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Reaction Types Synthesis Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement Combustion A+BC CA+B AB + C CB + A ( A and C are cations) AB + CD AD + CB Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O Hydrides (synthesis) Ionic Hydrides 2Na + H2 2NaH Metallic Hydrides (with transition elements) Molecular Hydrides H2 + F2 2HF (covalent --- molecular) Oxides Acidic Oxides NM oxide + water acidic oxide (oxy acids) (SYN) The NM (nonmetal) oxide is the acidic anhydride (except N2O, NO, and CO) SO3 + H2O H2SO3 (synthesis) N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3 P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 Basic Oxides M oxide + water hydroxides (SYN) The M (metal) oxide is the basic anhydride Na2O + H2O 2NaOH (synthesis) Amphoteric Oxides (Aluminum, Tin, and Zinc) (lead and mercury) Exhibit acid or base character IF a metal forms more than one oxide, the BASE character DECREASES as the oxidation state of the metal INCREASES. Peroxide Each O has a -1 charge (oxidation #) 2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O2(s) (SYN), 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 (DECOMP) Superoxides Each O has a -1/2 charge K(s) + O2(g) KO2(s) Unstable – Decomposes H2CO3 H2O + CO2 H2SO3 H2O + SO2 NH4OH NH3 + H2O (H can be replaced by an alkali metal) SYNTHESIS A+BC *1 )Metal oxide + water Metal hydroxide (base) (SYN) Na2O + H2O 2NaOH *2) Non metal oxide + water acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3 *3) Metal oxide + CO2 Metal Carbonate (SYN) (recall H2O + CO2 H2CO3) CaO + CO2 CaCO3 *4) Metal oxide + SO2 Metal Sulfite (SYN) (recall H2O + SO2 H2SO3) CaO + SO2 CaSO3 Nonmetal oxide (acid) + Metal oxide (base) salt (neutralization) SO2 + CaO CaSO3, SiO2 + CaO CaSiO3, P4O10 + 6Li2O4Li3PO4 CO2 + Na2O Na2CO3 Nonmetal oxide (acid anhydride) + water acid SO3 + H2O H2SO4 Metal oxide (basic anhydride) + water base CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 DECOMPOSITION CA+B *1) Metal Hydroxide(base) Metal oxide + water (DECOMP) 2NaOH Na2O + H2O *2) Acid Nonmetallic oxide + water H2CO3 CO2 + H2O *3) Metal Carbonate Metal oxide + CO2 Na2CO3 Na2O + CO2 *4)Metal Sulfite Metal oxide + SO2 Na2SO3 Na2O + SO2 Metal Bicarbonate Metal oxide + H2O + CO2 NaHCO3 Na2O + H2O + CO2 (H2CO3) Metal Chlorate Metal chloride + O2 NaClO3 NaCl + O2 Metal Nonmetal Metal cation + Nonmetal anion NaCl Na+ + Cl- CaSO4 + H2O SINGLE REPLACEMENT AB + C CB + A Metal + Acid Metal salt + H2(g) (SR) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2 + H2(g) Metal + water or base metal hydroxide or oxide + H2(g) (SR) Na(s) + 2H2O 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) 2Al(s) + 2KOH(aq) + 6H2O(l) 2K[Al(OH)4](aq) + 3H2(g) Metal hydride + H2O Metal hydroxide + H2(g) (SR) CaH2(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)+ 2H2(g) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT AB + CD AD + CB Metal Carbonate (or bicarbonate) + Acid Metal salt + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (DR) NaCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3 H2O + CO2 NiCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) NiSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Metal Sulfide + Acid Metal salt + H2S (DR) NaS(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g) Metal Sulfite + Acid Metal salt + SO2(g) + H2O(l) (DR) Na2SO3(aq)+ 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3 H2O + SO2 Ammonium Salt + Strong Base Metal salt + NH3(g) + H2O(l) (DR) NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH NaCl + NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4OH NH3 + H2O Metallic oxide (base) + Acid Salt + H2O Fe2O3 + HCl FeCl3 + H2O Non metallic oxide (acid) + Base Salt + H2O CO2 + NaOH NaCO3 + H2O Acid + Metal Salt + H2 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2 COMBUSTION Substance + Oxygen gas Oxides of the elements 2CuS + 3O2 2CuO + 2SO2 CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2 C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O IONIC EQUATIONS Strong acid + salt of weak acid salt of strong acid + weak acid Complete eqn => HCl + KOAc KCl + HOAc ionic eqn => H+ + Cl- + K+ + OAc- K+ + Cl- + HOAc net ionic eqn => H+ + OAc- HOAc weak acid + weak base conjugate base + conjugate acid HF + NH3 F- + NH4+ , HOAc + NH3 OAc- + NH4+ Weak acid + Strong base water + conjugate base HF + NaOH HOH + FStrong acid + weak base conjugate acid (weak) + water HCl + Fe(OH)2 FeCl2 + HOH