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Judge and Langdon
Connections: A World History
Chapter 2: Early Societies of West Asia and North Africa, to 500 B.C.E.
Lecture Outline
I. Early West Asian Societies
From its beginnings around 9000 B.C.E., farming spread in West Asia, leading to ever more
complex societies that developed into towns.
A. Early Mesopotamia: The City-States of Sumer
1. Emergence of towns and cities in Mesopotamia
2. Conflict and connections between Sumerian city-states
3. Sumerian religion and worldview; The Epic of Gilgamesh
Read the document Excerpts from the Epic of Gilgamesh on myhistorylab.com
4. Commerce, innovation, and cuneiform
B. Akkadian Connections and the Spread of Sumerian Culture
1. Sargon of Akkad
2. Conquest and the spread of culture
C. Babylonian Society and Hammurabi’s Code
Read the document Sumerian Law Code: The Code of Lipit-Ishtar on myhistorylab.com
1. Hammurabi’s law code
View the image Hammurabi Receives His Law Code from the Gods on myhistorylab.com
2. Social regulation
3. Law and gender
4. Central control
D. Indo-European Migrations
1. Language and culture
2. Migration routes
E. The Hittite Connection
Read the document Hittite Law Code: Excerpts from the Code of the Nesilim on
myhistorylab.com
1. The Hittites
2. Hittite technology and innovations
3. Hittite government and policies
Watch Video Lectures: Ironworks in Africa on myhistorylab.com
F. Later Mesopotamia: Assyrians and Chaldeans
1. The Assyrians
2. Chaldean and Median conquest
II. Early Northeast African Societies
Between 10,000 and 5000 B.C.E., North Africa was covered by grasslands, and was home to
herding and farming societies. From 5000 B.C.E., the grasslands retreated, and populations
concentrated near the Nile River. Watch the video Geography and Civilization: Egypt and
Mesopotamia–Impact of Agriculture? on myhistorylab.com
A. Egyptian Culture and Society
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
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Watch the video Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? on myhistorylab.com
1. The Nile
2. Egypt and Mesopotamia compared
3. Religion and worldview
Read the document Workings of Ma’at: “The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant” on
myhistorylab.com
View the image Scene from the Egyptian Afterlife on myhistorylab.com
4. Writing and other innovations
5. Egyptian society
Read the document Papyrus of Ani, Egyptian Book of the Dead on myhistorylab.com
B. The Kingdoms of Egypt
1. Three kingdoms, 31 dynasties
2. The Archaic Period
3. The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdoms
4. The Egyptian empire
C. Nubian Culture and the Kingdoms of Kush
1. Egypt and Nubia
2. The Kingdom of Kush
D. The Kingdom and Culture of Meroë
1. Meroë in regional context
III. West Asia and North Africa: The Phoenician Connection
The Phoenicians were instrumental in making the Mediterranean a commercial region, aided by a
common writing system. Read the document Mission to Byblos: The Report of Wenamun on
myhistorylab.com
A. The Phoenician Commercial Empire
1. The Phoenicians and the Mediterranean world
2. The Phoenician alphabet
3. Carthage
IV. The Israelites and Their God
The religion of the Hebrews was influential in the development of three major world religions:
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
A. The Children of Israel
Read the document Two Accounts of an Egyptian Famine (2600s B.C.E.) on
myhistorylab.com
1. The Bible
2. The Israelites in Palestine
B. The Kingdoms of Israel
1. The formation of the kingdom
2. Split into Judah and Israel
3. Dispersion and exile
C. The God of Israel
1. The God of the Jews
2. Jewish monotheism
6
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-connections-2nd-edition-judge
Chapter Summary
The civilizations of West Asia grew up around the settled agricultural communities of the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers. Villages grew into towns. Towns grew into cities, the most influential of
which were the city-states of Sumer. Through conflicts and connections, these city-states
developed a unique Sumerian culture. Conquest by the Akkadians facilitated the consolidation
and spread of that culture. Subsequent conquerors (including the Babylonians, the IndoEuropean Hittites, and the Assyrians) added their own cultural, political, and social
contributions.
Egyptian civilization was made possible by the Nile River. The towns and villages along the Nile
coalesced into small kingdoms that were eventually organized into the Egyptian empire.
