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Daniel Reilly 6/20/2017 Per. 4 AP CHAPTER STUDENT STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER FIFTEEN – GEOLOGY AND NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES Significant Statistics and Figures Sales of nanotech products are expected to soar to $1 trillion by 2015 The oceanic crust covers 71% of the earth’s surface Tsunami walls can be as high as 65 meters (210 feet) The tsunami in Indonesia killed over 221,000 people The U.S., Germany, and Russia, have only 8% of the world’s population but consume about 75% of the world’s most widely used metals The U.S. currently depends on imports of 50% or more of 24 of its 42 most important nonrenewable mineral resources Surface mining extracts 90% of the non-fuel mineral of rock resources and 60% of the coal used by the U.S. At least 550,000 abandoned surfacemined sites dot the U.S. landscape Cyanide heap extraction is used to separate about 85% of the world’s gold from gold ore A Canadian company spent $1 million developing a site, and removed $98 million of gold from it Daniel Reilly 6/20/2017 Per. 4 Depletion time (how long it takes to use up a certain proportion) is usually 80% Between 1982 and 2004, U.S. mining companies received more than $6 billion in government subsidies Manganese modules cover about 25-50% of the Pacific Ocean floor Recycling aluminum cans and scrap aluminum produces 95% less air pollution and 97% less water pollution, and uses 95% less energy than mining and processing aluminum Significant Abbreviations BP – British Petroleum Company is a global oil and gas company centered in London IBM – International Business Machines is a multinational computer, technology and IT consulting corporation 3M – Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company makes 60,000 products and has sharply reduced its waste emissions CaCO3 – Limestone SiO2 – Quartzite NaCl – Salt Significant Laws In the United States, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it A Canadian company used a 1872 mining law to buy land in Colorado and extract tons of gold from it 20 Practice Questions: 1. The area in the outermost part of the mantle is called the a. b. c. d. lithosphere troposphere asthenosphere mesosphere 2. True or False: The continental crust covers a majority of the earth’s surface. 3. Divergent plate boundaries create a. b. c. d. Terraces Subduction zones Trenches Oceanic ridges Daniel Reilly 6/20/2017 Per. 4 4. True or False: The 2004 tsunamis will benefit human life over the next few decades. 5. Which of these is not associated with the process of weathering? a. b. c. d. Frost wedging Erosion Mass wasting Subsidence 6. True or False: Sand is mostly comprised of silicon dioxide (SiO2) 7. Which of these is not a major category classified as a mineral resource by the U.S. Geological Survey? a. b. c. d. Overburden Identified resources Undiscovered resources Reserves 8. True or False: Japan controls much of the world’s metal resources. 9. All of these are types of rocks except a. b. c. d. Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous Gangue 10. True or False: The rock cycle is the fastest of earth’s processes. 11. In open pit mining a. Gigantic mechanized equipment strips away the overburden of soil and rock b. Machines dig holes and remove ores, sand, gravel, and stone c. A huge power shovel cuts a series of terraces in the side of a hill d. Huge machinery called draglines remove the top of a mountain 12. True or False: Subsidence can cause houses to tilt, crack sewer lines, break gas mains, and disrupt ground water systems. Daniel Reilly 6/20/2017 Per. 4 13. Removing the gangue from ores produces large piles of solid waste called a. b. c. d. Smelt Heap Tailings Trash 14. True or False: If geologists discover 10,000 possible deposits, all of them are worth exploring. 15. All of these are factors that can limit the mining of lower grade ores except a. b. c. d. Increased cost of mining Environmental impacts of the increased land disruption Short depletion time Availability of freshwater to the area 16. True or False: Biological mining methods are economically feasible only with low-grade ores for which conventional techniques are too expensive. 17. Piping now mostly consists of a. b. c. d. Copper Plastic Steel Lead 18. True or False: Manganese models are not a potential source of metals. 19. Which of these percentages is not of result of recycling aluminum beverage cans? a. b. c. d. 99% less waste 95% less energy than mining 97% less water pollution 95% less air pollution 20. True or False: Nanotechnology may soon lead to the development of materials that can serve as substitutes for various metals. Daniel Reilly 6/20/2017 Per. 4 ANSWER KEY: 1. C 2. False 3. D 4. True 5. D 6. True 7. A 8. False 9. D 10. False 11. B 12. True 13. C 14. False 15. C 16. True 17. B 18. False 19. A 20. True