Download 3A Chapter 8, 11 ,12 Guided Notes

3A Chapter 8, 11 ,12 Guided Notes
Page 143- 146
 Biological communities differ in their_________________ _______________,
the types and number of species they contain, and the ________________
___________ their species play
 Physical Appearance:

Species Diversity:

Niche Structure:

_______________ and ___________________ affect the species diversity in
communities
 The _______________ of species on an island is determined by how ________
new species arrive and old species become ___________, the islands size and how
_________ it is from the mainland
 What two features of an island affects its immigration and extinction rates?

Communities can contain _______________, _______________,
________________, ________________, and ___________________ species that
play different ecological roles.
 Most organisms arriving in a new _________________ do not survive because
they are not able to find a __________________ _________ under their new
environmental conditions.
Page 147- Page 149

Species that serve as early warnings of damages or danger to a community are
called ________________________. (presence or absence or trout can be an
indicator of water quality)
 ____________ are excellent biological indicators because they are found almost
everywhere and are effected quickly by environment changes.
 The disappearance of many of the world’s _____________________ species may
indicate a _________________in environmental quality in many parts of the world.
 Amphibian loss and decline is caused by many factors. These include- habitat loss
and fragmentation, prolonged drought, ________________, increase in UV radiation,
increased incidence of parasitism, ____________________, and immigration or
introduction of nonnative predators and competitors, and disease organisms.
 Keystone Species-

Examples:_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________
 The loss of a keystone species can lead to ________________________ and
extinctions of other species in a community that depend on the keystone species.
 Foundation species:
.

Example:
Pages 150-152
 What are the five ways in which species can interact and increase their ability to
survive?

The most common interaction between species is __________________________
for shared or scare resources such as space and food. Ecologists call such competition
between species interspecific competition.
 Some species evolve adaptations that allow them to ________________ or
___________________ competition for resources with other species.
 Resource partitioning occurs when species competing for similar scare resources
evolve more ____________________________________________ that allow them
to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places.
 Through evolution, the fairly broad niches of two competing species can become
more specialized so that the species can share _________________________
 Lions and leopards live in the same area. Lions take the mostly larger animals as
prey, and leopards take the smaller ones. Hawks and owls feed on similar prey, but
hawks hunt during the day and owls hunt at night
 Predator species feed on all or parts of species called _____________________.
 In ____________________, members of one species (the predator) feed directly
on all or part of a living organism of another species (the prey). The predator’s benefit
and the prey are harmed. They have a _________________
____________________________.
 Some shark species eat and remove sick and injured ocean animals and some can
help us learn how to fight cancer and immune system disorders.
 Most shark attacks are by _______________ _________________
______________________ which live on sea lions and other marine mammals and
sometimes mistake divers and surfers for their usual prey.
 You are ____________ times more likely to be killed by lightning than by a
shark.
 For every shark that kills or injures a person, we kill at least
_______________________ sharks, which is a total of about 100 million sharks each
year.

Sharks are mostly caught for their _________________ and then thrown back in
the ocean to die. Shark fins are worth about __________ dollars per pound. A bowl of
shark fin soup can cost as much as $______
pages 153-161
·
Some predators use ________________ to hide in plain sight and ambush their
prey. An example is
·
What are the 4 chemical warfare strategy types?
·
Bioprospectors are:
·
What is warning coloration? Give an example.
·
What are the 4 behavioral strategies to avoid predation? Give examples.
·
Parasites can _____ most organisms, but promote _____________
____________________.
·
Parasitisism:
·
Give an example of a parasite that lives inside. An example that lives outside.
·
Mutualism:
·
The common forms of mutualism?
·
Mutualistic relationships combines?
·
Give an example of nutritional mutualism.
·
Clownfish species live
·
Gut inhabitant mutualism is:
·
Gut inhabitant mutualism example.
·
_______________ is a species interaction that benefits one species but has little, if
any, effect on the other species.
·
The gradual change in species composition of a given area is called
______________ ___________.
·
Soil fermentation begins when hardy __________ ____________ attach
themselves to inhospitable patches of bare rock.
·
These ________ __________ _____________ ____________ grow close to the
ground, can establish large populations quickly under harsh conditions, and have short
lives.
·
As these tree species grow and create shade, they are replaced by _____________
___________ _____________ _____________ that can tolerate shade.
·
Natural capital is the natural __________ of disturbed land.
