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Forensic Science Syllabus Ms. Danielson [email protected] Phone: 770-578-3200 ext 524 Course Overview The textbook is published by South-Western Cengage Learning, Forensic Science – Fundamentals and Investigations. Forensics is a field of science dedicated to the methodical gathering and analysis of evidence to establish facts that can be presented in a legal proceeding. Forensic science is a very broad field of science including anthropology, chemistry, biology, genetics, entomology, mathematics, physics, odontology, reconstruction, technology, toxicology and latent print identification. Because Forensics encompasses many fields of science, students must have a thorough understanding of biology and chemistry in order to take this class. Television has helped to generate interest in forensic science. While the class will be lab oriented and intriguing, the course work, projects and labs will be rigorous and include regular written assignments and mathematical applications. Students must be prepared to work hard! Forensics Grade Breakdown Tests Labs/ Projects Quizzes Test Prep Final Exam 30% 35% 10% 10% 15% . Materials needed: Composition notebook Binder Loose leaf paper Highlighters Colored pencils Pens, pencils calculator Project supplies when applicable Binder should be divided into the following sections: Class Notes Vocabulary Case studies Labs Tests Forensic Science –Unit 1: Georgia Performance Standards Content Standards: Crime Scene Investigations SFS1 Students will analyze a crime scene using proper investigative protocols. Element: SFS1.a Document and record the crime scene details, including setting, and physical and biological evidence. Element: SFS1.b Collect, document, and maintain chain of custody for all physical evidence. Element: SFS1.c Reconstruct a crime scene. Element: SFS1.d Identify the role and duties of the crime scene investigation team members. Element: SFS1.e Discuss the role and responsibilities of expert witnesses. Vocabulary you must know: Analytical skills Deductive reasoning Eyewitness Fact Forensic Logical Observation Opinion Perception Chain of custody Circumstantial evidence Class evidence Crime scene investigation Crime scene reconstruction Direct evidence First responder Individual evidence Paper bindle Primary crime scence Secondary crime scene Trace evidence Activities you must be able to do: Analyze a crime scenes Document and record the crime scene details, including setting, and physical and biological evidence. Collect, document, and maintain chain of custody for all physical evidence. Reconstruct a crime scene. Identify the role and duties of the crime scene investigation team members. Discuss the role and responsibilities of expert witnesses. Learning goals for Unit 1 Define observation and describe what changes occur in the brain Describe examples of factors influencing eyewitness testimony to what actually happened Relate observation skills to their use in forensic science. Compare the reliability of eyewitness testimony to what actually happened Relate observation skills to their use in forensic science Define forensic science Practice and improve observation skills Summarize Locard’s exchange principle Identify four examples of trace evidence Distinguish between direct and circumstantial evidence Identify the type of professionals who are present at a crime scene Summarize the seven steps of a crime scene investigation Explain the importance of securing the crime scene Identify the methods by which a crime scene is documented Demonstrate proper technique in collecting and packaging trace evidence Describe how evidence from a crime scene is analyzed Forensic Science – Unit 2: Identifying materials Stage 1 - Desired Results Content Standards: SFS2 Students will use chemical and physical separation methods to isolate and identify materials. Element: SFS2.a Distinguish materials using various types of microscopes. Element: SFS2.b Categorize glass, soil, hair, fiber, ink and paint samples using physical and chemical properties. Element: SFS2.c Use inorganic and organic analysis to identify unknown substances. Vocabulary you must know: Class evidence, Individual evidence; Trace evidence Comparison microscope Cortex; Cuticle; Medulla Hair follicle; Keratin; Melanin granules Neutron activation analysis Amorphous; Crystalline Direct transfer; Secondary transfer Fiber; Mineral fiber; Natural fiber; Synthetic fiber Monomer; Polymer Textile; Yarn Angiosperm; Gymnosperm Exine Forensic palynology Pistil; stamen; spore Pollen fingerprint; Pollen grain; pollination Fingerprint; latent fingerprint; patent fingerprint; Plastic fingerprint Arch; core; delta; loop; whorl; minutiae; ridge pattern, Ten card