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List of Transparencies Wardlaw-Hampl Perspectives in Nutrition, 7th edition 1 Leading causes of death, U.S. Table 1.2 2 Energy-yielding essential nutrients Table 1.3 3 Non-energy-yielding essential nutrients Table 1.3 4 Classes of nutrients Page 7 5 Two views of carbohydrates Fig. 1.1 6 Two views of lipids Fig. 1.1 7 Two views of protein Fig. 1.1 8 Proportions of nutrients in the human body Fig. 1.2 9 Nutrition facts label Fig. 1.3 10 Caloric value of nutrients Page13 11 Influences on food behavior Fig. 1.4 12 Health problems Fig. 1.5 13 Health problems Fig. 1.5 14 Health People 2010 Table 1.4 15 Supplement label Fig. 1.8 16 Phytochemicals Table 2.1 17 Soft drink compared to fat-free milk Fig. 2.1 18 Energy density of foods Table 2.3 19 Evaluation of nutritional health Table 2.5 20 The DRIs Page 49 21 Comparison of DRIs Fig. 2.3 22 Use of the DRIs Table 2.6 23 DRIs and increasing nutrient intake Fig. 2.4 24 RDIs and DRVs Page 53 25 MyPyramid Fig. 2.5 26 MyPyramid recommendations Table 2.9 27 Nutrient contributions in MyPyramid Table 2.10 28 Nutrient contributions in MyPyramid Table 2.10 29 Food label Fig. 2.9 30 Digestive and circulatory system Fig. 3.2 31 Gastrointestinal tract Fig. 3.3 32 GI tract flow Fig. 3.3 33 Oral cavity Fig. 3.4 34 Salivary glands Fig. 3.4 35 Swallowing Fig. 3.5 36 The pH scale Fig. 3.6 37 Physiology of the stomach Fig. 3.7 38 Physiology of the stomach Fig. 3.7 39 Enzyme action Fig. 3.9 40 Sphincters of the GI tract Fig. 3.10 41 Peristalsis Fig. 3.11 42 Segmentation Fig. 3.11 43 Small intestine Fig. 3.13 44 Small intestine Fig. 3.13 45 Anabolism and catabolism Fig. 4.1 46 Three stages of catabolism Fig. 4.2 47 Solar and human energy Fig. 4.3 48 ATP stores and yields energy Fig. 4.4 49 Four phases of energy metabolism Fig. 4.5 50 Glycolysis simplified Fig. 4.6 51 Glycolysis: energy investment Fig. 4.7 52 Glycolysis: energy harvesting Fig. 4.7 53 Citric Acid Cycle simplified Fig. 4.8 54 Transition reaction Fig. 4.9 55 Citric Acid Cycle in detail Fig. 4.9 56 Electron transfer Fig. 4.10 57 Anaerobic glycolysis Fig. 4.10 58 Lipolysis Fig. 4.13 59 Beta-oxidation of fatty acids Fig. 4.14 60 Key steps in ketosis Fig. 4.15 61 Gluconeogenesis Fig. 4.16 62 Disposal of excess amino groups Fig. 4.17 63 Overall view of cell metabolism Fig. 4.18 64 Energy-Yielding nutrient use Table 4.1 65 Liver metabolism Fig. 4.19 66 Fasting Fig. 4.21 67 Feasting Fig. 4.22 68 Photosynthesis Fig. 5.1 69 Hexose monosaccharides Fig. 5.2 70 Disaccharaide formation Fig. 5.3 71 Starch and glycogen Fig. 5.4 72 Dietary fibers Table 5.1 73 Fiber in apple skin Fig. 5.5 74 Fiber in a wheat kernel Fig. 5.5 75 Carbohydrate digestion and absorption Fig. 5.6 76 Regulation of blood glucose Fig. 5.11 77 Hormones and blood glucose Table 5.5 78 Glucose tolerance test Fig. 5.12 79 Fatty acid structure Fig. 6.1 80 Cis and trans isomers Fig. 6.2 81 Composition of fats and oils Fig. 6.3 82 Essential fatty acids Fig. 6.4 83 Eicosanoids Fig. 6.5 84 Omega-3 fatty acids in fish Table 6.1 85 Omega-6 fatty acid metabolism Fig. 6.6 86 Omega-3 fatty acid metabolism Fig. 6.6 87 Triglyceride formation Fig. 6.7 88 Adipocyte Page 200 89 Lecithin Page 201 90 Emulsification of lipids Fig. 6.8 91 Cholesterol Page 203 92 Testosterone Page 203 93 Fat digestion and absorption Fig. 6.9 94 Absorption of triglycerides Fig. 6.10 95 Structure of a lipoprotein Fig. 6.11 96 Composition of lipoproteins Fig. 6.11 97 Roles of the lipoproteins Table 6.3 98 Lipoprotein interactions Fig. 6.12 99 Heart attack development Fig. 6.14 100 Fasting blood cholesterol Table 6.4 101 Amino acid structure Page 237 102 Limiting amino acids in plants Table 7.2 103 Peptide bond formation and hydrolysis Page 241 104 Protein synthesis Fig. 7.2 105 Protein