·
Three factors that affect how and at what rate succession occurs are ___________,
______________, and ___________.
·
A disturbance is a _________ in environmental conditions that disrupts a
community or ecosystem.
·
Inertia:
·
________ refers to the number of species in a community at each trophic level and
the number of trophic levels in a community.
·
Grasslands are much less _____________ than most forests because they burn
easily.
·
Sometimes we should take _____________________ measures to prevent serious
harm even if some of the cause and effect relationships have not been established.
·
The Precautionary Principle is:
Chapter 11 pages 194-196
·
Between 1850-1900 and estimated _______ wolves were shot, trapped, and
poisoned by ranchers, hunters, and government employees.
·
______ and the great plains were planned to be safe for ______
·
400-500 grey wolves remained in the lower 48 states especially
in ________________ because of the endangered species act in 1973
·
Minnesota and Alaska weren’t a worry due to how many __________ there were in
the two states
·
These wolves culled herds of ______, _____, _______, and mule deer, and kept
down coyote population
·
In recent years, herds of elk, moose, and antelope have expanded which
is _____ because their large numbers have devastated some vegetation, increased erosion,
and threatened the niches of other wildlife species.
·
In _____ the USFWS thought about reintroducing the grey wolf population into
the __________ ecosystem.
·
Ranchers thought that the wolves would attack the cattle and one rancher thought
that it was going to introduce__________
·
We have depleted and degraded some of the earth’s __________ and these threats
are expected to increase
·
About _____ of temperate deciduous forests have been cleared, fragmented, and
dominated because their soils and climate are very favorable for growing food and urban
development
·
95% of the __________ in the lower 48 states have been logged for lumber
·
My some estimates, humans use, waste, or destroy about ________ of the net
primary productivity of the planets terrestrial ecosystems
pages 196-199
____ of forests in America have been logged
_____ of tall grass prairies have disappeared due to cultivation.
Ecological processes have 2 types of value ________________________ and the other
is ______________ because of their usefulness to us.
_______________ is a multidisciplinary science that originated in the 1970’s which the
goal is to slow down the rate of biodiversity degradation on our planet.
______________ is the applied science of managing, analyzing, and communicating
biological information.
An example of federal public land is
the ______________________________________________
The most restricted of these federal lands are the ______________________
There are three types of forests, ______________________________.
Pages 199-202
Federal land management and Sustaining
* Since the 1800s, there has been controversy over
_______,__________,________,___________,____________, and mineral resources on
federal lands.
* Conservations, free-market, and environmental economists use the principles of:
protecting biodiversity, wildlife habitats, ecological functions.
* Every person should receive compensation from the use of federal resources that have
been extracted.
* All users and extractors must be held liable for any environmental problems that occur
on federal lands
* Aldo Leopoldo's ______________ ethic is the basis for most of these guiding
principles
* Congress has had propositions to:
* Sell federal lands and their resources
* Slash ____________ __________ to national parks
* Cut all old growth and replace with tree farms
* Open all national parks, wildlife reserves, wilderness areas to _____ _______, mining,
off-road vehicles, and ________________ _______________
* Abolish National Park Service
* Continue to mine on federal land
* Repeal _____________ _____________ act
* Refine protections of wetlands to partly abolish them
Forest with at least _____% tree cover occupy about _____% of earths land surface
* Forest are classified in 3 categories:
* ________________: uncut forest, not disturbed by human activities, or regenerated
forests
* _________________: trees resulting from ecological secession( clear cutting)
* _________ __________ or Tree farm: land managed with trees of uniformly aged trees
planted by humans for wood production
Worlds and its trees
* ___% are second growth forests
* ___% old-growth
* ___% tree farms
* 5 countries have the worlds commercial wood production: ___________, Canada,
Brazil, ________________, and Paupa __________________
Forest Management
* ___________________ management- maintains trees that are about the same age and
size (industrial forestry, simplified tree plantation) plantations consist of one or more
highly valuable tree crops harvested every 6-10 years
* ____________________management- maintaining many trees of different ages, sizes,
and varieties. Biodiversity thrives in these forests
* Fate of the national forest falls in government hands, as they own 80% of forest land
* An area 2x the size of ___________ could support the worlds current and future
demand for wood products
How are trees harvested?
