans since the end of the Civil War - white control and the creation of Black Codes and Jim Crowe laws became the norm Restoration of white control in the South: - the removal of federal troops allowed whites to gain control over southern states again - Secret societies: organizations like the Ku Klux Klan tried to frighten African Americans and supporters out of taking part in Reconstruction gains - Poll Taxes: those too poor to pay the tax, including most African Americans, could not vote - Literacy tests: some states required citizens to be able to read and write to vote. This also limited many African Americans - Grandfather Clauses: these allowed anyone that could vote before 1867, or their sons or grandsons, to vote even if they could not pay the poll tax or read and write. Of course, this was mostly whites only. 58 VI. Essential Questions 1. In what ways did Congress attempt to regain powers that seemed have been lost to a strong President in Lincoln? o Radical Republicans took charge of Reconstruction policies after Lincoln’s assassination o The impeachment of President Johnson resulted in a weakened Presidency and a stronger Congress 2. What was the effect of Congress passing new Amendments to the Constitution, but failing to provide Federal support to enforce them? o The passage of Jim Crow laws in southern states allowed the states to get around the intentions of the amendments o The formation of reactionary groups (KKK, etc) came about 3. After learning about the events and actions of the Reconstruction period, how can it be argued that the North did not gain a victory in the Civil War? Despite the legal ending of slavery, it continued to operate on an informal basis in many southern areas The issue of states rights vs. federal rights was still an issue during and after the Reconstruction period Despite gaining the fundamental rights of individual freedom, the basic lives of many African Americans often faced a more intensely prejudicial environment with Jim Crow laws and reactionary groups 59 Long Term Effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction on America The end of slavery in America: - 13th Amendment ended slaver in America - began the migration of African Americans west and north Racism – Segregation - South tries to maintain pre-Civil War status of subservience of African Americans - Black Codes and Jim Crow laws further divide the South racially A changed economy: - beginnings of the industrial age - North emerges as industrial/economic center of U.S. The “Solid South”: - begins a history of the South voting as a bloc for the Democratic party (southern blacks are discouraged for voting for the party of Lincoln – Republicans) - Southern politicians emerge with one voice – supporting legal segregation Growth of the Federal Government: - support for growth of the Federal Government - control over conquered territory (south) - disappearance of states rights (option to federal control) “Before the Civil War, people said “the United States are…’. After the war, they said ‘the United States is…’.” - Shelby Foote 60 Unit 7 The Industrial Movement 61 Timeline The Industrial Movement The Rise of Big Business Important Business Leaders The Impact of Big Business America Responds to Big Business Essential Questions 62 II. Timeline – Industrial Movement Munn v. Illinois Civil War ends Reconstruction period begins 1864 1868 The Grange is founded 1867 Railroads regulated 1877 1872 1876 Pullman Strike 1894 Interstate Commerce Act passed 1887 1880 1884 1888 1892 Farmers organize the Populist Party 1891 1894 1898 1902 III. The Rise of Big Business in America Factors promoting big business in America 1) Abundant Natural Resources: coal oil iron ore water 2) New Technologies: factory system steam engine railroads and steamships new machines and tools interchangeable parts 3) Transportation canals, steamships, and especially railroads greatly improved the ability to transport both raw materials and finished products 4) Cheap Labor large families and the arrival of immigrants meant a huge population that needed work the high demand for jobs kept the cost of labor down for businesses Economic Environment: Investment Capital: Local and International investors saw a bright future for American Industry (many investors had made their money through the old Triangle Trade) Laissez-Faire: The government did not get involved in setting prices and wages – the market was allowed to control this through “supply and demand” forces Federal Government Support FOR BIG BUSINESS o o o o High tariffs kept foreign goods out of U.S. markets Gave away lands to railroad companies to promote railroad development Sold lands to mining companies for less than real value Stayed out of most of the affairs of business – allowed “free enterprise” to take place Social Attitudes Social Darwinism: - The ideas of “survival of the fittest” as applied to the business community - The strongest should survive and the weakest businesses will fail - Social Darwinism was used as justification for many actions - Also applied against government thoughts to help the poor – was seen as “against the laws of nature” Horatio Alger Myth: - Based on books by the author Horatio Alger - His characters often embodied the ‘Puritan Ethic” – hard work brings success - Often featured the dream of a poor boy rising to become a wealthy businessman Characteristics of big business New ways began at this time to organize business Incorporation: - corporations are businesses that have many investors owning shares of the business - shareholders hope to receive a share of the profits at a future time - losses are spread out to only what a shareholder owns - this increased capital investment in American industry trusts: - a group of corporations in a related field, such as oil, or railroads - they were later made illegal department stores: - putting several small stores together under one roof – more efficient shopping mail order catalogs: - Sears and Montgomery Ward opened up department store shopping to rural areas 65 IV. Case Study – Important Business Leaders Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller - Immigrant from Scotland - Born and Raised in NY State - Worked in textile mill at age 12 - Focused on accounting from an early age - Worked for Pennsylvania Railroad - Moved to Cleveland, got involved in oil business at its beginnings - Familiarized himself with Bessemer’s process of steel making - Merged oil businesses together (horizontal integration) - steel - oil refining (controlled 90% worldwide) - Vertical integration – merging steps of production to cut cost of production - Acquired coal mines, iron ore fields, limestone quarries - His prices were lower than any other competitor - Horizontal integration – merging companies that produce the same product - Sold his company for a quarter of a billion dollars - His son, John Jr., tried to change his father’s image into a lovable billionaire (handed out Rockefeller dimes) Early Life Big Break Industry Reasons for Success Methods used Later Life - Believed the wealthy had an obligation to society and gave away millions of dollars - philanthropy - Underwrote many public libraries across the United States - Single minded, goal oriented focus - Able to adapt to changing government policies - Formed trusts in response to anti-monopoly legislation 66 Other important business leaders: Cornelius Vanderbilt: - Began as a ship captain and ended up owning large railroad companies - Owned the New York Central and dominated railroad business between New York City and Chicago J.P. Morgan - Began as a banker – made money making loans to growing businesses - Took over many bankrupt railroads and merged them into larger profitable ones - Later bought Carnegie Steel and merged it with others to form U.S. Steel Henry Ford - Revolutionized auto making by using the assembly line to produce more affordable cars V. Impact of Big Business Urban Growth Why people came to cities: - for jobs and better housing. - immigrants settled in ethnic neighbor hoods of cities they landed in - visions of improved opportunities and prosperity Where they went: - the urban industrial centers of the north mostly - immigrants tended to settle in the port city of where their boat landed Influx of foreign immigrants - “Old” Immigration: Early 1800’s – mostly from northern and western Europe - “New” Immigration: Late 1800’s – mostly from southern and eastern Europe and also from Asia Problems - Crowded tenement apartment buildings were unsafe and unpleasing living conditions - Crime was prevalent – especially in the poorer areas - Corruption in political sectors was rampant and did not improve most peoples daily lives 67 Work and the workers Factory working conditions - long hours (12-16 hour days) - low pay - unsafe conditions – machines, factories, mines - replaceable workers Child labor - kids were used when possible because business owners could pay them less - conditions were more dangerous to kids that often had difficulties operating machines and working the long hours Two wage earners - new opportunities for women to work came about at this time - women took jobs our of economic necessity – or to take a greater role in society - paid less than men were paid for similar jobs New job opportunities for women o Factories (textile factories): - factory work for women was usually limited to textiles o Domestic: - jobs as house cleaners, cooks, and nannies were prevalent - usually done in homes of the wealthy, and sometimes the new middle class homes o Clerical: - new inventions, such as the typewriter and telephone opened up new job opportunities for women Abuses of Railroad Industry Abuses of Big Business Monopolies: Attempts by companies to eliminate competition and “corner the market” for a certain business sector Influence on government: Contributions to campaigns and candidates at a state and federal level in hopes to gain favorable legislation Long and short haul abuses: charging higher rates for short hauls than long ones Unfair storage fees: charged small farmers higher rates (especially in grain industry) Rebates: industrialists given refunds as incentive to use specific railroads Anti-organized labor: Government sided with management against unions at this time Unsafe products: Companies often took advantage of lack of regulations on products 68 VI. America Responds to Big Business Populist Movement The populist movement originated with farmers that wanted changes in national politics that would make their situation easier. It was a real threat to Democrats in the South, but eventually died out as economic conditions changed. The Grange - originally organized as a social organization for farming families - eventually turned into a powerful lobbying organization for pro-farmer legislation - developed into a co-op for agricultural communities to help regulate farm product prices The Granger Movement Pushed For ‘Granger Laws’ - pressed Congress to pass laws to regulate the railroads and the prices they charged farmers - developed co-ops to store and distribute agricultural products in order to better control prices of farm products The Government Responds o Munn vs. Illinois (1877) - First of the famous “Granger Cases” – reactions against railroads charging unfair prices to farming industry - The issue was whether or not a state could regulate prices of railroad activities - Did the U.S. Constitution permit a state to regulate privately owned businesses? - 7-2 decision in favor of the state – gave states powers to regulate local businesses o Interstate Commerce Act (1887) - First federal government regulation of big business - Marks and end to the established concept of unquestioned “laissez-faire” - Created the Interstate Commerce Commission – monitor and regulate interstate businesses – especially railroads – and began to end the abuses in this industry 69 The Growth of Labor Unions Early National Labor Unions o Knights of Labor - led for many general reforms: 8 hour days, end to child labor, equal pay for women - declined in power after a few unsuccessful strikes and competition from the A.F. of L. o A.F. of L. American Federation of Labor - American Federation of Labor – led first by Samuel Gompers - fought hard for basic rights and conditions for workers - became very popular – but did not welcome women, immigrants, or African-Americans Objectives of Labor unions - Better wages for workers - Better working conditions: less hours and safer conditions - better associated benefits like health care, sick days, vacation time Important Leaders of Labor o Samuel Gompers: early leader of the A.F. of L. o Terrence Powderly: Early leader of the Knights of Labor o Eugene Debbs: leader of the American Railway Union – organizer of the Pullman Strike Conflict and Struggle o Tools of Management Yellow-dog contracts: owners required workers to sign oaths to not join a union Detectives were often hired to search our union organizers – then fire them Lock-outs prevented workers from working – and getting paid! Owners often hired replacement workers (scabs) during a strike Black lists: owners often shared names of troublemakers – wouldn’t hire them 70 o Tools of Unions Collective bargaining – third party representatives used to negotiate contracts Strikes – organized action of not reporting for work by employees Picket – standing near business with signs to call attention to unfair conditions Boycott – organized action of not buying products of a business o Major Strikes Homestead Strike: - Workers at a Carnegie Steel Plant in Homestead, PA went on strike to protest a large wage cut - Management brought in security to protect the plant and continue work - Violence erupted and some people were killed and many wounded - Workers gave in and only a few of them got their jobs back - A major setback for unions – especially in the steel industry Pullman Strike: - Striking workers of railway-car makers clogged up the railways in much of the country - President Cleveland sent in federal troops to keep the trains moving because they carried U.S. mail - The Supreme Court case of U.S. v. Debs decided the federal government had a right to support the “general welfare” of the American people Other Labor Unions (Mid-1900’s) CIO: Congress of Industrial Organizations - organized skilled and unskilled laborers in various industries - American Railway Union, United Mine Workers AFL-CIO merger: - 1955 – two largest labor unions in America merged to form an even more powerful labor organization – became largest in the world 71 VII. Essential Questions – The Industrial Movement 1. In what way can it be said that America was destined to have “Big Business”? Natural transportation systems Plenty of raw materials and resources Government policies that were favorable to business (laissez-faire) A base of capital investors (American and Foreign) A strong labor force was available The “rugged individualism” of the American character 2. How did industrial growth and the rise of business in America produce both positive and negative results? Positive: o Dramatic increases in industrial production – becoming the world leader o Improvement in quality and availability of affordable goods for consumers o Set the stage for an increased role as a world power Negative: o Harsh working and living conditions prevailed during early stages of industrial and urban growth o Workers had little rights at first to improve wages or working conditions o Growth of monopolies limited economic competition in many sectors of business o Big business had too much influence over government 3. What were some of the actions that began to break away at the pure theory of laissez-faire in America? Passage of government regulation of railroads (Interstate Commerce Act) “Trust busting” – passage of antitrust legislation Consumer protection legislation 4. What were the principle situations that led to the rise of labor unions? Low wages – child labor – unsafe working conditions – long hours Early labor unions were developing and gaining membership Events such as the Triangle factory fire and early strikes drew national attention 72 Unit 8 Immigration 73 Timeline Map Immigration “Old” Immigration “New” Immigration Different Periods of Immigration NOA Period Recent Immigration Important Terms Essential Questions 74 I. Map – Immigration “Old” Immigrants “New” Immigrants Recent Mexican migration Recent Caribbean migration Recent migration from Asia II. Timeline – Immigration “old migration” “new migration NOA Period 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 Immigration Center opens on Ellis Island 1892 76 III. Different Periods of Immigration in America Time “Old” Immigration Colonial Period “The Great Migration” Who Came? Reasons why? - dominated by the English - most came for religious or political freedoms - other “English” speaking people: Scotch, Irish - many came to improve economic situation - opportunities of a new land - Western and Northern Europeans: Dutch, Scandinavians, Germans Reactions by U.S. - these people became the U.S. - they generally worked together and supported one another as newcomers in a new land - they often had common enough cultural traditions to reduce significant conflicts from occurring - Africans as forced labor - More from Eastern and Southern Europe “New” Immigration Late 1800’s Early 1900’s - Asians: from Japan and China - better economic opportunities in the industrial centers of America - religious freedom (Russian Jews) - some for political freedoms - a significant increase in antiimmigrant feelings or “Nativism” - the first wave of immigrants considered themselves to be the true or “native” Americans and resented the new immigrants from other areas of the world - significant cultural differences often created prejudice and bigotry - many feared the erosion of their original “American” way of life 77 Time NOA Period Who Came? - mostly Europeans England Italy Germany Reasons why? - World War II Reactions by U.S. - strict government regulation of immigration during this period - maximum numbers were established to be allowed into America each year 1925-1965 - severally restricted “new” immigrants - favored northern and western Europeans over eastern and southern Europeans Recent Immigration - Latin Americans Many Mexicans crossing illegally over southern U.S. border - Economic opportunities Government passed new immigration laws: - Political oppression - Caribbean Islands Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic - Fleeing conflicts (war) - Immigration Act-1965 - Abolished quota system - Set maximum number allowed in U.S. each year - Set a fair system to determine who would be allowed in - Asians China, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, India, Pakistan - Illegal Immigration Reform Act-1996 - more money for border patrols - illegal immigrants ineligible for public assistance - punish employers that hire illegal immigrants 78 IV. Terms – Immigration old immigrants: the fist wave of Europeans coming to the Americas (1700’s). Usually came from Northern and Western parts of Europe. Usually came with money. Came for a more independent life. new immigrants: the second wave of Europeans coming to the United States (1800’s). Usually from Eastern or Southern Europe. Usually came poor – looking for opportunities. Nativists: Americans that rejected the new immigrants coming to America. They considered themselves the true Americans and did not like the new wave of “foreigners” and their different cultures. Know Nothing Party: also called the American Party, they opposed new immigrants in America. They feared the lose of jobs, and as mostly Protestants, they feared a Catholic influence and possible control of America by the Pope – and the loss of religious and political freedoms. The Yellow Peril: a term used to describe the influx of Asian, especially Chinese, immigrants to the US. Also called the “Yellow Terror” Ellis Island: Island in New York Harbor where immigrants first arrived to be registered assimilation: the process of blending in to the dominant society – in this case the process of becoming “Americanized”. Immigrants chose, or were sometimes forced, to learn English, accept new foods, and adapt to other cultural differences. naturalization: the formal process to become an American citizen The Melting Pot: a metaphor to describe the old belief that immigrants blended easily into the American culture – that the various cultures mixed to make a new cultural identity. The Salad Bowl: a more accepted metaphor that describes how various cultural groups coexist in America, living together but retaining their original cultural identity. cultural pluralism: a term that is in line with the “Salad Bowl” metaphor above. The idea that various cultural groups can exist within one larger cultural identity. refugee: a person who flees one nation for another in search of a more peaceful situation Essential Questions – Immigration V. 1. What are the significant differences between the periods of “Old Migration” and “New Migration” in America? The Old Migration period was earlier in time (colonial period) – where generally of northern European descent (British, Scottish, etc.) and felt welcomed as much as anyone else that was starting a new life in America The New Migration was during the later 1800’s – where people from eastern and southern Europe – and were often discriminated against by the “Nativists” that had come earlier 2. What is the main difference in the geographic origin of earlier immigrants and the more recent immigrants to the U.S.? earlier immigrants generally came from Europe more recent immigrants are coming from Latin America and Asia 3. Why might the term “Salad Bowl” be a more accurate metaphor than “Melting Pot” to describe the relationship between various ethnic groups in America today? the term “melting pot” assumes that immigrants are coming to America and blending in easily to become a new culture – American the term “salad bowl” depicts immigrants coming and living amongst other Americans, but keeping their distinct ethnic identity 80 Unit 9 The Progressive Movement 81 Timeline The Progressive Movement Roots of the Progressive Movement Economic Social Aspects of the Progressive Movement Political Progressive Presidents Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Essential Questions 82 II. Timeline – Progressive Movement Congress passes Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 1890 19th Amendment grants right to vote to women 1920 NAACP is founded 1909 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 The Jungle is published 1906 1908 1911 1914 1917 1920 18th Amendment outlaws alcohol 1919 IV. Roots of the Progressive Movement Progressive Movement: Actually a collection of many movements, but generally a term that described the years from 1890-1920, when many Americans tried to improve many of America’s social problems. They were generally urban and middle class citizens, and they felt that the government should do more to help fix America’s problems. Muckrakers Muckraker: a journalist that investigated social conditions and exposed government corruption - their articles often brought attention to social problems and put pressure on government officials to make reforms Magazines: - magazines became popular at this time and some, like McClure’s, often supported the articles of muckrakers - some popular articles became a series of articles and eventually were turned into books Authors: - Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company exposed how John D. Rockefeller amassed his wealth - Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions in the nation’s meat packing industry - Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives, revealing the terrible living conditions of the urban poor - Lincoln Steffens wrote The Shame of the Cities, telling about political corruption in cities Populist Connection - Many of the ideas of the Progressive Movement were born in the old Populist Movement - Both were “grass routes” (from the people) organizations - Each optimistically believed that they could cause great changes to society through their actions V. Aspects of the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement – Economic Issues Monopolies and Trusts: - Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890 – made trusts (like monopolies) illegal. - also addressed price fixing and restraint of trade practices - not well enforced at first – but is important because of the indication of government regulation of businesses Child Labor: - At first, child labor was reduced – then eliminated. This happened by LAWS passed in states across the country and by Congress. - Marked the beginning of the creation of mandatory public schooling for children. We took children OUT of factories and mines, and put them in schools! Consumer Protection: - Meat Inspection Act: Set standards for meat packing cleanliness and federal inspections - Pure Food and Drug Act: Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs. This required food labels. Working Conditions: - Progressives had mixed results in attempts to limit working hours at first: - Lochner v. New York: Ruled against limiting hours in bakeries because it violated the original contract between the employer and the employees - Muller v. Oregon: Allowed women’s hours to be limited in order to protect the health of the women. This often kept women out of higher paying jobs. - In general though, the labor union movement did grow in importance during this time 85 The Progressive Movement – Social Issues The Urban poor: The gap between the Rich and Poor grew wider during this time, especially in the cities -- Jacob Riis – How The Other Half Lives - Water and sewage systems began to be improved – to stop the spreading of diseases - Building codes were written to create better housing conditions - Settlement Houses: located in working class areas, offered child care, education, job search help, and social activities – often for new immigrants - Hull House was famous in Chicago (started by Jane Addams) Women’s Rights Suffrage (the right to vote) was the leading issue concerning women at this time, but others included: - Education: More colleges and universities were accepting women - Birth Control: led by Margaret Sanger, this controversial issue was intended to help inform women about family planning options Suffrage: the right to vote - This was the big issue for women’s rights - Begun in the mid-1800’s in Seneca Falls, NY (Seneca Falls Convention) - Movement led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony - Fueled again in the early 1900’s by the Progressive Movement, women leaders changed their attempt to win suffrage state-by-state – and pushed for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution - The role of women in World War I helped change many people’s minds - The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920 African Americans: - Booker T. Washington: Promoted vocational training for African-Americans to support them economically - W.E.B.Du Bois: Founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) He advocated for better educational opportunities for African-Americans - Ida B. Wells: Journalist that wrote against lynching of African-Americans Temperance - Many social problems were seen as the result of alcohol consumption - Reformers first tried to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed - Later, a push for alcohol prohibition was begun. Prohibition happened in the 1920s! Carrie Nation – Took a hatchet and bible and smashed bars/saloons. Arrested many times. 86 The Progressive Movement – Political Issues Imperfect Democracy: - A variety of reforms came about the make American more democratic that it had become in reality – as compared with the ideal vision of a democratic institution Solutions: Policies were enacted to more participation of citizens – in order to have more say in their government’s activities o Initiative: Citizens can initiate legislation at the grass roots level o Referendum: Statewide public vote on a proposed legislation that originated through the initiative of the public o Recall: State voters can “recall” an elected official based on a collective feeling of “no confidence” o Direct Primaries: Major political parties allow party members to actively participate in the process by which candidates are selected to run for offices 87 VI. Progressive Presidents Theodore Roosevelt Trust Buster: - President Roosevelt worked to end any kind of monopolies in business: - Felt there were “good” trusts – which needed to be regulated - and “bad” trusts – which needed to be dissolved - Northern Securities Case: Roosevelt sued the Northern Securities railroad company because it controlled too much of the railroads in the Northwest and won a Supreme Court Case against the company Conservation: - Newlands Reclamation Act: Money from sale of public lands was used to pay for irrigation, dams, and land development projects - Tripled the amount of land set aside for public use as national forests, national parks, wildlife refuges, and national monuments - Pushed for the U.S. Forest Service to manage millions of acres of public lands Woodrow Wilson New Freedom: The name given to President Wilson’s progressive domestic policies Armed with a mandate from the American people (Wilson won a huge Electoral College majority), and a Democratically controlled Congress, with bi-partisan support for change, Wilson was in a great position to make changes Reduced the tariff on imported goods Led reform of the inept national banking system Strengthened the Sherman Act to combat trusts Some changes were made, but much of what he wanted to change was not changed how he would have wanted it to in the end 88 VII. Essential Questions – The Progressive Movement 1. Why was it necessary for the private sector to take the actions that ultimately began the Progressive Movement? The tradition of laissez-faire concerning government regulation of business had kept the government from intervening in the actions of business that had led to abuses The theory of “Social Darwinism” had allowed businesses to flourish free from governmental restrictions 2. In what ways did the Presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson define the office for future Presidents? They began the precedents of having the government intervene on in business affairs on behalf of citizen protection They enacted social policies for the protection of society at large 3. Give examples of the governments increased resistance to “laissez-faire” economics: Railroad regulations were the first important moves to regulate private businesses “effected with the public interests” The “trust busting” acts: Clayton Antitrust and Sherman Antitrust Child labor laws and consumer protection laws were passed 4. What was the legacy of the Progressive Movement? Defining the role of the Federal government as a protector of the people and society at large 89 Unit 10 The U.S. As a World Power 90 Map Timeline The U.S. as a World Power Reasons for Imperialism Early Events Spanish-American War Overseas Territories U.S. Imperialism Latin America Before the War During the War World War I After the War Essential Questions 91 I. Map – U.S. Imperialism Alaska purchased from Russia WWI Western Front Spanish-American War Hawaii annexed by U.S. Panama Canal built WWI Eastern Front Open Door Policy and Boxer Rebellion in China Matthew Perry opens up Japan to trade Timeline – U.S. as a World Power II. US enters WWI 1917 US defeats Spain in Spanish-American War 1898 Matthew Perry opens Japan to trade 1854 1865 U.S. buys Alaska from Russia 1867 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 Open Door Policy keeps China open to trade with all nations 1899 WWI begins in Europe 1914 1905 1910 1915 Panama Canal opens 1914 Boxer Rebellion in China 1900 93 III. Imperialism Imperialism: Powerful nations taking over weaker regions in order to create conditions that benefit the powerful nations in some way – usually economically. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism Economic o To get raw materials for industry o To create new markets for new industrial products National/Political o Naval bases were needed for an expanding navy – sent to protect U.S. trade interests o Expansion of Manifest Destiny – many felt it was in America’s interest to continue expanding past the western frontier – to include expansion across oceans as well Social o Social Darwinism – many felt that Americans were obligated to bring the benefits of American society to other people and that American society was superior to others, and therefore had the right to dominate other societies. o Missionary Spirit – the urge to spread Christianity to others, as well as a more “civilized” society, especially in China, went along with the ideas of Manifest Destiny and Social Darwinism. Opposition to U.S. Imperialism Many Americans, including prominent reformers, opposed U.S. imperialism They felt it went against the American ideals of human equality and self-government Early Events of U.S. Imperialism Opening of Japan: - Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated a treaty to with Japan to open two ports to U.S. ships - Japan used this connection to expand industrially and militarily over the next decades Open Door Policy /Boxer Rebellion: - U.S. urged European nations to allow for an “open door” when considering outsiders trading with China - The influx of foreigners angered many Chinese - Chinese citizens known as “Boxers” attacked foreigners in China - Foreign armies, including American, came to the defense of their citizens and defeated the Boxers Hawaii: - American missionaries first arrived – later others came to dominate the economy there - the sugar boom really attracted more Americans in the 1880’s - U.S. built a naval base at Pearl Harbor - U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 Samoa: - U.S. established a naval base there – which it split with Germany and Great Britain - later, Germany and the U.S. divided the island The Spanish American War (this took place in Cuba!) Causes The U.S. became involved in Cuba for many reasons: o Underlying Causes: Many Americans saw the Cuban situation as an opportunity to continue expansion and also save Cubans from a Spanish control that seemed to deny them appropriate economic and political advantages o Immediate Causes: - Yellow Journalism – newspapers at this time often wrote sensational articles, not necessarily accurate, in order to sell more papers. The Cuban situation was at the center of all of this - Sinking of the Maine: the U.S. warship exploded and sank in Havana, Cuba. The public blamed Spain, though this accusation was never proven. The War - U.S. won in just four months Results - Cuban independence - U.S. gained control of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico - U.S. became recognized as more of a world power 95 Government Overseas Territory Policies Territories: gaining new lands was a controversial idea. Many Americans thought it was America’s destiny – others wanted to focus attention on issues at home Cuba – Platt Amendment: - Gave the U.S. the right to approve Cuban treaties, have naval bases in Cuba, and to intervene in Cuba in order to keep peace there Philippines: - Taken after the Spanish-American War, first had to stop a rebellion by Filipino people - U.S. granted independence to the Philippines in 1946 Puerto Rico: - acquired from Spain after the Spanish-American War - the Foraker Act made it a U.S. territory - governs itself independently still today Latin America The Monroe Doctrine: - Policy since 1823 that warned outside nations from getting involved in the Western Hemisphere - It was seldom an issue until the 20th Century o The Roosevelt Corollary: - an interpretation by President Theodore Roosevelt of the Monroe Doctrine - he said the Monroe Doctrine required the U.S. to act as an “international police power” in Latin America - this was over issues in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic o “Big Stick” Policy: - From Roosevelt’s famous quotation that the U.S. would “Speak softly and carry a big stick” when considering issues in Latin America - this meant they would use diplomacy, but would consider military means to solve issues if necessary Great White Fleet: to demonstrate US naval capabilities to the nation and the world - Roosevelt sent 16 battleships and their escorts on a round the world trip Panama Canal: - U.S. negotiated the right to build a canal to shorten the sea route to the Pacific - signed a 99 year lease with the nation of Panama to operate the canal - the canal was turned over to Panama in 1999 96 IV. World War I Europe’s War Increased industrialization and militarism, raised feelings of nationalism and created a state of tension between European nations Military alliances between nations set up opposing sides for a facedown over the continent’s balance of power The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was the spark that set in motion events that would lead to war The “Central Powers”, led by Germany and Austria-Hungary vs. The “Allies”, led by Great Britain and France. America Stays Out President Wilson: - publicly presented the U.S. as a “neutral” nation - privately supported the “Allies” – and also believed the U.S. needed to be involved in order be able to participate as a significant player in post-war events Anti-war movement: - Many Americans supported “isolationism” – wanting the U.S. to stay out or the affairs of Europe - others, simply were against U.S. involvement in a war of any kind Pressure from European-Americans: - German-Americans wanted the U.S. to support the Central Powers - The Anglo-Americans wanted the U.S. to support the Allies 97 America Joins The War Reasons o Submarines/Lusitania: - Germany’s “unrestricted” submarine warfare angered many Americans - the sinking of the British ship the Lusitanian, with American citizens on board, really angered Americans - this was the main reason that the U.S. decided to go to war against Germany o British (French) Tradition: - the ties Americans had to the culture of Great Britain and the previous role of the French in America’s history, had a strong influence on which side the U.S. would join o Russian Revolution: - the overthrow of the Czar in Russia looked like a democratic movement – making Americans think they were joining an alliance of democratic nations o Zimmerman Telegram - the German foreign minister sent a telegram to Mexico, urging them to join Germany against the U.S. in return for lands they had lost to the U.S. - the telegram was intercepted by the U.S. and made public – this turned many Americans against Germany because of the sneaky approach America’s Role in the War o Selective Service: - The Selective Service Act provided for a military draft of men into the military - all men between the ages of 18 and 45 had to register - challenged – but upheld – by the Supreme Court o Doughboys: - nickname given to American soldiers in WWI o Modernization of war: - the industrial revolution had created military weapons that had outgrown the military strategies of the time - machine guns, U-Boats, artillery, poison gas, airplanes, and tanks o Turning Point: - Russia’s surrender seemed to help the Central Powers - but America’s involvement helped the Allies - the battle of the Argonne Forest marked the beginning of the end for Germany’s side Wartime Constitutional Issues Schenck v. United States (1914) - concerned freedom of speech - Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech could be restricted in times of war – if words presented a danger to the society 98 V. Post World War I Wilson’s Fourteen Points Peace Plan - the name of President Wilson’s peace plan for after WWI - His ideas included: - Open diplomacy between nations, no more secret alliances - Self-determination – let national groups make their own political decisions - a control of the arms race - Freedom of the seas and the removal of trade barriers - his ideas were mostly ignored at the Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Reparations: - against Wilson’s plan, other Allied nations wanted the losers of the war to pay for Allied losses – nearly $56 Billion League of Nations: - though many of Wilson’s ideas were not implemented, he was happy that an organization of nations was created to try to prevent another world war from ever taking place Rejection: - the Republican controlled Senate repeatedly defeated accepting the Treaty of Versailles, including having the U.S. join the League of Nations Return to Isolationism Rejection of the League of Nations - the rejection of the League of Nations by Congress was a sign that Americans wanted to return to the policy of isolationism – to stay out of Europe’s affairs Washington Naval Disarmament Conference - The U.S., Great Britain, and Japan agreed to reduce their navies and stop construction of more battleships Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): - U.S. and France agreed to renounce aggression and outlawed war 99 VI. Essential Questions 1. Why could this phase of US imperialism be labeled a 2nd stage of Manifest Destiny in America? Because the US expanded past the established borders of the nation o Alaska, Hawaii acquisitions o Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam – Spanish American War, 2. What ideals made Americans feel they had the right to take over and dominate other lands? Social Darwinism and Missionary Spirit – Americans felt they needed to spread the ideals of capitalism and Christian values Manifest Destiny – the American tradition of expansion and adventure 3. How can it be argued that America’s involvement in WWI - had more of an impact on each citizen’s home life in America - than on the fighting aspect of a war abroad? America came into the war at a late point The fighting experience was a minimal influence on American society The sacrifices and commitments of citizens at home affected society even after the war Citizenship issues came to the surface and were dealt with 100 Unit 11 Boom and Bust in America 101 Timeline Boom and Bust in America Social Issues The Republican Presidents 1920’s Political Issues Economic Issues Causes Characteristics of the Great Depression The Great Depression Hoover’s Response The 3 “R’s” Election of 1932 The New Deal Controversies Impact 102 Timeline – Boom and Bust in America I. Franklin Roosevelt wins landslide election 1932 th 18 Amendment begins Prohibition 1920 Wall Street Stock Crash 1929 th 19 Amendment gives women the vote 1920 1920 1922 Sacco and Vanzetti Trial 1920 --Harding-- 1924 1926 Scopes Trial 1925 1928 1930 WWII begins in Europe 1939 FDR launches “New Deal” 1933 1932 1934 US enters WWII 1941 1936 1938 1940 21st Amendment repeals Prohibition 1933 ------------Calvin Coolidge----------------- ------ Herbert Hoover-------- ---------------------Franklin Roosevelt------------------------------ II. 1920’s The Republican Presidents - an inexperienced politician, Harding’s Presidency is most noted for scandal Harding - the Teapot Dome Scandal is the most famous: government owned petroleum reserves were leased out to private oil companies - other officials of his administration committed illegal acts to make profits - died in office Coolidge - he wanted a “return to normalcy” and set out to strengthen businesses in America - appointed officials that would have the government assist businesses if possible - high tariffs were created so that foreign products would not compete with American made products - income taxes and corporate taxes were reduced – especially for the wealthiest Americans - businesses boomed – the GNP rose 40% in the U.S. - these times were known as “Coolidge Prosperity” - but the prosperity was not for everyone – factory workers, farmers, and minorities didn’t enjoy the benefits of the “Coolidge Prosperity” - inherited the worsening economy and the beginnings of the Great Depression - tried to instill positive thinking and beliefs that the economy would turn around very soon Hoover - he reluctantly tried to increase government sponsored help – public works projects, bank protections, but most if it came too late to do much good - when WWI veterans protested for bonus payments, his use of troops to break them up angered many Americans Social and Political Issues Entertainment: - the 1920’s marked the rise of a trend toward a national identity with popular entertainment - the development of an urban society, and the growing idea of leisure time helped generate new ways to entertain the public – movies, organized sporting events, and music were popular Scopes Trial: - a battle of Christian values was waged over the teaching of the Theory of Evolution in schools - the modern media made this case a national event – Science vs. Religion Prohibition: - continuing the battle over moral values, the 18th Amendment banned the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages - the law became unenforceable – organized crime, smuggling and bootlegging grew - the 21st Amendment repealed the failed experiment Red Scare: - a reaction to the Communist victory in the Russian Revolution of 1917 - various conflicts, including labor strikes, urban riots, and unsolved bombings led to a national hysteria against foreign born persons, and a mistrust of communism in general Sacco and Vanzetti: - tied to the Red Scare – these men were convicted of a murder from a bank robbery - many believe they were unfairly convicted because of their personal beliefs and Italian heritage – the evidence against them was weak in the case – they were executed KKK: - a reaction to the rise in anti-foreign attitudes – the Klan reorganized in the 1920’s - originally against African-Americans, became anti Catholic, Jew and Immigrants - supported only white, Protestant, and American-born Changing moral values: - Urban vs. Rural Religion vs. Science - New wealth, obtaining possessions, having fun, sexual freedoms Lawbreaking of the conflicting and new social values Just some Literature: - many of the new cultural values became expressed in the popular literature of the age - some authors protested the growth of business, the conformity of the times, Americans preoccupation with material possessions, and the devastation of war The Great Migration: - begun during WWI, African Americans moved from the south to the north in search of industrial jobs – which paid more than sharecropping - the trend continued after the war as African Americans populated the industrial centers of the Midwest and Northeast Harlem Renaissance: - A growth in popularity of African American writers, musicians, and artists - centered in the Harlem district of New York City - W.E.B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston were just some of the influential writers Jazz music: - A blend of African, European, and American sounds - began in New Orleans – then up to Chicago – the over to New York - born in the African-American experience, it soon became popular with white audiences - the 1920’s became know as the “Jazz Age” Economic Issues Mass consumption: - large quantities of manufactured goods were available in the 1920’s - many people had more buying power at this time - assembly line production made goods cheaper and more available Real Estate boom: - suburban areas grew most Installment buying: - once embarrassing, going in debt to purchase consumer goods became acceptable as wages and buying power increased Bull Market: - rising business optimism led to a rise in investment activity in the stock market as well - many investors were so confident in a continues bull market that they even invested on speculation – often at dangerous levels Farmer’s plight: - small farmers did not prosper like the rest of the American workers – earned 1/3 less than others - new machinery could produce more – but cost more as well – and earnings did not rise - changing markets – in the U.S. and abroad – did not support the farm community 106 IV. The Depression Causes An overall weak American economy o Overproduction in farm and industry led to low prices and poor profits o An unequal distribution of wealth led to little money available to be spent o Americans had built huge debt with easily available credit Weak corporate and Banking structures o Corporate holding companies were fundamentally weak o Banks were closing in mass numbers in the 1920’s Poor Government Policies o Government did not regulate the stock market in any way o Corporate mergers were not regulated or challenged o Poor decisions by the Federal Reserve on the discount rate Weak world economy o Especially in Europe – still troubled by debt from WWI o Other nations were buying few American goods Characteristics of the Depression Low production: - the cycle of overproduction and low purchasing power led to shut downs of production - which in turn led to… High unemployment: - layoffs were overwhelming – huge numbers of Americans lost their jobs - African-Americans were hit hardest first - men in manufacturing were hit very hard - many were underemployed – paid for less hours instead of being totally laid off Low prices: - a surplus supply – and low demand – equals low prices and profits – further complicating the economy Bank failures: - banks had made credit easy – and too many loans went unpaid Symbols of the Great Depression - soup lines - shantytowns Morale: - many men – Fathers and Husbands – felt shamed that they could not fulfill their duty as bread winners - dust bowl Family issues: - there were many changes, families often had to move in with relatives – or had to move to new areas to seek work - hobos - panhandling 107 Hoover’s Response Rugged Individualism/Charity: Much of Hoover’s personal beliefs influenced how he handled the problems of the depression. o He believed that individuals should work hard and pull themselves up and not depend on government relief – and the Puritan work-ethic: hard work brought its own rewards o He believed volunteer agencies should help those in need instead of the government o He had great faith that the economy would correct itself and issued statements such as “prosperity is just around the corner”. Reconstruction Finance: o Hoover believed in the “trickle down” theory of economics o He asked Congress to set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to make loans to banks, railroads, and farming institutions. o Hoover hoped the spread of new money would trickle down to the people through jobs o It didn’t work well enough