Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Standard: Number, Number Sense and Operations 6 Factors; square/ cube numbers; GCF/LCM; Rational #s; Ratio/proportion; Order of operations; Integers; / fractions 7 8 Place value and powers of 10; Scientific notation; Order of operations w/ integers/fractions/ decimals; Solve w/rational #s; %; integers 9 Scientific notation (and compute with); Subsets of real #s; Inverse/identity properties; Square root; Properties of systems (closure, inverse, etc.); Equiv. forms of rational/ irrational #s; Square roots; cube roots 10 Use roots in problems (including nth root); Factorial notation 11 Properties of vectors/matrices; Complex #s; Fractional/negative exponents 12 Properties of complex #s; Binomial Theorem All benchmarks and indicators are Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade 9 unless otherwise noted. Ohio Benchmarks Standard Grade Level Indicators – Instructional Strategies/ Grade Band 8-10 Code Number, Number Sense and Operations Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices A. Use scientific notation to N09A01a 1a. Review and extend scientific notation to Reinforce Mathematical Processes Benchmark express large numbers and express and compute with large and small B – Apply mathematical knowledge and skills numbers less than one. numbers. routinely in other content areas and practical situations. C. Apply properties of operations N09C01 1. Identify and justify whether properties (closure, and the real number system identity, inverse, commutative and associative) and justify when they hold for hold for a given set and operations; e.g., even a set of numbers. integers and multiplication. E. Compare, order and N09E02 2. Compare, order and determine equivalent determine equivalent forms of forms for rational and irrational numbers. real numbers. F. Explain the effects of N09F03 3. Explain the effects of operations such as operations on the magnitude multiplication or division, and of computing of quantities. powers and roots on the magnitude of quantities. G. Estimate, compute and solve N09G04 4. Demonstrate fluency in computations using real problems involving real numbers. numbers, including ratio, proportion and percent, and explain solutions. A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 1 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Websites relevant to Number, Number Sense and Operations Standard: http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/scale/index.html http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/careers/aa/lessons/aom14.htm http://illuminations.nctm.org/index_d.aspx?id=285 http://illuminations.nctm.org/index_d.aspx?id=252 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/math/ http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/itmrls/qtab.asp?listarr=%221992-12m14+10%22 Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Reasoning and Proof; Numbers and Operations; Number theory Ohio Department of Education Model Curricula Lesson Plans: http://ims.ode.state.oh.us/ODE/IMS/Search/QuickJumpResults.asp?st=1&la=en&col=lp&qt=contentarea:ma|%20grade:09 E. Use a variety of mathematical representations flexibly and appropriately to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. F. Use precise mathematical language and notations to represent problem situations and mathematical ideas. G. Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. Number Island grade 9 H. Locate and interpret mathematical information accurately, and communicate ideas, processes and solutions in a complete and easily understood manner. Math I – page 2 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Standard: Measurement 6 Compare concepts – surface area/ volume; Estimate perimeter/ circumference; Use correct measurement for context 7 8 Derived measurements (rates, etc.); Proportional; Develop area formulas 9 Compare common units; levels of precision; Derive formulas – surface area/ volume; Indirect meas. w/ proportion; Int/ext of polygons Convert measurements (same system); Unit analysis; Ratio of sides to determine ratio of areas/volumes; Scale drawings; Trigonometric ratios 10 Error analysis; Central/inscribed angles in a circle All benchmarks and indicators are Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade 9 unless otherwise noted. Ohio Benchmarks Standard Grade Level Indicators – Grade Band 8-10 Code Measurement D. Use proportional reasoning M09D01 1. Convert rates within the same measurement and apply indirect system; e.g., miles per hour to feet per second; measurement techniques, kilometers per hour to meters per second. including right triangle trigonometry and properties of M09D02 2. Use unit analysis to check computations similar triangles, to solve involving measurement. problems involving measurements and rates. M09D03 3. Use the ratio of lengths in similar twodimensional figures or three-dimensional objects to calculate the ratio of their areas or volumes respectively. M09D05 A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. 11 Significant digits in measurements; Radian measure; Surface area of cone 12 Derived measurements (acceleration/pressure); Radian measure; Approximation of limits Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices Which unit best applies for a certain object 5. Solve problems involving unit conversion for situations involving distances, areas, volumes and rates within the same measurement system. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 3 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Ohio Benchmarks Grade Band 8-10 E. Estimate and compute various attributes, including length, angle measure, area, surface area and volume, to a specified level of precision. Standard Code M09E08 M09E10 Grade Level Indicators – Measurement 8. Find the sum of the interior and exterior angles of regular convex polygons with and without measuring the angles with a protractor. (Grade 8) Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices 10. Use conventional formulas to find the surface area and volume of prisms, pyramids and cylinders and the volume of spheres and cones to a specified level of precision. (Grade 8) Websites relevant to the Measurement Standard: http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/scale/ Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Linear equations; Measurement; Length, distance; Rates, ratio, proportion http://www.figurethis.org/challenges/c09/challenge.htm E. Use a variety of mathematical representations flexibly and appropriately to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. F. Use precise mathematical language and notations to represent problem situations and mathematical ideas. G. Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. H. Locate and interpret mathematical information accurately, and communicate ideas, processes and solutions in a complete and easily understood manner. Math I – page 4 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Standard: Geometry and Spatial Sense 6 Classify figures by properties; Standard language; Describe results of transformations; Draw similar figures; Build/sketch 3-D objects 7 8 Proportion in similar/ congruent figures; Figures subsets of other figures; Use Pythagorean Theorem; Solve with congruent/similar figures Test conjectures about figures; <s w/ parallel lines; Use similar figures; Coord. geometry; Nets 9 Define basic trig ratios; Use right triangle trig to solve problems; Slope/distance in coordinate systems 10 Formal definitions; test conjectures; prove theorems; construct right angles, equilateral triangles, etc.; symmetries; use coordinate rules for translations; solve problems with circles All indicators are from Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade 9 unless otherwise indicated. Ohio Benchmarks Standard Grade Level Indicators – Grade Band 8-10 Code Geometry and Spatial Sense A. Formally define geometric figures. G09A02a 2a. Recognize and explain the necessity for certain terms to remain undefined, such as point, line and plane. (Grade 10) G09A06a 6a. Identify the reflection and rotation symmetries of two-dimensional figures. Grade 10). 2b. Recognize the congruent angles formed and the relationship between the angles when two lines intersect and when parallel lines are cut by a transversal. (Grade 8) C. Recognize and apply angle relationships in situations involving intersecting lines, perpendicular lines, and parallel lines. G09C02b E. Draw and construct representations of two- and three-dimensional geometric objects using a variety of tools, such as straightedge, compass and technology. G09E06b A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. 11 Polar coordinates; Vectors for translations; Law of Sines/Cosines Cross-section of 3-D figures 12 Matrices for transformations; Trig identities; Use different geometries Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices 6b. Draw nets for a variety of polyhedra. C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 5 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Ohio Benchmarks Grade Band 8-10 Standard Code Grade Level Indicators – Geometry and Spatial Sense F. Represent and model transformations in a coordinate plane and describe the results. G09F05b 5b. Draw the results of translations, reflections, rotations and dilations of objects in the coordinate plane, and determine the properties that remain fixed. (Grade 8) Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices Websites for the Geometry and Spatial Sense Standard: http://standards.nctm.org/document/eexamples/chap6/6.2/index.htm Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Polynomials; Geometry; Models, construction; Representation E. Use a variety of mathematical representations flexibly and appropriately to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. F. Use precise mathematical language and notations to represent problem situations and mathematical ideas. G. Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. H. Locate and interpret mathematical information accurately, and communicate ideas, processes and solutions in a complete and easily understood manner. Math I – page 6 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Standard: Patterns, Functions, and Algebra 6 Include geometric patterns; Equivalent forms of expressions; Solve linear equations; Graphs for 2-variable situations 7 Describe patterns w/variables; Linear or non-linear Linear equations on coord. system; Equivalent forms of expressions; Variable changes – linear/non-linear 8 9 Relate table/graph/ equation; Generalize (nth term); Ident. linear/non-lin.; Compare graph of line to equation; Solve 2X2 systems; Solve linear; Solve simple quadratic; How variable changes affect graphs Define functions; Functions to describe patterns; Zeros equiv. to roots; Equivalent forms of equations/expressions; Solve/interpret 2X2 systems; Solve quadratics; Direct/inverse variation 10 f(x) notation; Compare families of functions (sq. root, cubic, abs. val., basic trig); Solve for one variable in terms of another; Real world problems All indicators are from Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade 9 unless otherwise indicated. Ohio Benchmarks Standard Grade Level Indicators – Grade Band 8-10 Code Patterns, Functions and Algebra B. Identify and classify functions as linear or nonllinear, and contrast their properties using tables, graphs or equations. A09B01 1. Define function with ordered pairs in which each domain element is assigned exactly one range element. A09B03 3. Describe problem situations (linear, quadratic and exponential) by using tabular, graphical and symbolic representations. 