* Logging exposes a forest to nonnative species, ______________, and wildlife species
* ____________ __________: cutting small selective patches of preselected trees;
reduces underbrush, increases sapling growth, protects soil from soil and wind erosion
* For ever tree cut,____-____ trees are damaged in the process
* Shelter cutting: removes all of the old, large trees to make room for smaller trees
* _________ ________ __________: loggers harvest all but a few tree in order to reseed
to forest
* ___________ __________: removing all the trees from a harvest
* _________ _________: clear cutting a strip of trees along the contour of land allowing
trees to regenerate in a few years
Pages203-211
Forests with at least __% tree cover occupy about __% of the earth’s surface, excluding
Greenland and Antarctica.
·
_________ forests are those that have not been seriously disturbed by human
activities/natural disasters for hundreds of years. These forests are storehouses of
biodiversity because of the ecological niches they provide for wildlife species.
·
_________ forests develop in an area after human activities or natural forces have
removed them.
·
______ management maintains trees in a specific stand at about the same age and
size. In such industrial forestry, a simplified tree plantation of fast-growing,
commercially lucrative trees replaces a biologically diverse old-growth/second-growth
forest.
·
________ management maintains a variety of species of many ages and many sizes
to foster natural regeneration.
·
The presence of ________ roads has many negative consequences.
·
Logging roads ________ erosion and sediment runoff, fragment habitats, and
contribute to loss of biological diversity.
·
They expose forest to _________ by nonnative pests, diseases, and wildlife
species.
·
In ________, intermediate-aged/mature trees are cut singly or in small groups.
·
In ________, selected trees of only the largest and best specimens of the most
desirable trees are cut. This also removes other trees, and the forest floor becomes
warmer, drier, and subject to erosion and fire.
·
_________ cutting removes trees that grow best in full/moderate sunlight. There
may be two or three cuttings over a period of time. (This is another method of clearcutting.)
·
_______ cutting removes all but a few evenly distributed trees whose seeds would
begin a new generation. (This is a variation of clear-cutting.)
·
________ removes every single tree in one cutting. Strip cutting removes a strip of
trees along the contour of the land and spreads the cutting out over several decades.
·
Harmful effects of deforestation (temporary/permanently removing trees) are given
below.
·
Deforestation reduces ______ and the ecological services that forests provide.
·
Deforestation can change _______, and forests will not regenerate.
·
Deforestation emits ________, which affects global climate change.
·
Research indicates that at least ___ years are needed to accumulate the same
amount of carbon stored in the original forest.
·
Deforestation is widespread across the planet and is continuing.
·
World Resources Institute surveys indicate that original forest cover has decreased
by __–__%.
·
Global ________ is occurring by at least 0.2–0.5% per year, with 4/5th of the losses
occurring in the tropics.
·
If conditions don’t change within the next 10–20 years, 40% of the world’s
remaining forests will have been _____ or ______ to other uses.
§ Some ______ forests have increased slightly from reforestation by secondary
ecological succession on cleared forestland and abandoned croplands.
·
Some previously cut areas of tropical forest have been _______ in tree
plantations. This is not true forestland, however, because there is much lower biodiversity
in these areas.
·
We must _____ trees no faster than they are replenished and have systems
in place that manage forests sustainably.
·
The ________ services that forests provide are more valuable than the trees
themselves.
·
The estimated economic value of income from earth’s ecological services is at
least $36 ______ per year, close to the $42 _____ value of all goods and services
produced worldwide in 2004.
·
________ is the world’s biggest financial asset. The estimates of the ecologists did
not include the natural capital that generates these figures. It also did not include the
value of nonrenewable minerals and fuels.
 The _________ has not changed to include these values because of short-term
profits, and current government subsidies and tax incentives support
destruction/degradation of forests for short-term economic gain.
 _________ biologists have four ways to estimate how much of the remaining
forest to protect: include estimates of economic value of ecological services in
decisions, protect enough so that the rate of loss/degradation is balanced by forest
renewal, protect forest areas that are centers of biodiversity threatened by
development, and establish use methods to evaluate timber grown sustainably.
·
Timber can be grown sustainably; standards certifying growing methods should be
applied to all wood/wood products sold.
·
__________ has standards to determine if a company has used sustainable methods
in growing and harvesting timber.
 It evaluates _______ lands in reference to forest regeneration, ecological effects,
soil damage, and wildlife habitat areas.
 Sustainable _______ has been done successfully by several different groups.