Counterfeiting; forgery Document analysis; document expert; exemplar Fraudulence Questioned document Mineral; rock; Clay; sand; silt Soil; soil profile Geology Humus; Leaching; weathering Becke line; normal line Density Glass; leaded glass Obsidian Refraction; refractive index Silicon dioxide Things you must be able to do: Isolate and identify materials. Distinguish materials using microscopes. Categorize glass, soil, hair, fiber, ink and paint samples using physical and chemical properties. Identify unknown substances using inorganic and organic analysis. Learning goals for Unit 2 Identify various parts of the hair Describe variations in the structure of the medulla , cortex, and cuticle Distinguish between human and nonhuman animal hair Determine if two examples of hair are likely to be from the same person Explain how hair can be used in a forensic investigation Calculate the medullary index for hair Distinguish hairs from individuals belonging to the broad racial categories Identify and describe common weave patterns of textile samples Compare and contrast various types of fibers through physical and chemical analysis Describe principal characteristics of common fibers used in their identification Apply forensic science techniques to analyze fibers Discuss the history of fingerprinting Describe the characteristics of fingerprints Identify the basic types of fingerprints Describe how criminals attempt to alter their fingerprints Determine the reliability of fingerprints as a means of identification Explain how fingerprint evidence is collected Describe the latest identification technologies Determine if a fingerprint matches a fingerprint on record Use the process of lifting a latent print Describe 12 types of handwriting exemplars that can be analyzed in a document Demonstrate an example of each of the 12 exemplars of handwriting traits Identify the major goals of a forensic handwriting analysis Describe some of the technology used in handwriting analysis Distinguish between the terms forgery and fraudulence Identify several ways in which businesses prevent check forgery Describe four features of paper currency that are used to detect counterfeit bills Recognize various soil types and describe some methods for examining soil samples Distinguish sand samples by size, color and composition Perform a soil analysis, including macroscopic and microscopic examination, as well as chemical and physical analysis Explain how soil evidence can link suspects to crime scenes Explain how glass is formed List characteristics of glass Provide examples of different types of glass Calculate the density of glass Use the refractive index to identify different types of glass Describe how glass fractures Analyze glass fracture patterns to determine how glass was broken Explain how glass is used as evidence Forensic Science – Unit 3 Biological Evidence Georgia Performance Standards Content Standards: SFS3 Students will analyze biological evidence found at a crime scene. Element: SFS3.a Reconstruct criminal behavior resulting in blood stain patterns. Element: SFS3.b Compare and contrast the information available in bodily fluids (no actual human body fluids will be used). Element: SFS3.c Experimentally use DNA evidence to identify a suspect. Element: SFS3.d Explain the basis for relating breath to blood-alcohol concentration. Element: SFS3.e Discuss the role of anthropology in forensic science. Element: SFS3.f Show the importance of entomological techniques in forensic science. Vocabulary you must know: Allele; Gene; Chromosome DNA fingerprint; DNA probe Electrophoresis PCR; STR; VNTR Restriction enzyme Antibodies; Agglutination Antigen-antibody response Cell surface protein Lines of convergence; Point of origin Red blood cells; White blood cells Satellite drop of blood Controlled substance Drug; narcotic; poison Toxicity; toxin Algor mortis: rigor mortis; livor mortis Autolysis Cause of death, death; manner of death; Mechanism of death Decomposition Forensic entomology Instar; larva; pupa Anthropology; Epiphysis; Forensic anthropology Joints; Mitochondrial DNA Ossification Osteobioography; Osteoblast; Osteoclast; Osteocyte Things you must be able to do: Analyze biological evidence Reconstruct criminal behavior resulting in blood stain patterns. Compare and contrast the information available in bodily fluids Experimentally use DNA evidence to identify a suspect. Explain the basis for relating breath to blood-alcohol concentration. Discuss the role of anthropology in forensic science. Show the importance of entomological techniques in forensic science. Osteoporosis Skeletal trauma analysis Learning goals for Unit 3 Explain how crime scene evidence is collected for DNA analysis Describe how crime scene evidence is processed