Egyptian society seems to have been more stable than that of Mesopotamia and its worldview
more optimistic. Egyptian life focused on family, farming, and the cycles of the Nile. The
political history of ancient Egypt can be divided into major eras distinguished by three great
“kingdoms,” with long periods of stability interrupted periodically by intermediate periods.
South of Egypt, the Nubians created a number of important states, including the Kingdoms of
Kush and Meroë.
The commercial maritime empire of the Phoenicians connected West Asia with North Africa and
the western Mediterranean. The Phoenician alphabet was a major contribution to written
communication. One of the many commercial centers established by the Phoenicians – Carthage
– came to dominate the Western Mediterranean.
The Hebrews developed a monotheistic faith that would serve as the basis for some of the
world’s most influential religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Hebrews developed a
vision of the divine that was different than that of their neighbors.
Learning Objectives
1. What were the main features and achievements of the early West Asian societies?
2. What were the main features and achievements of the early Northeast African societies?
3. What was the nature and impact of the connections created by Phoenicians?
4. How and why did the Israelites have such an enduring impact?
Discussion Questions
1. Can the Epic of Gilgamesh be used as an historical source?
2. What role did writing play in the development of the economy, political systems, and culture
of Mesopotamia
3. What does the code of Hammurabi tell us about Mesopotamian society?
4. What were the key aspects of Egyptian religion?
5. What was the basis of Egyptian power in North Africa?
6. Did the Phoenicians create a trading empire?
7. What led to the formation of the kingdom of Israel? What led to its collapse?
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-connections-2nd-edition-judge
8. What were the key characteristics of Hebrew monotheism? What relationship did the Hebrews
posit between themselves and their God?
Connections
Early Sumerian city-states connect and conflict with each other. Often in conflict with each other,
the city-states were nevertheless tied by a shared culture, and through commerce (See page 23.)
The development of writing creates both internal and external connections. While used as a
tool for rulers, writing also ultimately promoted connections between cultures. (See page 25.)
The Akkadians create new connections through conquest. As conquerors, the Akkadians
adopted and spread Sumerian culture. (See page 25.)
The Indo-Europeans connect regions by the spread of their language and culture. As they
migrated through already-settled lands, the Indo-European peoples created an overlay of
language and culture that united a large region (See page 28.)
The Hittites create new connections between West Asia and Africa. As conquerors, the Hittites
were also influential in forging strong links between Mesopotamian and Egyptian culture. (See
page 28.)
The Assyrians Empire connects a huge region under one ruler. The Assyrians brought under
their rule formerly independent regions, bringing the regions from Northeast Africa to the Iranian
Plateau into closer contact (See page 30.)
The Egyptian Middle Kingdom rulers increase connections with other cultures. Both through
increased trade and through conquest, rulers such as Ramses strengthen ties between Egypt and
West Asia. (See page 37.)
Nubians and Egyptians form commercial and cultural connections. Egyptian rulers often sent
caravans and armies to trade and fight with the Nubian kingdoms. (See page 38.)
The Phoenicians create a region closely connected by trade. Trading throughout the
Mediterranean, the Phoenicians demonstrated that strong international connections might be
created without conquest. (See page 40.)
My History Lab Connections
Reinforce what is covered in this chapter with the many documents, images, maps, review tools,
and videos available at myhistorylab.com. Page numbers below refer to the textbook.
Read the Document
Excerpts from The Epic of Gilgamesh, p. 24
Sumerian Law Code: The Code of Lipit-Ishtar, p. 26
Hittite Law Code: Excerpts from The Code of the Nesilim, p. 29
Workings of Ma’at: “The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant,” p. 34
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-connections-2nd-edition-judge
Papyrus of Ani, Egyptian Book of the Dead, p. 35
Mission to Byblos: The Report of Wenamun, p. 39
Two Accounts of an Egyptian Famine (2600s B.C.E.), p. 41
View the Image
Hammurabi Receives His Law Code from the Gods, p. 28
Scene from the Egyptian Afterlife, p. 34
The Pyramids at Giza, p.37
Watch the Video
Geography and Civilization: Egypt and Mesopotamia–Impact of Agriculture?, p. 32
Video Lectures: Ironworks in Africa, p. 30
Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? p. 32
Agriculture in Africa, p. 32
African vs. World History, p. 40
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.