·
Harmful impacts on forests from nonnative species
o Ways to reduce harmful impacts of nonnative species
§ Ban on Imported Timber
§ Selectively remove Infected trees
·
3 types of Fires can affect the ecosystem
o
Fires- Burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor
§ Kill seedlings and small trees
§ Control pathogens and insects
§ Burn flammable material that could cause larger fires
·
Fires
o Start on ground but, eventually climb and move from treetop to treetop
§ Kill wildlife, most vegetation and increase soil erosion
·
Fires
o Underground and burn partially decayed leaves
·
Ways to protect forest resources from fires
o Prevention and Prescribed burning
·
Healthy
Initiative (2003)
o Under law timber companies are allowed to cut down economically valuable medium
and large trees in most national forests for 10 years in return for clearing small
underbrush on forest floor
·
Up to
percent of wood in the US is wasted
·
Reduction by
percent would keep us from using national forests
·
A good alternative for paper would be:
·
One country that uses its waste harvest is:
§ is the non-tree paper producer of the future
·
Half of
live in tropical forests
o _____ Percent of Atlantic coastal rain forests have been removed
·
Deforestation occurs from a
of factors
·
Domestic deforestation accounts for
of all deforestation
·
The most common way to cut trees is
and burn
§ Rainforests don’t burn
·
One way to prevent deforestation is to
sustainable resources
pages 212-222
1.What is a debt-for-nature swap?
2. What are five ways the Neem tree can benefit humans?
·
·
·
·
·
3. Today, more than _____________ national parks are located in more
than__________________.
4. What happens to parks in developing countries, with little funding and
few very personnel problems?
5. The U.S. national park system has ________________________, located
mostly__________________.
6. U.S. Park Service rangers spend an increasing amount of time on
_________________________________ instead of
_________________________________________.
7. In some parks noisy _____________,_________________,________________, and
__________________ destroy fragile vegetation and disturb the wildlife.
8. Many parks suffer from the migration or introduction
of__________________________________.
9. Air pollution affects scenic views in national parks_________ of the time.
10. List three solutions for sustaining and expanding the national park system.
·
·
·
11. About ______ of the earth is protected which leaves_______ for us.
12. Conservationists call for _________ of the earth’s land to be protected.
13. Developers and resource extractors oppose the percentage that is already being
protected because that land contains_________________________.
14. Costa Rica’s parks and reserves are consolidated into eight ____________ designed
to sustain about 80% of Costa Rica’s biodiversity.
15. Increased tourism could also stimulate the building of too many ______,
__________, and other potentially harmful forms of ___________.
16. A _________ of large and small reserves may be the best way to protect a variety of
species and communities against a number of different threats.
17. Establishing protected ____________________ between reserves can help support
more species and allow migration of vertebrates that need large ranges.
18. Biosphere reserves have an inner protected ______ surrounded by two
__________________ that can be used by local people for sustainable
extraction of resources for food and fuel.
19. One way to deal with uncertain economic, political and legal factors that depend on
land ownership is through adaptive ______________________.
20. Most biologists protect wilderness and other areas from exploitation and degradation
to preserve their ______________ as a vital part of the earth’s natural capital.
21. Congress passed the Wilderness Act, which allowed the government to protect
undeveloped tracts of public land from development as part of the National Wilderness
Preservation Program, in the year
.
22. What percentage of land in the U.S. is protected as wilderness?
23. How many distinct ecosystems does the United States have? How many of them are
included in the National Wilderness Preservation System?
24. Why do industries oppose the protection of many wilderness areas?
25. Define ecological restoration:
26. List three ways that scientists are learning how to speed up repair operations.
27. What are the five basic science-based principles for carrying out ecological
restoration?
28.
ecological restoration projects.
29. Define biocultural restoration:
is the site of one of the world’s largest
Chapter 12 p224-232
____________ were once the most common bird in North America, they were wiped out
by humans in a few decades because of overhunting and habitat loss.
The pigeon only laid ____egg per nest per year, so they were not able to recover.
The last known passenger pigeon died in ________.
The three types of extinction are
1.
2.
3.
Local extinction is when a species is no longer found in an area it inhabited, but is still
found _________ in the world.
Ecological extinctions are when so few members of a species are left that it can no longer
play its __________ecological role in its biological communities.
A biological extinction is when a species is no longer found __________, it cannot be
reversed.
Species headed toward biological extinction are classified either as _________or
threatened.
Endangered species have so few _________ that the species could soon become extinct.
Threatened species are still abundant in their natural range but because of declining
numbers are likely to become endangered in the future.
