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Chapter 25 Objectives
1. List the major taxonomic categories from the most to the least inclusive.
The categories are Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.
2. Explain why it is important when constructing a phylogeny to distinguish between
homologous and analogous character traits.
Because that way one can know the evolutionary relationships among the organisms.
3. Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures.
Homologous structure is when the structures in different species are similar because of
common ancestry.
Analogous structure is the similarity of structures even though the species are not related.
Chapter 27
1. List unique characteristics that distinguish archaea from bacteria.
They inhabit extreme environments such as hot springs and salt ponds.
2. Describe the three-domain system of classification and explain how it differs from
previous systems.
The three domain systems of classification are methanogens, extreme halophiles and
thermacidophiles.
3. Using a diagram or micrograph, distinguish among the three most common shapes
of prokaryotes.
Know from Biology Book.
4. Describe the structure and functions of prokaryotic cell walls.
The wall maintains the shape of the cell, affords physical protection and prevents the cell
from bursting in a hypotonic environment
.
5. Describe three mechanisms motile bacteria use to move.
One is the means of flagella, then helical shaped bacteria called spirochetes and the third one
is when they move by gliding motion that may result from the presence of flagellar motors
that lack flagellar filaments.
6. Indicate where photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in prokaryotic cells.
Know from AP Review Book.
7. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Autotrophs manufacture their own organic compounds and heterotrphs ust obtain their
energy from by consuming organic substances produced by autotrophs.
8. Describe four modes of bacterial nutrition and give examples of each.
The modes of bacteria nutrition are photoautotrophs which includes plants and certain
protests. Chemoautotrophs which includes archaebacterias. Photoheterotrophs which
includes certain prokaryotes and Chemoheterotrophs which is found in fungi, animals and
even some plants.
9. Distinguish among obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes.
Obligate aerobes use oxygen for cellular respiration and can’t grow without it.
Facultative anaerobes will use oxygen if it is present but can also grow by fermentation in an
aerobic environment.
Obligate anaerobes can’t use oxygen and are poisoned by it.
10. List the three main groups of archaea, describe distinguishing features among the
groups and give examples of each.
Methanogens are anaerobics, heterotrophic bacteria that produce methane.
Extreme halophiles live in environments with high concentration of salt.
Thermoacidophiles live in hot and acid environment.
11. List the major groups of bacteria, describe their mode of nutrition, some
characteristic features and representative examples.
Know from Biology Book.
12. Distinguish among mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.
Mutualism both organisms benefits, commensalisms one organism benefits while the other
is not harmed or benefited and parasitism is when one organism benefits by hurting the
other.
Chapter 28
1. List the characteristics of protests
Protests are those eukaryotic organisms that do not belong to any of the other kingdoms.
They are algae-like, animal-like, fungi-like and they are multicellular or unicellular.
2. Briefly summarize and compare the two major models of eukaryotic origins, the
autogenous hypothesis and the endosymbiotic hypothesis.
Know from AP Review Book
3. Provide three major lines of evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis.
Is a hypothesis about the origin of eukaryitic cell, maintaining that the forerunners of
eukaryotic cells were symbiotic associations of prokaryotic cells living inside larger
prokaryotes.
4. List five candidate kingdoms of protists and describe a major feature of each.
Know from AP Review Book.
5. Distinguish among the following algal groups based upon pigments, cell wall
components, storage products, reproduction, number and position of flagella, and
habitat:
a. Dinoflagellata: Have two flagella one is posterior while the second one is
transverse. Some are bioluminescent. Other produce nerve toxin that
concentrate in filter-feeding shellfish, which then cause illness in human
when eaten.
b. Bacillariophyta: or diatoms have tests that consist of silica.
c. Chrysophyta: or golden algae are golden yellow and have one or two apical
flagella.
d. Phaeophyta: or brown algae are multicellular and have flagellated sperm cells.
e. Rhodophyta: or red algae contain red accessory pigment called phycobilins.
They are multicellular, and their gametes do not have flagella..
f. Chlorophyta: or green algae have both chlorophyll a and b, have cellulose cell
walls, and store their carbohydrates as starch.
6. Distinguish between isogamy and oogamy; sporophyte and gametophyte; and
isomorphic and heteromorphic generations.
Know from AP Review Book.
Chapter 29
1. List characteristics that distinguish plants from organisms in the other kingdoms.
All plants posses a cuticle, which is a waxy covering on aerial parts that reduces desiccation.
2. Diagram a generalized plant life cycle indicating which generation is the sporophyte/
gametophyte, which individuals are haploid/diploid, where meiosis occurs and where
mitosis occurs.
Know from Biology Book
3. Distinguish between the categories division and phylum.
The two categories are nonvascular plants and vascular plants.
4. Using the classification scheme presented in the text, list the plant divisions; give the
common name for each; and categorize them into nonvascular, vascular seedless and
vascular seed plants.