Bonus Army: name given to the veterans of WWI that needed, and demanded their bonus pay from service in WWI o After Congress did not pass the payment, many of the protesters stayed and camped on the Mall in Washington, DC o Hoover sent in the army and the camps were destroyed. The publicity was very negative for Hoover Hoovervilles: name given to the make-shift shanty communities built by homeless people in city parks – they became a symbol of the depression V. The New Deal Election of 1932: In response to the poor response of the Hoover administration to the nation’s problems, American voters elected the Democratic Party’s candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Governor from New York, as President Roosevelt brought new energy, ideas and a confidence that made Americans feel more hopeful The New Deal: Name given to the new ideas Roosevelt had to help end the problems of the Depression During the Roosevelt administration’s first weeks, known as the “Hundred Days”, Congress passed 15 major acts of legislation – together, they began Roosevelt’s “New Deal” The focus of these acts were on three important areas: o Relief for people that were suffering o Recovery for the economy o Reform to avoid future depressions 108 The 3 R’s of the New Deal: Description Relief - Congress passed legislation to help people suffering because of the depression. - Most of the acts were passed to create jobs for the unemployed Recovery Reform Examples Emergency Banking Act: Roosevelt’s first act, closed nation’s banks in order allow for examinations and only opened financially sound ones – restored confidence in banks Federal Emergency Relief Act: money given to states and cities for direct relief and work for homeless and unemployed Public Works Administration: (PWA) provided jobs in construction projects such as new schools, bridges, housing, etc. Meant to revive economy and relief Civilian Conservation Corp: (CCC) work for younger people (mostly men) in the field of conserving the nation’s natural resources Works Progress Administration: (WPA) Similar to the PWA, this program gave temporary jobs to nearly 25% of Americans. More money spent on this program than any of the others. It replaced direct relief money to poor. Tennessee Valley Administration: (TVA) meant to provide jobs, cheap electricity, and flood control to 7 southern states. Praised as a bold experiment by some, criticized as “creeping socialism” by others - in order to help the economy of the nation improve, Congress passed acts that focused on industry, home ownership, and agriculture National Industrial Recovery Act: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was authorized to help businesses recover from the depression. It was supposed to set “codes of fair competition:. Public was encouraged to buy from companies that followed NRA Codes. Eventually declared unconstitutional. Congress also passed legislation to help make sure another depression never happened again! Mostly aimed at banks, the Stock Exchange, and labor. Glass-Steagall Act: Created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) guaranteed bank deposits up to $5000 Home Owners Loan Corporation: (HOLC) Created to help homeowners keep their homes – provided new loans a lower interest rates Federal Housing Administration: (FHA) created to insure bank mortgages First Agricultural Adjustment Act: (AAA) Created to help raise farm prices by helping farmers to NOT grow certain crops or raise certain animals. Did raise prices for a while. Second Agricultural Adjustment Act: Helped farmers store crops until prices rose again Securities Exchange Act: Created the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) Regulates the Stock Exchange and investment advisors. Social Security Act: Provided 3 main things” - old-age insurance – funded by employees and employers - unemployment insurance, funded by employers - assistance to dependent children, elderly, ill, and handicapped National Labor Relations Act: (Wagner Act) guaranteed workers the right to form unions and to practice collective bargaining. Fair Labor Standards Act: set a minimum wage and maximum work week for employees and banned child labor in interstate commerce 109 Controversies of the New Deal: Constitutional Issues: Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) The Supreme Court struck down the NRA, saying it was unconstitutional for the Congress to regulate intrastate commerce and by giving legislative powers to the Executive branch - Court packing: much of the New Deal legislation was struck down by the Supreme Court. Roosevelt tried to change the balance of the court by adding more judges (ones he would choose) in order to get more laws past the court. It never happened and faced sharp criticism as a threat to separation of powers. Third Term: In the election of 1940, Roosevelt ran for a 3rd term of office. He felt that a change in leadership would not be in the nation’s best interest. He won easily. - 22nd Amendment After Roosevelt’s presidency, including a 4th term, Congress passed the 22nd Amendment, limiting a President to two terms in office. “creeping” socialism: much of the criticism directed at the New Deal was over the concern of the growing involvement of the federal government in business, and in the private sector. To many, these activities were too similar to socialism New Deal opposition: Huey Long: a candidate for the poor, the Governor of Louisiana was a popular opponent of the rich. He could take votes away from Roosevelt in an election Father Coughlin: a Priest from Detroit, had a popular radio show, called for heavy taxes for the rich, another threat to Roosevelt’s votes in an election Franklin Delano Roosevelt Communicator: a gifted speaker, he held “fireside chats” with the American people on the radio and was friendly with the press corps Eleanor Roosevelt: His wife was his “eyes and ears” as she traveled the country on his behalf. She came to have great influence over much of his political decisions and became an important national figure herself Provided hope: his easy style and personality helped Americans feel more confident and hopeful Women in Government: Roosevelt’s appointment of Francis Perkins as Secretary of Labor put the first female in the Cabinet of a President 4 Terms: Roosevelt ran, and won, 4 consecutive terms of office – a feat never repeated Dr. Townsend: proposed paying the elderly a monthly amount of money, which they would be required to spend. He hoped to free up jobs for unemployed and increase spending in the economy. 110 Impact of the New Deal Power of the President expanded: - Roosevelt demonstrated what a strong Executive could do in the nation’s Federal System - the Executive branch became the leading power in the Federal government System reform to prevent further economic break downs - the government put many measures in place to help prevent future economic problems again - the New Deal is credited with helping to save the “Free Enterprise” system from collapse Strengthened the FED FED: the Federal Reserve System – the central bank of the United States - while many argue the FED helped make the Depression worse at first, the New Deal gave the FED increased ability to prevent another depression from occurring Securities and banking regulated - the New Deal made the system of banking more regulated and safer - most important, it eventually made Americans feel more safe about putting their money in U.S. banks again Size of the Federal Government grew - Roosevelt expanded the system of agencies to protect groups of citizens and bring recovery and reform – these represented a huge increase in the scope and authority of the Federal government - Welfare State: the idea that the government was responsible for well-being of citizens Democrats in power - Roosevelt’s administration made many Americans, many who had previously been inactive in the voting process, become active and become supporters of the Democratic Party - “New Deal” Democrats would later influence social issues of the next generation, such as the “Great Society” 111 Support of African-Americans - African-Americans did not benefit much from direct Roosevelt Administrative actions, Roosevelt did not want to anger Southern Democrats that he needed to pass his New Deal - but, African-Americans did benefit within New Deal activities often - much of their support came from the influence of Eleanor Roosevelt - many African-Americans switched their alliance from “Lincoln Republicans” to the Democratic Party, especially in northern cities VI. Essential Questions 1. The 1920’s in America are often portrayed as a time of better life and booming economy. But it was not that way for everyone. What segments of the economy boomed, and what segments suffered? Boomed: Consumer goods – manufacturing – entertainment industry – real estate – financial institutions (stock market) – expansion of Middle Class Suffered: farmers – urban poor 2. List some ways the economic policies of the 1920’s helped lead to the economic depression of the next decade: Calvin Coolidge’s return to laissez-faire government approach to businesses Increase purchasing on credit Increased stock market speculation and buying on margin No significant governmental regulation of stock market and banking 3. In what ways could President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs be considered the first steps towards socialism? The providing of benefits to society at large Increased governmental control over the economy 4. In what ways did President Roosevelt redefine the office of the President? Defied the tradition of the “Two Term Presidency” Actively and openly involved the government in the daily lives of citizens Increased the power of the Executive Branch 112 Unit 12 World War II 113 European Theater Timeline Maps Pacific Theater World War II Isolation and Neutrality Before American Involvement International Acts of Aggression War in Europe Pearl Harbor U.S. Responses The Home front America at War War Strategies The Atomic Bomb 114 I. Map – WWII – European Theater Axis Powers Allied Nations Leningrad Battle of Britain Battle of the Bulge Berlin Stalingrad D-Day Anzio II. Map – WWII – Pacific Theater Tokyo Midway Hiroshima Iwo Jima Pearl Harbor Okinawa Guam Leyte Gulf This line marks the furthest extent of Japanese control in Asia Tarawa Guadalcanal Coral Sea 116 III. Timeline – WWII Roosevelt dies in office. Truman becomes President 1945 Congress passes first Neutrality Act 1935 Germany surrenders 1945 Japan attacks US at Pearl Harbor US declares War 1941 US uses Atomic Bomb Japan surrenders 1945 1935 1936 1937 Japan invades China 1937 1938 1939 Germany invades Poland starting WWII in Europe 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 D-Day Allies begin push to win war in Europe 1944 117 IV. Before American Involvement Isolation and Neutrality Why the US wanted to stay out of the war: Tradition: since the days of Washington’s administration, America had usually tried to remain out or alliances and out of the military affairs of other nations World War I: Americans still remembered the involvement in World War I as a hugely negative experience overall – and wanted no part of a World War II Nye Committee Hearings: the Nye Committee revealed how arms manufacturers made huge profits during WWI, and had even pressured the government to get involved – this infuriated Americans Neutrality Acts of 1935 (1935-1937) Designed to prevent American arms manufacturers, banks, and merchants from making profits from a foreign war – or from helping to stir-up interest in joining a war. International Acts of Aggression Germany: Invaded the Rhineland, against the Treaty of Versailles, and then invaded Austria, the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) and eventually Poland Japan: began by invading Manchuria, and then went into China Italy: First invaded Ethiopia in Africa and then Albania War begins in Europe The German invasion of Poland in September, 1939 forced Great Britain and France to declare war, beginning the European part of WWII U.S. Responses Neutrality Act of 1939: “cash and carry” The U.S. decided it would sell supplies to Britain and France, provided that they paid cash and transported the supplies themselves This would keep American ships out of action, and eliminate loans from US banks Lend-Lease: as the Allied ran out of cash, the Congress gave the president the right to “lend” US war equipment to them as needed Atlantic Charter: an agreement between the US and Great Britain, on a free and selfdetermining post war world V. America at War Pearl Harbor December 7th, 1941 Japanese Naval forces led a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearly Harbor, Hawaii - outraged, Congress declares war on Japan the next day - because of Alliances, Germany and Italy declare war on the US, bringing American into World War II in both Asia and Europe The Home front “Arsenal of Democracy” - the power of American industrial output was put on display with the start of WWII - military production boomed until America made as many supplies as the Axis powers did combined - farm output doubled, despite a shortage of workers because of the war Role of women - During WWII, women provided vital service to American in two ways: - At home: The number of women working doubled, many of them working in factories and doing jobs previously only held my men - In the Service: many women served, and risked their lives in the armed forces - these duties greatly increased the visibility and justification for increased women’s rights after the war The draft - In 1940, before the war had even stated, Congress had passed a “conscription” - a draft - there were 1.5 million soldiers in the army when the war began Financing - in addition to funding the American effort, the US also helped supply our allies as much as it could - eventually, the nation was spending over $250 million a day - taxes were raised, but that covered less than half the cost of the war - War Bonds were sold – the government “borrowed” from the American people Rationing - supplies, including food, were low at home, as items were needed for the war - families had books of ration stamps, allowing them to only buy limited amounts of certain items each month 119 War Strategies Help the Soviet Union - after France surrendered, and while Britain rested, the Soviet Union fought Germany alone - the US needed to enter the war in western Europe to relieve pressure on the USSR Europe first - it was decided that the Allies would try to defeat Germany first - the Allies began in North Africa, then Italy, and then D-Day: the invasion of western Europe 2 fronts - for the Allies, there were two “Theaters” of the war - in Europe – against Germany and Italy - In the Pacific – against the Japanese The Atomic Bomb The Manhattan Project - In the late 1930’s, scientists developed theories to use nuclear energy to make a super bomb - the US decided that it was important to develop the bomb before the Germans did - the Manhattan Project was the code name for the development of an Atomic Bomb - one of the largest secret government projects in history, it was successful in developing the world’s first Atomic Bombs President Truman’s decision - After a successful test of an Atomic Bomb, President Truman had a tough decision to make - Not use it – and prolong the war for months or years, and sacrifice many more lives, including many more American lives - Use it on a Japanese city of military importance, but kill thousands of innocent Japanese - August 6th, 1945, the first Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan - August 9th, another was used on the city of Nagasaki - August 14th, the Empire of Japan surrendered – World War II was over U.S. Occupation of Japan - the U.S. army occupied Japan for 7 years following the war – Gen. McArthur was in charge - the U.S. helped rebuild Japan – America wanted Japan on its side in the coming Cold War Korematsu v. United States 1944 - One of the darker aspects of the war on the home front was the US government’s decision to place Japanese-Americans in concentration camps – as a security measure - a challenge to the decision as unconstitutional was the case of Korematsu v. U.S. 1944 - at stake was the important constitutional issue of the security of the nation against the civil rights of an individual citizen - the court ruled 6-3 to uphold the decision 120 VI. Essential Questions 1. In what sense was the US “involved” in WWII before the attack on Pearl Harbor and Congress’s declaration of war in 1941? The Neutrality Acts – especially the “Cash and Carry” act of 1939 Lend-Lease: America as the “Arsenal of Democracy” Trade Embargoes against Japan 2. How were the domestic policies during WWII similar or different from those of WWI? Rationing was similar – just to a much greater extent during