A study found that about _____ of 21,000 species in the United States are vulnerable to
premature extinction.
__________ of the world’s species are officially listed as in danger of extinction.
_______ of all species are extinct.
-Extinction Spasm- large numbers of species are lost over a period of a few centuries or
at most 1,000 years.
3 problems biologists have catalog extinctions:
1.
2.
3.
Red lists- list of all ___________ _________ around the world
*red lists provide baseline information on how some of the earth’s biodiversity changes
over
time
Species- Area Relationship- on average a _____ loss of habitat causes extinction of
about ______ of the species living in that habitat
*provide evidence that __________ extinctions are the result of human actions
Biologist estimate that current extinction rate is at least 1,000 to 10,000 times the rate
before _______ arrived
The estimated annual extinction rate is _________ per year
Biologists predict loss of ____ million species over 100-200 years
Precautionary strategyWe should not cause the ______________ ____________ of species because of the
economic and ecological services they provide.
Why should we care if we speed up the extinction rate over the next 50-100 years?
Instrumental ValueGenetic Information in species is used to produce ___________, _________, and
__________.
____________ is wildlife tourism.
Excessive eco-tourism and unregulated tourism can __________ fragile areas and
promote premature species extinction
Pollen-eating bats pollinate flowers and fruit eating bats distribute plants throughout
tropical forests by _________ undigested seeds.
____ of bat species are endangered.
People believe that each wild species also has _________ or existence value based on its
inherent right to exist and play its ecological roles.
_____________ decompose the bodies of larger organisms and recycle nutrients needed
by all life.
The main and secondary causes of premature extinction are
H
I
P
P
O
According to research, the greatest threat to wild species is ______________,
degradation, and fragmentation
Deforestation of tropical forests is the greatest eliminator of ____________ species
followed by destruction of wetlands and plowing grasslands.
Name three types of habitat disturbance
1.
2.
3.
Pg. 233-241
·
Species are more vulnerable to extinction when their habitats are divided
into
, more
patches.
·
is when a large, continuous area of habitat is
reduced in area and divided into smaller, more scattered, more isolated patches or
“
”
·
Species that are
populations, and that are
, that need to roam large areas, that cannot rebuild their
are especially vulnerable to local and
regional extinction.
·
species
cause serious declines in the populations of many bird
·
About
% of the world’s 9,800 known bird species are declining. One out of
six bird species is threatened with extinction.
·
·
and
·
lines.
are the second greatest threat to birds. Ex:
are also declining in numbers because of losing their habitats
.
face extinction because of baited lines after getting hooked on bait
·
Millions of migrating birds are killed when the run into
and communication
that are in their migration paths.
, power lines,
·
Birds are important to the environment because they help control the populations
of rodents and
, pollinating plants, and spreading the
of plants.
·
Many
provide us with
, medicine, and
other
but a few can wipe out native species, disrupt ecosystems, and cause
large economic losses.
·
Nonnative species provide more than
% of the U.S. food supply.
·
Introduced species don’t have any
natural
, competators,
, or pathogens to regulate their numbers
in their new habitats. This can lead to the extinction of native species and trigger
ecological disruption.
·
Nonnative species threaten almost half of more than
endangered and
threatened species in the United States and
% of those in the state of
Ex: kudzu vine which grows in southeasten United States. It is almost impossible to
control
.
·
In the 1930s the
was imported from Japan and planted in the
southeastern United States to help the soil erosion.
·
It also is extremely difficult to kill and it engulfs trees, hillsides, gardens, abandon
houses and cars, stream banks, patches of forests, and anything else.
·
The kudzu vine is sometimes called “
”
·
The Japanese use
kudzu for many things such as beverages, gourmet
confections, and herbal remedies for a range of diseases.
·
A growing number of
introduced species are causing serious
economic and ecological damage.
·
The
was a species that was accidentally introduced to
the United States in Mobile, Alabama. They arrived via shipments of lumber or coffee
imported from South America or by cargo ships.
Because of their extremely
, they have wiped out up to
% of
native species in that area. They have killed deer fawns, birds, livestock, pets, and at least
80% of people allergic to their venom.
·
is
The best way to control and reduce threats is prevention which
and difficult.
·
There are several way to prevent nonnative species to be introduced in an
environment.
o a) identify major
that allow species to become successful invaders
and the types of ecosystems that they are likely to invade.
o b) inspect
that are likely to contain invader species.
o c) identify major
and pass international laws banning their transfer
from one country to another.
