Download INDUSTRIALIZATION - Norwell Public Schools

Main Themes:
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Origins
1. Renaissance
2. Commercial Revolution
3. Exploration
Timeline (Chronology)
1. Old or First Industrial Revolution
2. New or Second Industrial Revolution
1. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION- The change from primitive farming methods to
to the use of machinery and chemicals.
 Jethro Tull – Seed Drill- machine which planted seeds in neat rows
 Charles Townshend – Theory of Crop Rotation
 Charles Newbold- developed the Cast iron plow
 John Deere- Self cleaning Steel plow
A basic cause of peasant discontent in the mid-18c was the growing desire of
landlords to change the traditional ways of production in order to maximize their profits.
(ex: enclosure movement = rich fencing off land that used to be shared by small farmers.
This led to larger farms and more production, but hurt small farmers)
The Agricultural Revolution also led to a Population Explosion in Europe. Britain’s
population nearly doubled from 1700 to 1800 due to better crop production.
2. New Technology – this helped cause the The Industrial Revolution. Coal became the
new source of energy.
 1712 Thomas Newcomen – invented a pump powered by a stem engine which
pumped water out of mines
 1769- James Watt- improved the Steam Engine
REASONS FOR BRITISH DOMINANCE IN INDUSTRIALIZATION
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rich deposits of coal and iron ore,
a stable political structure, social stability
consumer demand from the colonies
Home to many inventors and scientists
Wealth to invest in industry and technology
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Cottage Industry: first and foremost a family enterprise (also called “putting-out”
system)occurred during Agricultural Revolution. Putting-out system: city manufacturers
took advantage of cheaper labor in the countryside increased rural population eager to
supplement agricultural income.
Inventions
1733, John Kay: flying shuttle
1764, James Hargreaves: spinning jenny
1769, Richard Arkwright: water frame, which improved thread spinning.
1780s, Arkwright: steam engine to power looms; factory production of textiles.
1793, Eli Whitney, cotton gin
Revolution in Transportation
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George Stepheson – Steam Powered locomotive( 1830 Liverpool to Manchester)
Robert Fultons Clermont =steamboat
Social Implications from Industrial Revolution
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New social order replaced (clergy, nobility and masses) rise of the middle-class:
bourgeoisie
Working Conditions
factory work: more discipline required; increased loss of personal freedom
exploitation of children and poor conditions for women
Workers Reactions- Peterloo Massacre
The New Middle Class- Merchants,artisans,etc… lived a good life. Nice homes,
dressed and ate well. Women were encouraged to stay at home and raise children.
Often had maides which helped in all areas. Children especially boys were educated.
Benefits and Problems with Industrialization
Labor Unions created to improve working conditions
Working class men gain the right to vote
Living conditions were crowded, slums were dirty, high crime rates(Bobbies in
England), low pay, unemployment
Pay did improve, people could travel
New Ways of Thinking
Adam Smith -The Wealth of Nations, Laissez-Faire economics
Thomas Malthus- Predicted food supplies could not keep pace with the population
increase. Only war, disease and famine could check the population
David Ricardo – Iron law of Wages. Increase in population meant a demand for
more jobs which led to a decrease in wages. Working class never would escape
poverty
Jeremy Bentham- Utilitarianism- The greatest happiness for the greatest number.
John Stuart Mill- Follower of Bentham who believed the working class should vote
The Emergence of Socialism
A. The government is seen as the representative of the people and owns and
operates the
major means of production and distribution.
B. The government determines the needs of the people and provides goods and
services for the people's use.
C. The government plans the economy, it allocates capital, directs the flow of raw
materials, and provides for the workers according to their needs
Forms of Socialism
Utopian Socialists – Robert Owen- New Lanark, a community in Scotland where the
community worked and lived under decent conditions ( Provided by Owen). No Social
Classes
Scientific Socialism or Marxism: developed by Karl Marx and Friederich Engels
The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital : Intended to replace utopian
dreams with a brutal, militant blueprint for socialist working class success.
Karl Marx: Theory
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The economic interpretation of history: all human history has been determined
by economic factors (mainly who controls the means of production and
distribution).
 The class struggle: Since the beginning of time there has been a class
struggle between the rich and the poor or the exploiters and the exploited.
Theory of Surplus Value: the true value of a product was labor and, since the
worker received a small portion of his just labor price, the difference was
surplus value, “stolen” from him by the capitalist.
Socialism was inevitable: Capitalism contained the seeds of its own destruction
(overproduction, unemployment, etc.)
Violent revolution:The increasing gap between proletariat and bourgeoisie will
be so great that the working classes will rise up in revolution and overthrow the
elite bourgeoisie.Will create a “dictatorship of the proletariat.” WORKING
MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”
Creation of a classless society: Will result as modern capitalism is dismantled.
I. Industrialization
A. Economic Results:
-- factory system.
-- higher standard of living.
-- introduction of modern, laissez-faire capitalism:
-- private ownership of property.
-- free enterprise.
-- profit motive.
-- competition.
-- market economy (Law of Supply and Demand).
-- economic competition among nations (protective tariffs).
-- labor problems.
-- new economic theories --> Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, Mill.
B. Political Results:
-- rise of the middle and working classes as new political power groups.
-- aid to nationalism.
-- impetus to imperialism.
-- the rise of labor unions as a political force.
C. Social Results:
-- a more socially dynamic society (with new levels of social classes).
-- increase in population.
-- growth of cities and the problems resulting from this.
-- improved status of women.
-- new family patterns.
-- more leisure time.
-- impetus to universal education.
-- humanitarian/social reform movements