to obtain DNA Describe how radioactive probes are used in DNA fingerprinting Explain how DNA evidence is compared for matching Explain how DNA fingerprinting is used to determine if specimens come from related or unrelated individuals Explain how to use DNA fingerprinting to identify DNA from a parent, child or relative of another person Explain the composition of blood Describe the functions of blood cells Describe a brief history of the use of blood and blood spatter analysis in forensics Describe how to determine the blood type of a sample of blood Calculate the probability of certain blood types within a population Conduct a blood spatter analysis Examine stab wounds and describes the nature of the weapon Use blood spatter evidence to recreate the events at a crime scene Identify the five types of controlled substances Relate signs an symptoms of overdose with a specific class of drugs or toxins Describe the role of various types of toxins in causing death Discuss agents that may be used in bioterrorism Define and describe the goals and practice of toxicology Discuss the definition of death Distinguish between four manners of death: natural, accidental, homicide, suicide Distinguish between cause, manner, mechanisms of death Explain how the development of rigor, algor and livor mortis occurs following death Describe the stages of decomposition of a corpse Use evidence of rigor, algor and livor mortis to calculate the approximate time of death Describe the stages of decomposition of a corpse Use evidence from the autopsy’s report on stomach contents to estimate time of death Explain how time of death can be estimated using insect evidence Provide an example of the succession of different types of insects that are found a body as it decompose Given insect evidence, livor, rigor, and algor mortis data, be able to estimate time of death Describe how bone is formed Distinguish between male and female skeletal remains based on skull, jaw, brow, pelvis, and femur Describe how bones contain a record of injuries and disease Describe how a person’s approximate age could be determined by examining his or her bones Explain the differences in facial structures among different races Describe the role of mitochondrial DNA in bone identification Forensic Science – Unit 4 Impressions Stage 1 - Desired Results Content Standards: SFS4 Students will analyze various impressions from firearms, tool marks, arson, and explosive evidence. Element: SFS4.a Compare and contrast firearm evidence (no firearms of live ammunition will be used). Element: SFS4.b Distinguish tool marks and impression evidence. Element: SFS4.c Relate the use of certain chemicals to arson. Element: SFS4.d Outline types of explosives and their signatures found at crime scenes. Vocabulary words you must know: latent impressions; patent impressions plastic impressions sole tire groove tire rib tire ridge track width tread pattern turning diameter wheelbase abrasion mark; cutting mark indentation mark tool mark Ballistics Bullet Caliber cartridge barrel, breech; muzzle; pistol firearm; revolver; rifle fully automatic gunshot residue (GSR) lands and grooves rifling semiautomatic shell casing trajectory Things you must be able to do: Analyze various impressions from firearms, tool marks, arson, and explosive evidence. Compare and contrast firearm evidence Distinguish tool marks and impression evidence. Relate the use of certain chemicals to arson. Outline types of explosives and their signatures found at crime scenes. Learning goals for Unit 4 Distinguish between latent, patent, and plastic impressions Explain how various types of impression can by used as trace evidence Describe how to make foot, shoe, and tire impressions Use track width and wheelbase information to identify vehicles Prepare dental impressions and match them with bite marks Discuss the significance of tool mark impression in criminal investigations Describe three major types of tool mark impressions Describe variations in tool surface characteristics that are used to identify individual tools Summarize the steps of a tool mark examination and analysis Summarize how technology is helping tool experts in criminal investigations Match tool marks with the instrument that produced them Describe how tool mark evidence is collected, preserved, and documented Distinguish the differences between a handgun, rifle, and shotgun Distinguish between a bullet and a cartridge Discuss rifling on a gun barrel and how it affects the flight of the projectile Explain the relationship between barrel size and caliber Explain how bullets are test fired and matched Discuss the role of ballistics recovery and examination at the crime scene Determine the position of the shooter based on bullet trajectory