·
of our economies helps bring new species and unwanted
biological immigrants into countries throughout the world.
·
Some protected species are killed for their
live to collectors.
or are sold
·
Smuggling
is the third largest and most lucrative illegal cross-border
smuggling activity after arms and drugs.
·
is a reason behind the illegal smuggling. Some people who are
struggling to survive turn to smuggling to try to live.
·
Poachers illegally kill endangered animals for profit. A chimpanzee is
worth
. Illegal hunting has skyrocketed.
·
Rapid population growth in parts of Africa has
the number of people
hunting wild animals for food or for sale of their meat to restaurant.
·
Killing wild animals has become more popular because of
o An
increase in Africa’s population during the last century has led more
people to survive by hunting wild animals
o Logging roads have allowed miners, ranchers, and settlers to move into once
inaccessible forests
o
in many parts of the world have begun serving bushmeat dishes
o Many people living in
find that
wild animals or their
valuable parts is an easy way to make money to survive.
·
This causes
colobus monkey extinct.
·
It also affect
·
Killing
some species with
of many animals in West Africa and it driven a red
because their prey is gone.
that bother us or cause economic losses threatens
extinction.
·
For example, the Carolina parakeet were killed because they ate famer’s fruit and
when one bird of a flock was killed the rest of the flock gathers around the dead body,
making the rest of the flock an easy target.
·
Famers killed
to keep them from trampling crops.
·
Legal and illegal trade in wildlife species used as
purposes threatens some species with extinction.
·
and
or for decoration
Collecting exotic pet and plants kill large numbers of them
many of these species and other that depend on them.
·
have helped reduce the international trade of
endangered and threatened species, but enforcement is difficult.
·
(CITES)signed by 160 countries, lists 900 species that cannot be traded alive or wildlife products
because they are endangered.
·
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)- ratified by
countries, legally
binds signatory governments to
the global decline of biological diversity,
·
- prohibits
or their parts across state borders without federal permit.
live or dead wild animals
·
1973- it was designed to identify and legally protect
endangered species in the United States and abroad. It requires protecting the critical
habitat and developing a recovery plan for each listed species, but lack of funding and
political opposition hinder these efforts.
* Critical habitats for over _______ of the listed endangered/threatened species in U.S.
are located on ___________ land.
* What is one controversy over the Endangered Species Act?
* The 5th Amendment gives the government the power to force a citizen to sell property
needed for a public good, called ____________ _____________.
* What is the current controversy over what the government
* Pages 245-247
* Refuges suffering from environmental degradation
* 1903- President ______________________ established first U.S. federal wildlife
refuge at _________ ________ __________________
* National Wildlife Refuge System grown to ______ refuges
* More than __________ of the refuges are concentrated along major bird migration
corridors or _____________
* They serve as vital wetland sanctuaries for protecting migratory __________
____________
* __________ of U.S. endangered species have habitats in ____________ system.
* Establishing ________ __________, botanical gardens and using _____________ to
raise threatened species can help protect species from extinction. These options lack
_____________ and ____________.
* Gene or ________ banks preserve genetic information and endangered _________
species by storing their ___________ in refrigerated, low-humidity environments
* Stored seeds don’t ___________ so they may not survive when used in future
* The world’s _____________ botanical gardens and arboretums contain ___________
plants, representing almost ___________ of world’s known plant species. However, they
contain only ___________ of the world’s rare and threatened plant species.
* What are two examples of ways we can take pressure off some endangered or
threatened species?
* Example 1:
* Example 2:
* Zoos, aquariums, __________ _____________, and animal research centers are being
used to _______________ some individuals of critically endangered animal species, with
long term goals of _________________ species into protected wild habitats
* Two techniques for preserving endangered terrestrial species are:
* Egg pulling:
* Captive breeding:
* Examples of endangered species have been returned to wild:
* Zoos and aquariums are used to _______________ the public about the importance of
protecting endangered species.
* Current resources are devoted to saving only ___________ of nature.
* Reconciliation Ecology:
246-249
* Most people prefer a ___________, open habitat with a few scattered trees, near a
stream, ________, river, ocean, or ___________.
* Most species either do not like this or cannot ______________ in this habitat.
* It is harder to ______ species once they become endangered, so it is better to work to
_______ them while they are still abundant.
* Nature can also be used to __________ energy; building gardens on roofs can help
insulate houses and conserve water through reducing ______________.