Know from AP Review Book pg. 186
5. List and distinguish among three division of Bryophyta.
They are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses are many plants growing in a thick
pack, helping to hold one another up. Liverworts are even less conspicuous plants than
mosses. Hornworts resemble liverworts but are distinguished by their sporophyte.
6. . List and distinguish among the four extant divisions of seedless vascular plants.
Division Psilophyta, Division Lycophyta, Division Sphenophyta and Division Pterophyta.
7. Distinguish between homosporous and heterosporous.
Homosporous refers to plants in which a single type of spores develops into a bisexual
gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.
Heterosporous refers to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that
develop into unisexual gametophyte, either male or female.
8. Distinguish among spore, sporophyte, sporophyll and sporangium.
Spores is when in the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alteration or generations, a
meiotically produced haploid cell that dividesmitotically, generating a multicellular individual,
the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
Sporophyte is the multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alteration of
genenrations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid
spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.
Sporophyll is where the sporangia of Lycopodium are borne.
Sporangium is the structure in which the diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores via
meiosis.
9. Point out the major life cycle differences between mosses and ferns.
Know from Biology Book.
Chapter 30
1. Describe the adaptations of seed plants that have contributed to their success on
land.
The gametophytes of seed plants became even more reduced than in ferns and other
seedless plants. Pollination replaced swimming as the mechanism for delivery sperm to eggs
and the seed evolved.
2. List the four divisions of gymnosperms.
The four divisions are Cycadophyta,Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta and Coniferophyta.
3. Describe the structures of ovulate and pollen cones of a pine and distinguish
between the two.
A pollen cone contains hundreds of sporangia held in small reproductive cells. An ovulate
cone consists of many scale, each with two ovules.
4. Describe the life history of a pine and indicate which structures are part of the
gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation.
Know from Biology Book
5. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
Pollination is the placement of pollen onto the stigma of a carpel by wind or animal
carriers, a prerequisite to fertilization.
Fertilization is the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.
6. List and give examples of the two classes of Anthophyta.
Anthophyta consist of the flowering plants.
7. Compare the life cycles of mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants in terms of:
a. Dominant life cycle stage (gametophyte/sporophyte)
b. Whether they are homosporous or heterosporous
c. Mechanism of gamete transfer
Know from AP Review Book.
8. Explain how evolution of the flower enhanced the reproductive efficiency of
angiosperms.
Know from Biology Book
9. Define fruit and explain how fruits are modified in ways that help disperse seeds.
Fruit is the mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in the dispersal.
10. Diagram the generalized life cycle of an angiosperm, identify which structures are
haploid, and explain how it differs from the life cycle of a pine.
Know from AP Review Book pg. 184, Figure 9-1
Chapter 31
1. List characteristics that distinguish fungi from organisms in other kingdoms.
Fungi grow as filament called hyphae. A mass of hyphae is called mycelium. Some fungi
septa, or cross walls, which divide filament into compartments containing a single nucleus.
When they lack septa, they are multinucleate, or coenocytic. The cell walls of fungi consist of
chitin.
2. Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients.
Fungi are heterotrophs adquiring their nutrients by absorption.
3. Explain how non-motile fungi seek new food sources and how they disperse.
Know from AP Review Book.
4. Describe the basic body plan of a fungus.
The bodies of fungus are constructed of basic building units called hypae. This forms an
interwoven mat called mycelium, which is the feeding network of a fungus.
5. Distinguish among fungi and list some common examples of each.
There are three divisions of fungi, which are zygomycota, ascomycota and basidiomycota.
Examples of these are bread mold, yeast and mushroom.
6. Describe asexual and sexual reproduction in Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and
Basidiomycota, and the sexual structure that characterizes each group.
Zygomycota reproduces sexually be fusion of hyphae from different strains. Ascomycota
reproduces sexually by producing haploid ascospores. Basidiomycota reproduces sexually by
producing haploid basidiospores.
7. Explain the difference between conidia and ascospores.
Know from AP Review Book.
8. Describe the anatomy of lichens and explain how they reproduce.
The upper and lower surface is protective layers of tightly packed fungal hyphae. Just beneath the
upper surface are the algae, enmeshed in a net of hyphae. Reproductive structures usually forms
on the upper surface. A sexual ascocarp of the fungus and several asexual soredia that disperse
both fungal and alga components.
Chapter 32
1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other four
kingdoms.
All animals are multicellurlar, they are heterotrophic, the dominant generation of the cycle of
animals is the diploid generation, most animals are motile during at least some part of their
life cycle, most animals undergo a period of embryonic development during which two or
three layers of tissues form.
2. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry.
Radial symmetry is when organisms have only one orientation, front and back or top and
bottom they display a circular body pattern. In bilateral symmetry organism have a top,
bottom, head and tail.
3. Outline the major phylogenetic branches of the animal kingdom, which are based
upon grade of organization; symmetry and embryonic germ layers; absence or
presence of a body cavity; and protostome-deuterostome dichotomy.
Know from AP Review Book.