synthesis Fig. 7.2 106 Protein structure Fig. 7.3 107 Protein digestion and absorption Fig. 7.6 108 Amino acid absorption Fig. 7.7 109 Protein quality measurements Page 260 110 Vegetarian diets Table 7.4 111 Alcoholic beverage content Table 8.1 112 Ethanol production in yeast Page 273 113 Alcohol intake and blood alcohol Fig. 8.1 114 Blood alcohol effects Table 8.2 115 Alcohol metabolism Fig. 8.2 116 Effect of alcohol abuse Fig. 8.3 117 Action of Naltrexone Fig. 8.4 118 Vitamin A metabolism Fig. 9.2 119 Vitamin A family Page 301 120 Retinoic acid effects Fig. 9.3 121 Vitamin A and vision Fig. 9.4 122 Vitamin A intake and effects Fig. 9.7 123 Vitamin D family Page 309 124 Role of Vitamin E Fig. 9.11 125 Vitamin K metabolism Fig. 9.13 126 Production of GLA by vitamin K Page 324 127 Label for nutrient supplements Fig. 9.15 128 Enzyme-coenzyme interaction Fig. 10-1 129 Transamination Fig. 10.5 130 Megaloblastic anemia Fig. 10.6 131 Neural tube defects Fig. 10.7 132 Absorption of vitamin B12 Fig. 10.8 133 Vitamin C and collagen synthesis Fig. 10.9 134 Fluid compartments in the body Fig. 11.1 135 Osmosis of body fluids Fig. 11.2 136 Estimate of water balance Fig. 11.4 137 Role of ADH Fig. 11.5 138 Renin-angiotensin system Fig. 11.6 139 Minerals in the human body Fig. 11.8 140 Classification of blood pressure levels Table 11.4 141 Calcium balance in an adult Fig. 11.9 142 Control of blood calcium Fig. 11.10 143 Diet and lifestyle factors and bone status Table 11.6 144 Diet and lifestyle factors and bone status Table 11.6 145 Cortical and trabecular bone Fig. 11.11 146 Normal and osteoporotic bone Fig. 11.14 147 Peak bone mass and osteoporosis risk Fig. 11.15 148 Signs of osteoporosis Fig. 11.16 149 Factors that affect iron absorption Table 12.2 150 Iron absorption and distribution Fig. 12.1 151 Heme, hemoglobin and RBCs Fig. 12.2 152 Normal RBCs Fig. 12.3 153 Iron-deficient RBS Fig. 12.3 154 Selenium and glutathione peroxidase Fig. 12.5 155 Overall functions of minerals Fig. 12.7 156 Ultra-trace minerals Table 12.4 157 Types of cancer Fig. 12.8 158 Growing overweight/obesity problem Page 467 159 Energy intake and expenditure Fig. 13.3 160 Resting energy use by various organs Page 470 161 Body shapes at different BMI values Fig. 13.7 162 Height/weight table based on BMI Fig. 13.13 163 Body fat distribution Fig. 13.14 164 Gastroplasty Fig. 13.18 165 Benefits of exercise Fig. 14.1 166 Rating of perceived exertion scale Fig. 14.2 167 Fuel use during exercise Fig. 14.7 168 Skeletal muscle adaptations Table 14.2 169 Carbohydrate loading Page 169 170 Recommended protein intake Table 14.6 171 Example of a sports drink Fig. 14.9 172 Pre-event carbohydrate intake Page 541 173 Eating disorders Fig. 15.1 174 Bulimia Nervosa Fig. 15.2 175 Fetus in the uterus Fig. 16.1 176 Role of the placenta Fig. 16.1 177 Ovulation and fertilization Fig. 16.2 178 Female genitals Fig. 16.2 179 Harmful effects during pregnancy Fig. 16.3 180 Weight gain during pregnancy Table 16.1 181 Components of weight gain during pregnancy Fig. 16.4 182 Fetal alcohol syndrome Fig. 16.5 183 The breast Fig. 16.6 184 Let-down reflex Fig. 16.7 185 Childhood weight gains Fig. 17.1 186 Childhood height gains Fig. 17.1 187 Growth chart for girls Fig. 17.2 188 Growth chart for boys Fig. 17.2 189 Nutrient needs during the life cycle Fig. 17.3 190 Compression of morbidity Fig. 18.1 191 Decline with aging Fig. 18.2 192 Strength training for older adults Table 18.3 193 Temperatures for cooking or reheating foods Fig. 19.1 194 Foodborne microbes Fig. 19.2 195 Food additives Table 19.4 196 Global micronutrient deficiencies Page 731 197 Effects of hunger Page 736 198 Spiral of poverty and illness Fig. 20.2 199 Undernutrition in the developing world Fig. 20.3 200 Contemporary biotechnology Fig. 20.6