WWII The role of women in the workplace was greatly increased as more men went to war in WWII was so much greater Discriminations against German culture in WWI existed – but the discriminations against Japanese Americans during WWII resulted in the interment of private citizens (War Relocation Act ) 3. How could it be argued that WWII created a huge opportunity for the advancement of the status of women in America? Increase roles in the workplace Educational opportunities became more available Women played more of an important role in the decision making process in the home 4. How could it be argued that President Truman’s decision to use the Atomic Bomb saved lives? it is generally believed that had the bomb not been used, the war would have continued for many more months, if not years, killing many more people – including many more Japanese civilians 5. In what way did WWII change the role of the US in world affairs? the US became the most powerful nation in the world possession of atomic weapons was an obvious reason – but other reasons existed: o the role of the US in winning the war was very important o the new industrial capacity drove a powerful economy o the US was not terribly damaged by war, as other world nations were 121 Unit 13 The Cold War 122 Map Timeline The Cold War Background of the Cold War Cold War Crisis Early Containment Cold War At Home 123 I. Map – Cold War Warsaw Pact Nations NATO Nations Korea Cuba Iron Curtain Chinese Revolution Vietnam Timeline – Cold War Allied leaders meet at Yalta and Potsdam to settle post war world Sputnik launched by Soviet Union 1957 The Soviets Blockade West Berlin. Truman Orders Berlin Airlift 1948 – 1949 Truman Drops Atomic Bomb WWII ends 1945 Warsaw Pact formed 1955 Communists win control of China 1949 Castro Takes Over In Cuba, Making It Communist 1959 Korean War 1944 1946 1948 1950 Truman Doctrine 1947 1952 McCarthy Hearings Marshall Plan 1948 Spy trial of Rosenbergs 1953 NATO formed 1949 Soviets Get Their Own Atomic Bomb 1954 1956 1958 Berlin Wall erected 1961 1960 American U2 Spy Plane Shot Down and U.S. Denies Spying. We Were! 1960 1962 1964 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Vietnam War evolves to include the US 125 III. Background of the Cold War End of WWII - the end of the war turned one time allies into two different sides of a new conflict – the Cold War - the USSR and the United States turned against each other in a political battle of trust Two Different Ideologies Soviet: the featured goal of the USSR was the spread of communism around the world - the term given to this goal was “Marxist-Leninism”: the spreading of communism around the world through revolution and imperial takeover U.S.: to counter this, the U.S. enacted a policy known as “Containment”: the attempt to stop the spread of communism in the world Allied Conferences Yalta: Early in the last year of WWII – the Allied leaders (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) met to discuss the end of the war and what post-war Europe would look like - The Soviet Union agreed to hold free elections in parts of Eastern Europe (they never did) Potsdam in the final days of the war (Truman instead of Roosevelt) - Divided up Germany - giving each of the 4 major allies a zone to run (Berlin too) Soviet Expansion Eastern Europe After liberating Eastern European nations from German control, the Soviets were supposed to give them their freedom back - however, the USSR established communist governments in the region - this was against everything the other Allies wanted, setting up mistrust of the USSR “Spheres of Influence” as the USSR began to dominate the eastern part of Europe, the U.S. and Great Britain attempted to influence much of the rest of Europe - eventually, these “spheres of influence” became identified “Iron Curtain” during a speech in the U.S., British Prime Minister Winston Churchill noted that an imaginary “Iron Curtain” had descended over the center of Europe, dividing the communist East from the free West - the term became a leading image to describe the Cold War boundary in central Europe American reactions to Soviets Truman Doctrine: both Turkey and Greece soon face an increased communist threat - in order to help these nations, Truman asked Congress for funds to help them defend themselves against communism - In a speech to Congress, Truman announced the US plan to stop the spread of communism around the world (containment) – this became know as the Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan: an economic plan proposed by US Secretary of State George Marshall - The plan was to offer American economic aid to war torn European nations, to help them rebuild their economy, and keep the threat of communism there at bay NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 12 member nations, led by the US, agreed to support one another in a military alliance - all nations would support another member if attacked by another nation IV. Containment elsewhere in the world Domino Theory: the belief, held by many US leaders, that if communism was not stopped someplace, neighboring nations would fall to communism, and continue to fall, much like a line of dominoes will fall if the first one is tipped over. - used to defend the decision to get involved in conflicts against communism (Vietnam especially) U.S. Occupation of Japan - following WWII, the US Army “occupied” Japan and ran it for nearly 7 years - the US helped Japan rebuild physically, and economically - the US, needing allies in Asia, wanted a strong Japan on its side in the coming Cold War China Rise of Mao - before WWII, a growing communist party in China challenged the Nationalist Party for control there - Following the war, the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China and made it a communist nation (People’s Republic of China) The Nationalists - the political party that ran the Chinese Republic (1911) - defeated by the Communists, they ran away to the Island of Formosa and began the nation of Taiwan 127 V. Cold War Crisis Berlin Airlift Communists tried to force the allies out of Berlin, East Germany They cut off all supply routes into Berlin The allies flew in supplies for almost a year The Communists finally ended the blockade Korean War The Partition: after WW II – Korea was split up by the allies: North – communist, South – democratic The war (1950’s) North invaded the South In order to make one communist Korea United Nations stopped the invasion Arms Race a race between 2 “super powers” (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.) to gather bigger, better and more weapons U-2 Spy plane 1958 A US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union – its pilot was captured A huge embarrassment for the US that escalated tensions and mistrust between the two superpowers Eisenhower Doctrine President Eisenhower announced the US would use the military if needed to support nations in the Middle East that were threatened by communist aggression Space Race It began when the Soviets put the “Sputnik” satellite into orbit A race for national pride mostly. Who had the better technology? Sputnik: Soviet satellite sent into space in 1957 – caused an uproar in the US – the government spent millions of dollars to increase education in sciences and math 128 VI. The Cold War at Home Loyalty Issues House on Un-American Activities (HUAC) Established in the late 1930’s to investigate communist subversion in America Often aided by the FBI, the committee sometimes violated individual’s rights and often ruined people’s reputations un-necessarily Alger Hiss A State department official that was accused of passing classified documents on to a communist Was convicted of perjury (lying under oath) A very sensational case, it set the scene for later trials of similar issue Rosenbergs A sensational and controversial trial, accusing Julius and Ethel Rosenberg of transferring secrets about the atomic bomb program to communists They were convicted – sentenced to die – and executed Case Study – McCarthyism McCarthyism: a word used to describe a controversial “witch hunt” based on little evidence, rumors, lies, bullying, and many other unprofessional actions. Based on the McCarthy hearings of the 1950’s – the civil rights of many Americans were denied in many cases Joseph McCarthy was a Senator that made a name for himself by starting a sensational series of hearings to search out and identify possible communists in the government His tactics eventually proved to be the most controversial aspect of the investigations, as he systematically bullied defendants and prayed on fears in the public to destroy reputations and make individuals look guilty, even if they might not have been Eventually, he was censured and discredited and the hearings finally ended Watkins v. United States 1957 Issue: civil liberties – the rights of an individual against government security The case: labor official John Watkins would not list names of possible communists to HUAC Ruling: the Supreme Court said an individual’s civil rights were to be upheld even when speaking to Congress 129 VII. Essential Questions 1. What role did the United States play in defining the post WWII world? As new leader of the western world and NATO, the US became the leading defender of the democratic way of living It chose a policy of containment, to stop the spread of communism throughout the world As a nuclear power, the US has had great influence in how the modern world would in a safe and responsible manner 2. In what way was it inevitable that Soviet and American philosophies towards communism, would lead to international incidents? The Soviet foreign policy was to spread communism throughout the world through revolution The US foreign policy was to stop the spread of communism in the world 3. How might the investigations into communism in America possibly lead to challenges to fundamental constitutional issues? Government involvement in the private lives of citizens The basic First Amendment Rights of citizens were often at risk o Freedoms of Speech, Press, Petition, and assembly 14th Amendment – Equal Protection Clause 130 Unit 14 1950’s America’s Golden Age 131 Timeline 1950’s: America’s Golden Age Demobilization after the war Production of Goods Growth Economic Changes Interstate Highways Problems New Suburban America Baby Boom Consumerism 132 I. Timeline – 1950’s suburbanization “Baby Boom” Cold War G.I. Bill of Rights passed by Congress 1944 1944 Federal Highway Act passed 1956 1946 Taft-Hartley Act passed. 1947 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 II. Demobilization demobilization: switching the nation’s focus from a military status to a civilian one. Switching from military production in factories to production of consumer goods But still had to balance the needs of a coming Cold War Had to make sure the economy didn’t slip back into a depression also After World War II, America faced several post war issues. Economic Issues inflation: kind of expected to occur after the war – sudden increase in prices of goods o prices had been held in control during the war, and needed to rise a bit after o people had money to spend, they had earned and saved during the war o the availability of new consumer goods made people want to spend new work force: returning soldiers needed jobs G.I. Bill: the “G.I. Bill of Rights” or “The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act” o Congress authorized billions of dollars to pay for benefits for veterans o Used for college education, medical treatment, unemployment insurance and home and business loans o Helped the economy and changed the make-up of America More college degrees More homes built strikes: workers wages did not keep up with the rise in prices from inflation o many workers went on strike for higher wages Taft/Hartley: passed by Congress over President Truman’s veto – set back for unions - President could delay a strike that threatened the public or nation’s interests - banned union contributions to political campaigns - made it easier to be hired without belonging to a union Truman’s Fair Deal: o Truman believed all Americans should expect a “fair deal” from the government o Congressed passed increases in the hourly wage, spending on housing projects, and the number of people eligible for social security o Did not pass Truman’s plans for Civil Rights, national health insurance, aid to schools, farmer subsidies Truman’s partisan problems with congress: Having a Republican controlled Congress certainly didn’t help Truman’s ability to pass his legislative agenda But he was also apposed by various Democrat groups over certain issues 1948 Dewey vs. Truman: Truman almost didn’t even win his party’s nomination – he did – but the Democrats were split by two other candidates in the national election The prediction was for a huge landslide win for Republican candidate Thomas Dewey Truman campaigned against the “Do-Nothing” Republicans Truman won – and got a Democratic controlled Congress also III. Economic Changes of the 1950’s The 1950’s brought new approaches, new ideas, and new problems as well – much of these influenced to some degree by American’s varied experiences in WWII Changes to Production energy source: o the development of nuclear science, and its use to develop nuclear energy, was an entirely new way of thinking o away from limited natural energy sources (wood, coal, oil) and towards a future of cheaper, longer lasting energy sources o The problem was the dangers that existed in its development. materials: o the science of chemistry allowed the production of materials that were man made, instead of natural o the two big ones: plastics and nylon o the introduction of lighter metals was also important: aluminum, titanium, magnesium technology: o the advent of computer science began slowly, then exploded o originally used in universities – and then in government and military fields corporate structure o the rise on a vast scale of multinational corporations ( businesses with branches in more than one nation) became the trend following WWII 135 Growth of Output consumer products: o much of the industrial output of the 1950’s became directed toward products designed to be used by consumers in their home: washing machines, T.V.’s, refrigerators, etc. military: o because of the Cold War, keeping up with the Soviets caused a huge budget devoted to military spending o Before he left office, President Eisenhower warned of the growing power and influence of the “military industrial complex” production on an international level: o American soldiers introduced American culture to many people around the world o With the soldiers came American made products – beginning new markets for these products Problems waste disposal: o growing population, and growing manufacturing, created growing problems with what to do with the waste products and garbage of the society o early attempts at providing space to dump garbage often was done in ways that later became harmful to the environment air and water pollution: o unregulated industrial facilities began a legacy of unrestricted discharge of waste materials into local air and water spaces o these actions would have a devastating effect and would not be looked into until the 1970’s growing energy dependence: o More and more manufacturing, and more and more people, and especially more and more automobiles, meant an ever increasing demand on energy sources o Coal and oil especially depleting resources: o the unrestricted development of the industrial sector often paid little attention to the amount of natural resources being used o many thought the world would always be able to provide what was needed 136 IV. The New Suburban America Interstate Highway Act This plan, developed in 1956, was meant to ensure roadways that would allow for quick movement and easy access between most major cities of the US The original purpose was to make sure the military could move about the nation quickly and easily The growth of these highways changed the way Americans lived o They allowed movement of homes away from inner cities ant to the suburban areas o They allowed families to take extended vacations farther away from home, helping an expanding tourism industry develop Levittowns Name given to the first “suburb” communities, after the developer of the first housing developments outside and within commuting distance of the city workplace City populations left inner cities in droves in the 1950’s for single family homes that were now being made on a more affordable budget for more and more Americans The shift in population caused many changes to American culture, influencing education, shopping, and transportation sectors Baby Boom The post-war return of service men and women, away from family life for months or years, and now having jobs and positive income, encouraged many couples to have children Beginning in the late 1940’s, a significant increase in the birth rate led some to name this the “Baby Boom” It continued through the 1950’s, only to subside a bit in the early 1960’s Wherever this generation of children went – especially schools – the earliest of them were always crowded – the latter ones enjoyed new facilities often Consumerism The increase in job opportunities, college educations, and salaries, led to more and more Americans having enough income to feel comfortable spending on consumer goods Items that previously might have been considered “luxury” items, now were almost considered necessary items by families Appliances to make life easier, two cars in many driveways, convenience foods, and family vacations became a part of the everyday life of many Americans 137 V. Essential Questions 1. How did post-war economic growth bring both positive and negative effects on American culture? Positive: economic growth on an international scale – increased consumer products made life easier – Americans had disposable income – leisure time led to increased family activities – increased college opportunities and enrollment Negative: increased demands and pressures on the environment would ultimately lead to increased pollution and dangerous conditions in America 2. In what ways had World War II, and the post-war years, brought geographic demographic changes in America? The “urban flight” caused suburbs to grow drastically as people moved away from industrialized urban centers A general migration to the western “sunbelt” states (American Southwest) 3. What new cultural values came about in America during this post-war time? The advent of television brought an influence over family values and behaviors – particularly the identity of the “nuclear family” – and the establishment of the “normal” life The introduction of Rock & Roll energized the youth of America to establish their own identity The concerns of the Cold War led to fears and anxieties of communist influence in society Consumer spending and the growth of highways led to a mobile culture 138 Unit 15 The African American Civil Rights Movement 139 Timeline African American Civil Rights Movement Evolution of the African American Civil Rights Movement Emancipation Proclamation Review of early Constitutional Amendments Roots of the Movement Presidential Initiatives Milestone Events of the Movement Civil Rights Organizations 140 Timeline – African American Civil Rights Movement Lincoln signs Emancipation Proclamation 1862 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Case 1954 13th Amendment ends slavery 1865 Emmett Till Murdered 14th Amendment gives citizenship to African Americans 1868 Plessy v. Ferguson Case (1896) Establishes ‘separate, but equal’ IS ALLOWED. 15th Amendment gives right to vote to African Americans 1870 1865 1875 1885 Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 1968 1895 March On Washington For Jobs and Freedom Where Martin Luther King Gives ‘I Have A Dream Speech’ (1963) Montgomery bus boycott 1955 Greensboro Sit-Ins (1960) 1905 ------------- Jim Crow Laws------------------- 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 Integration of schools in Little Rock, Ark. 1957 Eisenhower Sends Troops Civil Rights Act passes 1964 Voting Rights Act 1967 III. Evolution of the African American Civil Rights Movement Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: January 1st, 1863 In the middle of the Civil War Declared all enslaved persons in states that were rebelling against the Union to be free Not so for border states of pro-Union states Very few slaves actually became free The significance of the precedent of the role of government in securing equality for citizens can not be ignored The Post Civil War Amendments (Quick Review) (See page 58 of guide) 13th o abolished slavery in the United States 14th o defined a U.S. citizen and said states could not deny any citizen of its rights 15th o states could not deny the right to vote to any male US citizen over the age of 21 Roots of the African American Civil Rights Movement Booker T. Washington: o Born into slavery o Began the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a trade school for African-Americans o Promoted education for African-Americans as the way to progress W.E.B. Dubois/NAACP: o Disagreed with Booker T. Washington’s approach – more in favor of pushing for civil rights progress o Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to push for legal methods to end racial discrimination Ida B. Wells: o Wrote articles denouncing mob violence and lynching against African-Americans o Early supporter of the Women’s Rights Movement Marcus Garvey: o Tried to support racial pride for African-Americans o Promoted the idea of African-Americans moving back to Africa to start a new society o Many supporters, but few to him up on the idea Presidential Initiatives FDR: Fair Employment Practices Commission: o Required that all companies that contracted with the government not discriminate on the basis of race or religion o Worked to some degree in the North, was rarely enforced in the South Truman: o Created the President’s Committee on Civil Rights to investigate the status of civil rights in America o Used the findings to submit a 10 Point civil rights agenda to congress. Opposed by southerners Milestones of the African American Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education Topeka Kansas 1954 Background: A class action suit of 13 parents in Topeka, Kansas. Their argument was that the separate educational facilities, were not in fact equal facilities Constitutional Issue: that separate facilities were not offering “equal protection of the law” as provided by earlier Supreme Court rulings Decision: a unanimous (9-0) ruling in favor of the plaintiffs that separate educational facilities were in fact not equal facilities – and therefore unconstitutional Effect: o the ruling reversed the landmark Plessy v. Ferguson case o many southern states passively resisted for weeks and months o the case however did set in motion the modern African American civil rights movement Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks: African-American woman arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for violations a local ordinance by sitting in the front section of a public bus Martin Luther King Jr.: Local minister in a Montgomery Baptist Church when Rosa Parks was arrested Urged local African Americans to use non-violent methods to fight segregation Organized a boycott against the bus system in Montgomery that lasted for over a year Result: The boycott worked, the bus company ended its policy of segregation More important, it gained national attention to an African American victory 143 Crisis at Little Rock What happened: Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus ordered National Guard troops to prevent the admittance of African American students into Little Rock High School Result: President Eisenhower ordered Federal Troops to escort the students into the schools Civil Rights Act of 1957: o Passed by Congress – intended to protect the right of African-Americans to vote o Brought the Federal Government into the Civil Rights event o After its passage, the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) began a campaign to register 2 million African American voters Greensboro Sit-ins: o An extension of the Rosa Parks incident, were sit-ins, purposeful sitting of African Americans at places of segregation: lunch counters, restaurants, and other segregated places o Though threatened and often physically abused, participants remained peaceful and gained national attention to their cause Freedom Rides: o African-American and white Americans joined together to ride on public buses into the south – promoted as “Freedom Rides” o Buses were attacked in many southern cities o After a particularly vicious attack in Birmingham, with the involvement of the KKK, President Kennedy declared that he had to get involved James Meredith: o An African American – was denied entrance to the University of Mississippi by the Governor o President Kennedy sent federal marshals to escort him to class, for the rest of the year Letter From A Birmingham Jail: o After repeated violence in Birmingham, Alabama – Martin Luther King Jr. led protests that led to more violence and was arrested o From jail, her wrote an essay that’s now know as the “Letter From A Birmingham Jail” o King eloquently reasoned why non-violent resistance to civil laws was justified and that they need only obey a higher standard of moral laws o Credited with helping to push President Kennedy to develop more civil rights action March on Washington: o A rally to support President Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill o Over 200.000 people marched on the Mall in Washington DC o MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech 144 Civil Rights Act of 1964: o Submitted by President Kennedy in 1963 – signed by President Johnson in 1964 o Strongest Civil Rights law ever passed by Congress Segregation outlawed by Congress in most public places Equal access to all public places for all citizens Set up EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) to oversee the ban on job discrimination - Heart of Atlanta Hotel, Inc v. United States 1964 Hotel owner refused to give rooms to African Americans Owner claimed Congress did not have right to regulate an individual’s business Supreme Court overruled o Equal protection clause o Commerce clause – impeding Interstate travel Freedom Summer: o Campaign to register African American voters in Mississippi in summer of 1964 o Noted for violence against the campaign, especially the 3 volunteers killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi Voting Rights Act of 1965: o Ordered Federal officials to register qualified voters o Eliminated literacy tests, etc. 24th Amendment prohibited Congress or states from implementing conditions to vote – such as a pole tax Black Power: frustrated with the non-violent movement, some looked for increased black pride and black nationalism through violence o Malcolm X/Black Muslims: advocated black nationalism – self-government for a black society Later proposed an integrated Muslim society Civil Rights Organizations NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - early focus was on court cases to end discrimination and segregation SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - a student version of both African American and white students SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference - southern ministers – to reduce segregation and register voters CORE: Congress of Racial Equality - focused on nonviolent activities such as sit-ins, freedom rides, boycotts 145 o Race Riots: eventually, built-up tensions exploded – usually in urban areas Over 100 race riots took place in American cities in the 1960’s Watts: symbolic of the urban riots – Watts was a section of urban Los Angeles Weeklong riots in the “long hot summer” of 1965 34 deaths and 100’s injured Kerner Commission: President Johnson appointed the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders – headed by Illinois Governor Otto Kerner The commission investigated the race riots in America Placed the blame on white society and white racism Recommended better urban housing and improved anti-segregation attempts by the federal government Fair Housing Act of 1968: o Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing to African Americans Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Memphis, Tennessee – 1968 o An emotional event on many levels o Touched off riots in many American cities o Ended the era of mostly unified civil rights actions and accomplishments Affirmative Action: President Johnson signed an Executive Order requiring employers with federal contracts to take “affirmative action” to hire more women, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and Asian Americans. o Meant to correct past injustices by giving preferences to these groups in employment opportunities, as well as college admissions o White males saw this as “reverse discrimination” - Bakke v. California Board of Regents: Allan Bakke, a white American, was denied admission to the University of California at Davis medical school Because of the school quota to admit disadvantaged minorities, less qualified candidates were admitted over Bakke US Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Bakke, saying the school acted unconstitutionally, by denying admission to the more qualified student 146 IV. Essential Questions 1. How might the victory over integration in schools from Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka have led to an increase in segregation on broader terms in America for awhile? o as with the actions such as Jim Crow laws in the South following the Civil War, the reaction of white Americans – whether through retaliation, resentment, or fear – was often more direct and intrusive toward the everyday lives of many African Americans 2. How were the actions of a few brave individuals able to energize an entire movement towards increased civil rights for all African Americans in the America? Individuals like Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. and those that sat at lunch counters and rode freedom buses were able to inspire Americans through the media of television o African Americans were inspired to continue the fight locally o white Americans often became empathetic to the cause from watching 3. How did the Civil Rights Movement in America change in the late 1960’s? as with other social segments of America, a younger generation was becoming influential the younger activist often felt that change was not coming fast enough they often urged the use of violent actions to bring social change 4. Which did more to advance the push for civil rights for African Americans – the power of television – or federal and state legislation? it can be argued that the power of television made the civil rights issue an American issue, which helped gain support from segments of American society that might not have supported it had they not witness events on television but real change comes from legislation – until laws were passed to regulate action, behaviors would not have changed as quickly 147 Unit 16 Idealism of the New Frontier and the Great Society 148 Timeline The New Frontier And Great Society The New Frontier The Great Society Kennedy’s Presidency Johnson’s Presidency Early Involvement Johnson’s War Domestic Turmoil Case Study Nixon’s War The Vietnam War Impact on America Case Study Case Study Minority Issues The Warren Court 149 II. Timeline - New Frontier and Great Society Johnson wins election 1964 Kennedy launches “New Frontier” programs 1961 Numerous race riots and protests against the Vietnam War take place 1968 Johnson launches “Great Society” programs 1st US Astronaut in space Kennedy assassinated Johnson decides not to run again for President Johnson becomes President Bay of Pigs disaster in Cuba Richard Nixon elected 1968 1963 1959 1960 Kennedy/Johnson win Presidential Election 1960 1961 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 1963 1964 1965 US involvement in Vietnam escalates 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 III. The New Frontier – Kennedy’s Presidency Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Issues Bay of Pigs Invasion o One of the United States’ greatest blunders – a CIA led invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro rebels o 1400 rebels were defeated by 14,000 Cuban soldiers o Kennedy accepted responsibility – admitted it was a costly mistake for the US Vienna Summit/Berlin Wall o A summit meeting with Soviet Premier Khrushchev about Berlin, Germany o Khrushchev made threats o Later, he built the Berlin Wall Laos and Vietnam o Begun in the 1950’s, Kennedy supported continuation of the support for South Vietnam against communist rebels o Believing in the “domino theory” he increased levels of US troops in the region Latin America o Kennedy attempted to make countries in Lat. America more prosperous o Alliance for Progress: proposed the US spend $20 billion to help countries improve their economy for its citizens the program was viewed skeptically by the Latin American nations it failed because of no local support Peace Corps o Volunteers were sent to developing nations go help with day-to-day activities in villages o Helped change the impression in other nations of the “ugly American” Race to the moon o Begun with Kennedy’s inaugural address o He declared US desire to get to the moon by the end of the decade (1960’s) o Money and support poured into NASA Case Study – Cuban Missile Crisis Background: after turning Communist – Cuba looked to the Soviet Union for economic and military assistance Soviet Actions: seeing an opportunity, USSR put nuclear missiles in Cuba – they said to defend Cuba from US invasion U.S. Reactions: too close to US. Kennedy told USSR to get them out or else! Significance: This crisis became the closest that mankind has ever come to destroying the planet. A nuclear war was close Results: the Soviets backed down. - they removed the missiles - US agreed to remove some missiles in Turkey - USSR was embarrassed over the incident. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty o Agreement between US, Great Britain, and USSR at first o Agree not to test nuclear bombs above ground, in outer space, or under water o Later signed by more than 100 countries The Kennedy Assassination Dallas, Texas – November 1963. Traveling in a convertible, Kennedy was shot twice Died within the hour Lee Harvey Oswald arrested, shot that week by Jack Ruby An extremely emotional event in American History – seemed to shake the nation to its core IV. The Great Society – Johnson’s Presidency Expanding Kennedy’s Social Programs War on Poverty/VISTA o President Johnson began a war on poverty in America with the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity o One program was VISTA: Volunteers in Service to America. Similar to the Peace Corps, but working to help needy people in America o Other programs included: Job Corps: helping school dropouts Operation Head Start: helping preschool children o Department of Housing and Urban Development was started Medicare/Medicaid o Required states to provide financially aided health care programs for needy people o Medicare was for the elderly o Medicaid was for needy of all ages Federal Aid to Education o The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 o Federal aid directly to schools o In order to receive funds, schools had to be able to prove they were desegregated Environmental Issues and Concerns o By the end of the 1960’s, the idea that humans could dispose of waste material in any ways they saw fit, was catching up with them o The land, air, and waters of America were becoming very polluted o The use of pesticides and nuclear energy were becoming a deadly threat o The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 to set and enforce pollution standards 152 End of the Great Society – Politics in 1968 o The end of the 1960’s were not as socially optimistic as the start of the decade o Younger people were disillusioned with the established norms of society o Pollution was taking its toll on the environment o The Vietnam war was lingering on and becoming a social issue as well as political one o The Democrats were divided over and lost to a united Republican Party Case Study: The Vietnam War Early U.S. involvement: Containment: the U.S. Cold War policy of trying to stop the spread of Communism in the world o The U.S. made a commitment to stop the spread of Communism from North Vietnam into South Vietnam Domino theory: the belief that if South Vietnam fell to Communism – then neighboring nations would also, and so on, and so on. Johnson’s war: Gulf of Tonkin o The incident: US naval ships were reportedly fired on by North Vietnamese patrol boats President Johnson called the incidents “unprovoked attacks” o Resolution: Johnson asked Congress for more authority to fight in Vietnam Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Authorized the President to take any necessary action to prevent aggression escalation: The US began to bomb North Vietnam and sent more and more troops US soldiers were no longer just “advisors” to the South, they were fighting the war Americanization of the war: o By the late 60’s, the US had taken over more and more responsibilities of fighting o To the Communist supporters, the enemy was more the US than South Vietnam The Tet Offensive: o January 1968 – during the Vietnamese New Year Holiday known as Tet” o Massive attack by N. Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops against US forces o Even with great casualties, it showed the willingness of the enemy to keep fighting o Turned many Americans against the war and changed the political scene in the US for the upcoming 196 Presidential Election 153 Domestic Turmoil: Case Study: Vietnam (cont.) Draft protests: o Demonstrations against the war increased heavily toward the end of the 1960’s o Often led by the younger generation – many of these took place on college campuses o The shock of what happened at Kent State and Jackson State, when student demonstrators were killed by law enforcement officials, brought even more attention o SDS: Students for a Democratic Society Concerned about social and political problems and injustices Called on citizens to stop letting the corporations and big government determine political agendas The Counter-Culture: o Many young Americans made a choice to stop participating in the established society o Turned off by what was considered “normal” rules of behavior, many turned to alternative ways of life o Drug use, rock music, psychedelic art, and communal life were associated with the movement Nixon’s War: Vietnamization: o After being elected President, Nixon announced his plan to switch the responsibility of fighting the war to South Vietnam o The US would honor its treaty commitments to aid them militarily when asked o Slowly, US troops were being pulled out of Vietnam Expansion of the war: o As peace talks failed, Nixon ordered increased bombing raids o His order to bomb parts of neighboring Cambodia caused a huge outcry, especially on American college campuses, as many saw it as an expansion of the war o Kent State: Student demonstrators were shot at by National Guardsmen 4 students were killed this event was a turning point for many Americans – outraged at the incident 154 Pentagon Papers: o Late in the war, the government ordered a study of the history of US involvement o The report was top secret, but one of its writers, Daniel Ellsberg, leaked it to the press o The report was very critical of US decision making and motivations NY Times v. United States: the government tried to stop the printing of the “Pentagon Papers” – as the secret report became known By a 6-3 vote, the Supreme Court ruled against the government – citing the freedom of the press Paris Peace Talks: o The first negotiation talks began under President Johnson in 196 o Finally, a cease-fire agreement was reached in 1973 o US agreed to recognize the nation of Vietnam and withdraw all troops o Vietnam agreed to release all POW’s (prisoners of war) and account for MIA’s (missing in action) Withdrawal: o Though the US continued to recognize the government of South Vietnam, taking US troops from the war meant the eventual end for that government o By April of 1975, communist forces took over all of South Vietnam and the war was over o Today, there is one Vietnam Impact on America: The war in Vietnam is considered a turning point in modern American History o American society is often described as being hopeful, optimistic, and booming before the war and more disillusioned, pessimistic, and struggling after it. Dividing opinions over the war mirrored many of the dividing opinions of social issues that confronted Americans in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s Much of American’s ideas of mistrust of government leadership and corporate America comes from decisions made and actions taken because of the war Returning American soldiers faced many types of challenges as they tried to live in a new American society. Many still face health issues today. The Vietnam Memorial contains the names of 58,156 Americans that died in activities associated with the war and serves as a reminder of their service to America during a challenging time in American history. 155 Case Study: Focus on Issues of Minorities Women Hispanic Americans Native Americans Handicapped Americans Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Shifting roles and images Roe v. Wade Meant to force states and cities to change laws and end practices that discriminated against women. Passed by Congress, it never received state ratification. Stereotypes of the roles of woman changed dramatically – from homemaker to income producer. Issues over child raising have changed too. The constitutional right for a woman to have an abortion was recognized by the Supreme Court. Though a divisive issue, it acknowledged a woman’s power of choice. Immigration Labor Movement Identity Hispanic Americans are now the largest racial minority in the US, passing African Americans. Issues over border security and labor are becoming more important. Led by Cesar Chavez, the United Farm Workers of America strengthened the cause of exploited Mexican workers in America. Though often labeled “Hispanic Americans”, individuals seek to separate themselves more. Terms like Chicano, Latino, Hispanic are accepted by some and not by others. Poverty AIM Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act Extreme levels of unemployment, a low standard of living, and low life expectancy have become a legacy of social life for Native Americans American Indian Movement: a militant group trying to get more rights. Occupied buildings and communities demanding that treaties be honored. “Normalization” Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) The movement to bring persons with disabilities into the mainstream of society. Especially in the workplace and in education. Established the right to a “free, appropriate public education” for those with disabilities. States that failed to would not receive federal funds for education. Increased funds for education and increased the role of Native Americans in administrating Federal Programs Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) and Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990 Prohibited discrimination in employment and required accessibility to all public buildings and mass transit for people with disabilities Case Study: Chief Justice Warren About him: As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he presided over a period of time in the court’s history that saw dramatic changes in judicial power and philosophy – a time known now as the “Warren Court” (1953-1969) His leadership of the court came at a time in American history of great social challenges and changes In addition to the famous Brown v. Board of Education case, here are some of the other important cases of the Warren Court: Major Cases: Mapp v. Ohio: o A case involving the searching of a home without a warrant o At question was whether or not evidence found could be used in court o The Warren Court ruled that the evidence could not be used in court, as the defendants 4th Amendment(Search and Seizure) and 14th Amendment(due process and equal protection) rights were violated Gideon v. Wainwright: o Concerns the right of a defendant to have legal council o The Supreme Court ruled that any defendant had a right to legal council, even if they could not afford one. o This created a huge need for Public Defenders – lawyers that would be appointed to represent defendants on trial Miranda v. Arizona: o Involved a case in which a defendant did not know his legal rights before he was questioned by authorities o The court ruled that any person arrested must be informed by the police that they have the right to remain silent and that they can have an attorney present during questioning o The warning statement is known as “Miranda Rights” Baker v. Carr: o The issue: the ability to redraw voting districts o The argument: that the ability to redraw voting districts was a “political” issue, and not one that could be decided by courts o The ruling: Supreme Court ruled that the courts could review suck issues 157 V. Essential Questions 1. In the ongoing battle of the Cold War Superpowers, what victories could President Kennedy claim – and what might be considered his defeats? Victories: Berlin Airlift – Cuban Missile Crisis – Race to the moon Defeats: Vietnam decision – Bay of Pigs Invasion 2. In what ways was President Johnson’s “Great Society” an extension of President Kennedy’s “New Frontier”? Johnson tried to continue Kennedy’s domestic programs such as o The war on Poverty and the role of VISTA o Improving health care for all Americans with Medicaid/Medicare o Improving public schools o Looking into protecting the environment 3. How might it be argued, that the 1960’s in America, was the wrong time to choose to take a stand against the spread of communism in a place such as Vietnam? The generation that would fight there had differing values than their parents of the WWII generation – there was a feeling that questioning the motives of government was not necessarily un-American The African American Civil Rights movement had shown how organized protesting could draw attention to a cause – and that standing up for what you believed was right, was important Television brought the cold realities of war into the homes of Americans every evening. Color television showed solders with red blood – this was a powerful image to many Americans. 4. How was America different after the Vietnam War than before? Before: An image of an all powerful, patriotic, and righteous nation After: Many questioned the motivations of the government. Some felt that the US wasn’t necessarily on the “right” side of the moral issue. And of course – the US lost the war. 5. How might the African American Civil Rights movement have been a predecessor to the gaining of civil rights for other minorities in America? Other racial minorities, as well as handicapped people, became determined and motivated to seek out justice in order to make themselves have the same rights as other Americans. 158 Unit 17 Trend Towards Conservatism 159 Timeline Trend Towards Conservatism Case Study Domestic Issues The Nixon Era Watergate Foreign Issues The Ford Years Domestic Issues The Carter Presidency Domestic Issues Reagan Foreign Issues Foreign Issues Domestic Issues The Reagan/Bush Years Bush Foreign Issues 160 I. Timeline – Trend Towards Conservatism Nixon travels to Soviet Union and China 1972 SALT I treaty signed 1972 Camp David Accords 1978 Nixon becomes 1st US President to resign. US puts 1st man on the Moon 1969 US boycotts Summer Olympics 1980 V.P. Ford becomes President 1974 1970 1972 1974 1976 Investigation into Watergate break-in reveals White House involvement 1973 Richard Nixon Operation Desert Storm 1991 1978 1980 Iran-Contra Scandal 1986 1982 1984 Jimmy Carter 1988 1990 Communism in Europe begins to fall apart Iran Hostage Situation 1979 Gerald Ford 1986 Ronald Reagan George HW Bush 161 II. The Nixon Era Nixon’s Domestic Issues OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration o Prevention of work related illnesses and injuries DEA: Drug Enforcement Agency o Worked to eliminate the sale and trafficking of illegal drugs EPA: created to set and enforce pollution standards o Clean Air Act (1970) and Clean Water Act (1972) established standards for discharge of waste into the nation’s air and waterways o Endangered Species Act (1973) attempted to save threatened animal species Nixon’s Foreign Policy Issues Nixon Doctrine: Nixon wanted Asian allies to provide more for their own defense – especially manpower for fighting Détente: a relaxation of tension with communist nations o China: Nixon overturned nearly 20 years of US policy by recognizing the People’s Republic of China as the true China, and not Taiwan. His visit to China was a huge news story o USSR: Nixon became the first US President to visit the USSR. They agreed to increase trade, share scientific discoveries, and talk about reducing nuclear weapons S.A.L.T.: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – agreements between the US and USSR to limit, and even reduce the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenals Case Study: Watergate Nixon’s second term in office was dominated by negative news for the administration Resignation of Vice President Agnew: o was discovered he had taken bribes as Governor of Maryland o he resigned as VP o Gerald Ford was named VP by Nixon Background: o The break-in: five Nixon supporters broke into the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel complex to steal files – they got caught o The cover-up: members of Nixon’s staff began to try to hide any involvement by the President’s office – which was illegal. People began to question the President’s involvement U.S. v. Nixon, 1974: o special prosecutors ordered Nixon to turn over tape recordings of his office conversations o he refused citing “executive privilege” o Supreme Court ruled the President was not above the law Impeachment Process: evidence from the tapes proved Nixon tried to stop the investigation. The House of Representatives was on the verge of impeaching Nixon. Nixon’s resignation: Instead of waiting to be impeached, Nixon resigned the Presidency. o Vice President Gerald Ford became President The Ford Years The Pardon of Nixon: President Ford granted former President Nixon a full pardon of offenses o the pardon was meant to “end the nightmare” of the Watergate scandal o many Americans were upset at Nixon receiving a pardon The Oil Crisis: part of a overall economic crisis in America in the mid-70’s o OPEC began an embargo (halt of shipping) to nations that supported Israel o OPEC also raised the price of oil dramatically – the oil shortage and price increase had a dramatic effect on the overall economy of the US in the 1970’s 163 III. The Carter Presidency Carter’s Domestic Issues: Oil Crisis Continued: President Carter waged a “war” against energy consumption, urging Americans to reduce energy use – it was largely ignored - he created the Department of Energy to try to solve Americans dependence on foreign oil Environmental Concerns: o Three Mile Island: a malfunction at a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania nearly turned into a disaster. The incident scared Americans and changed the governments use of nuclear power. o Acid Rain: levels of acidic pollution reached alarming numbers – forests and the species of animals living in them were dying off in areas downwind of major industrial areas. o Toxic Waste: information about the illegal and irresponsible dumping of waste materials, some of it poisonous, came to light often in the late 1970’s Love Canal: famous case involving the Hooker Chemical Co. in Niagara Falls, NY. Dangerous chemicals were dumped in an old drained canal for years – then buried. Homes were then built on the land. People began to get diseases and die. The Federal government was called in – national attention was brought to the issue Carter’s Foreign Policy Issues: Camp David Accords: o Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt to his private retreat in Maryland, know as Camp David – for high level peace talks o Israel agreed to give back lands to Egypt – Egypt agreed to recognize Israel’s right to exist o Egypt became first Arab nation to recognize Israel – other Arab nations were not happy Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: o Carter protested the invasion by boycotting the Summer Olympics in 1980 and putting an embargo on grain to the Soviet Union Iran Hostage Crisis: o For years, the US had supported a leader in Iran know as the Shah of Iran o When he was forced to leave, the new government distrusted the US o The new religious government, encouraged students to take over the US Embassy there o They held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days – they were released the day Carter left office 164 IV. Reagan/Bush Years Reagan Domestic Issues: “Supply Side” economics: the belief that the cutting of taxes would lead to more investment in the economy o the hope was that there would be a “trickle down” effect – money spent by the wealthy would lead to more jobs and lower prices for the rest of the public o Tax policy and deficit: in order to attempt to reduce national debt, and provide for a balanced budget – huge cuts were made in Federal programs – but not in the Defense budget o The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act was designed to require a balanced budget by 1991 Environmental Issues: budget cuts for environmental enforcement agencies reduced their ability to protect the environment o Laws and regulations were not enforced very much o Public lands in the west were often sold to private or corporate buyers o Depletion of the ozone, increased waste disposal, and the Greenhouse Effect all grew in significance during this time Civil Rights Issues: the conservative approach of Reagan was more concerned with the rights of society, than with the rights of an individual o Issues such as abortion, property searches in schools, and drug testing gained attention Supreme Court: During Reagan’s two terms in office, he appointed 3 new Supreme Court Judges, including the position of Chief Justice, setting a Conservative tone over the court o One of his appointments, Sandra Day O’Connor, was the first female on the court o Reagan also appointed 50% of the Federal Judges across the country Reagan Foreign Policy Issues: Renewed image of power: A main agenda of Reagan was to re-strengthen America’s image as a world power o In the wake of trying to balance a budget, he more than doubled the Defense budget Iran/Contra Connection: in order to support anti-communist groups in Nicaragua and El Salvador, the Reagan Administration did two things considered to be illegal o It sold weapons to the nation of Iran in violation of federal law o It took the profits and gave them to anti-communists in those Central American nations 165 Trade: Imbalance with Japan: the 1980’s saw America’s trade relationship switch to an imbalance with Japan – the US was buying more from Japan than Japan was buying from the US South Africa – Apartheid: the US led international economic pressure on the nation of South Africa o Trade embargoes and restrictions on investing in companies there o In retaliation for South Africa’s policy of Apartheid Soviet Union: Reagan truly distrusted the USSR and denounced previously created Arms limitation treaties created by the Carter Administration SDI: Strategic Defense Initiative – Reagan supported a weapons system that could possibly defend the US against a Soviet nuclear attack o “Star Wars”: nickname of the SDI system – missiles could be shot down or intercepted from weapons in outer space Gorbachev: new, younger leader of the USSR – realized the Soviet Union had to change in order to survive. Knew he could not get into an arms race with the United States - Fall of Soviet Union: economic pressures, and political changes, led to a popular, though mostly peaceful, revolt against Communism in the USSR. It was successful. Domestic Issues of George Bush (Sr.) Immigration: the 1990 census indicated dramatic shifts in minority population statistics o The “white majority” was soon to become less than 50% for the first time o The old immigration identity of “European” immigrants was being replaced with a newer face of Hispanic and Asian immigration o The Hispanic minority was growing at a very rapid rate – becoming equal with the “black” minority’s numbers Savings and Loan Scandal The Reagan Administration changed decades of policy by allowing Savings and Loan banks to raise interest rates and take part in commercial lending o Many S&L’s took risky positions in the real estate market o Following the recession in the late 80’s, many S&L’s got into financial trouble o The Bush Administration was left to clean up the mess, eventually costing the taxpayers billions of dollars 166 Social concerns: o Cruzan v. Director; Missouri Dep. Of Health, 1990 Parents of a woman on life support said their daughter would not want to be left alive on machines – the hospital would not end the treatment Supreme Court ruled an individual had the right to refuse treatment – but that there must be “clear and convincing evidence” of the person’s desires o Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania;et al. v. Casey, 1992 Pennsylvania enacted new regulations regarding abortions Supreme Court reaffirmed a woman’s basic right to an abortion, but upheld most of the new regulations because they were not a “substantial obstacle” in the abortion process. Foreign Issues of George Bush (Sr.) New World Order: Following the fall of the Cold War – Bush declared there was a “new world order” - an unpredictable environment of changing balance of power Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe popular challenges to communist control over “Eastern Bloc” nations grew and were weakly defended by the USSR o Once one nation (Poland) held free elections – the chain of events spun quickly to end the decades old communist domination of Eastern Europe o Berlin Wall: the symbolic representation of the Cold War came crashing down, as private citizens took hammers and bulldozers to it – allowing the mixing of East with West o Soviet Union: under pressures of a failing economy and political freedoms in fellow communist nations, the Soviet government buckled and fell – allowing for free elections and the creation of a new Republic. Crisis in Bosnia: unrest after the fall of communism in Yugoslavia led to a civil war between religious minority groups o The Christian Serbs, attempted a policy of “ethnic cleansing” by moving, or sometimes killing, Bosnian Muslims o The US led NATO allies in attacking Serbs, then defending Bosnians Persian Gulf Crisis: begun when Iraq invaded and took over neighboring Kuwait o US led a coalition of international nations to demand Iraq leave Kuwait o Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, refused o The coalition attacked in a massive air and ground assault o Within days, Kuwait was liberated o When all was over, Saddam Hussein remained in power 167 V. Essential Questions 1. In what way might some historians be able to label President Nixon a “Progressive President”, in the mold of Teddy Roosevelt? Nixon took initiatives to improve the safety of Americans – often from the forces of big business – by creating governmental agencies to oversee certain issues: o OSHA – improved safety conditions in the work place o DEA – cut down on illegal drugs coming into America o EPA – stop the abuses of businesses in polluting the nation 2. Nixon became famous as a Congressman that was very anti-communist. In what ways did he differ from his staunch views about Communist nations during his Presidency? He asked Asian nations to do the fighting themselves in the ongoing battle of containment He became the first US President to visit both the USSR and the People’s Republic of China He took initiatives with détente and weapons limitations talks 3. How might the Watergate scandal transformed many American’s image of leadership in government for America? Many Americans felt betrayed by the office of the Presidency A general distrust of both government, and political officials began Many of the ideals of what Americans thought America was supposed to be all about, became tarnished in many ways 4. What were the defining actions of the new conservatism that arose during the Reagan/Bush years? A renewed image of American power – especially abroad A pattern of having Americans fed for themselves – less dependence on government assistance A relaxing of government restrictions on business – less regulations o Less protection of the environment o Less protection of minority rights In general – more support for growth of business and national security - than individual rights and security 168 Unit 18 Approaching the 21st Century 169 Map Timeline 21st Century The Clinton Presidency Domestic Issues Foreign Policy Issues 170 I. Map - The World Balkan Mtn. Region (old “Yugoslavia”) Haiti Somalia II. Timeline Sept. 11, 2001 Terrorists attack the United States Welfare Reform Act passed 1996 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 A new era begins. Clinton impeached 1998 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 172 III. The Clinton Presidency Clinton’s Domestic Issues Family Leave Bill o gave workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from a job in order to take care of family need – such as child birth of parent illness o The worker would not lose any seniority Brady Bill o required background checks and imposed a waiting period in order to buy an handgun Crime Bill o provided funds for states to build more modern prisons o to put more police officers on the streets Health Care o tried to pass laws to provide for universal health care for all Americans o it was opposed by private companies and Republicans and failed to become a reality Welfare Reform Act o Limited people to two consecutive years on welfare o Required them to work to receive benefits Balanced Budget o Clinton and Republicans battled over how to establish a balanced budget requirement o At one point, Clinton shut down the government when they could not decide Campaign finance reform o Clinton and Congress agreed on measures to improve the way political campaigns were paid for o “soft money” contributions were eliminated o money for “issue” advertisements were eliminated also Impeachment Issue: o Clinton faced a number of scandals, tarnishing his image o His association when he was governor of Arkansas with a real estate firm cause an investigation into his role of arranging illegal loans – no evidence of wrongdoing was found o A sexual harassment lawsuit was filed against him by Paula Jones – the case was settled with a payment to her o Investigations charged that he had an inappropriate relationship with a White House intern. Part of the issue surrounded his testimony in the case – and his honesty o Though impeachment proceedings were brought against him, the necessary votes to remove him from office were not reached. Clinton’s Foreign Issues: The Middle East o Israel/PLO Agreement: - various meetings between representatives of these two groups led to some long awaited compromises – beginning a process of coexistence that continues today - PLO leader Yasir Arafat recognized Israel’s right to exist - Israeli leader Rabin recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people - after the agreements were signed with the help of President Clinton, Rabin was assassinated in his own country U.S. intervention in conflict areas: o Somalia: - in support of the United Nations, the US had a strong presence to help maintain relief shipments to the famine stricken nation - in one incident, 24 US soldiers were killed by an ambush of rebel soldiers o Haiti: - after a democratically elected President was forced from office by the military, chaos prevailed and many Haitians tried to flee the nation - with many Americans living in Haiti, President Clinton threatened military action if the military government did not step down - Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide was put back in power - US troops went to Haiti to watch over the transition of power o Yugoslavia: - After the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the nation of Yugoslavia broke up - in Bosnia, a huge civil war erupted between ethnic groups - Serbian Christians began a policy of “Ethnic cleansing” against other minority groups, most Bosnian Muslims - The US lead NATO forces in attacking Serb armies to stop the violence and then to stay and maintain peace - the same story happened again in 1998 between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo 174 U.S. - Russian Relations: o After the fall of communist Soviet Union – two main concerns have arisen in “Russia” The economy suffers greatly – the US has attempted from time to time to help Russians gain a foothold on developing a new “capitalist” economy It’s nuclear weapons arsenal – the US has helped to make sure that the old weapons do not fall into the wrong hands U.S. - European Relations: o The US continues to work closely with its old NATO allies o NATO is expanding, now accepting one time cold war enemies from Eastern Europe o The development of the European Union is a big issue o One time “hot spots” such as Northern Ireland and Bosnia are still monitored Global Economy: o NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement Meant to spur trade and opportunities for business development between Canada, the US, and Mexico o GATT: General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs Created the World Trade Organization (WTO) Watches over trade agreements and settles disputes between member nations There are over 140 member nations o Economic Aid to Russia: Provided to Russia to help reduce its nuclear stockpile of weapons And to secure active weapons and nuclear materials o Trade with: China: the fastest growing economy in the world today o American companies seek sales in China’s huge market o American consumers buy many products made in China Japan: a long time trading partner with the US o The US has been seeking a more favorable balance of trade with Japan than it had in the 1980’s and ‘90’s Latin America: previous economic plans with this area have had mixed results o Many are watching Mexico to see if NAFTA will have a meaningful effect on the Mexican economy 175 IV. Essential Questions 1. How was President Clinton a reaction against the political philosophy of his predecessors, Reagan and Bush Sr.? o His domestic agenda seemed more directed to assist individual citizens and families 2. Was Clinton’s foreign policy actions a reflection of his fundamental goals or a reaction to an ever-changing international arena? o The end of the 20th century saw a change of international threats to peace – from the broad Cold War conflicts to smaller scaled localized tensions – and terrorism. o Much of the events required US cooperation with international allies through NATO and the United Nations Somalia Rwanda Bosnia Haiti 176