2. Generalize patterns using functions or relationships (linear, quadratic and exponential), and freely translate among tabular, graphical and symbolic representations. C. Translate information from one representation (words, table, graph or equation) to another representation of a relation or function. D. Use algebraic representations, such as tables, graphs, expressions, functions and inequalities, to model and solve problem situations. A09C02 A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. A09D11 11. Add, subtract, multiply and divide monomials and polynomials (division of polynomials by monomials only). A09D12 12. Simplify rational expressions by eliminating common factors and applying properties of integer exponents. 11 Recursive functions; Logarithms; Relate equations to symmetry types; Inverse of a function; Solve 3X3 systems; Conic sections 12 Arithmetic/geometric sequences & series; Transcendental functions; Periodic functions; Solve systems w/matrices; Use induction; Polar to Cartesian; Concept of limit Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 7 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Grade Level Indicators – Patterns, Functions and Algebra Ohio Benchmarks Grade Band 8-10 Standard Code E. Analyze and compare functions and their graphs using attributes, such as rates of change, intercepts and zeros. A09E05 5. Describe and compare characteristics of the following families of functions: linear, quadratic and exponential functions; e.g., general shape, number of roots, domain, range, rate of change, maximum or minimum. F. Solve and graph linear equations and inequalities. A09F06 H. Solve systems of linear equations involving two variables graphically and symbolically. A09H07a 6. Write and use equivalent forms of equations and inequalities in problem situations; e.g., changing a linear equation to the slope-intercept form. 7a. Solve systems of linear inequalities. (Grade 10) J. Describe and interpret rates of change from graphical and numerical data. A09J15 A09H11a A09J13a A09J09a Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices Use this indicator as an opportunity to reinforce Mathematical Processes Benchmark G – Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. 11a. Solve real-world problems that cana be modeled using systems of linear equations and inequalities. (Grade 10) 15. Describe how a change in the value of a constant in a linear or quadratic equation affects the related graphs. 13a. Compute and interpret slope, midpoint and distance given a set of ordered pairs. (Grade 8) 9a. Recoignize and explain that the slopes of parallel lines are equal and the slopes of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals. (Grade 10) Websites relevant to the Patterns, Functions and Algebra Standard: http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/scale/ Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Linear equations; Measurement; Length, distance; Rates, ratio, proportion http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/lessons/graphing/index.html Topics: Mathematics –Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Linear functions; Technology - Algebra; Linear functions; Nonlinear functions; Graphing; Technology E. Use a variety of mathematical representations flexibly and appropriately to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. F. Use precise mathematical language and notations to represent problem situations and mathematical ideas. G. Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. H. Locate and interpret mathematical information accurately, and communicate ideas, processes and solutions in a complete and easily understood manner. Math I – page 8 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Additional websites for the Patterns, Functions and Algebra Standard: http://standards.nctm.org/document/eexamples/chap6/6.2/index.htm Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Polynomials; Geometry; Models, construction; Representation http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/index.htmlhttp://illuminations.nctm.org/index_d.aspx?id=298 Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Linear functions; Statistics; Data display Professional Commentary: In this lesson, students model linear data collected in a variety of settings that range from car repair to sports to medicine. Students can work alone or in small groups to construct scatterplots, interpret data points and trends, and investigate the line of best fit and more. http://illuminations.nctm.org/index_d.aspx?id=298 Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Linear functions; Graphing; Statistics; Data display http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/itmrls/qtab.asp?listarr=%221992-12m14+10%22 Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Reasoning and Proof; Numbers and Operations; Number theory A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 9 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Standard: Data Analysis and Probability 6 Circle graphs; Histograms; Compare measures of center; Design experiment 7 8 Box-and-Whisker plots; Stem-and-leaf plots; Compare two samples; Misuses of data Scatterplots; Comp. 2 types graphs–same data; Discrete vs. continuous; Compare 2 data sets; Approx. line best fit; Add prob. for disjoint events; Count # outcomes; Analyze sample size 9 10 Univariate vs. bivariate data; Interpret line of best fit; Sampling methods; Counting techniques; Sample space concept; Compound events Measures of center/range; Identify outliers; Compare two variables; Geometric probability; Compute odds from probability and reverse All indicators are from Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade 9 unless otherwise indicated. Ohio Benchmarks Standard Grade Level Indicators – Grade Band 8-10 Code Data Analysis and Probability A. Create, interpret and use D09A01 1. Classify data as univariate (single variable) or graphical displays and bivariate (two variables) and as quantitative statistical measures to (measurement) or qualitative (categorical) data. describe data; e.g., boxand-whisker plots, D09A02 2. Create a scatterplot for a set of bivariate data, histograms, scatter plots, sketch the line of best fit, and interpret the slope of measures of center and the line of best fit. variability. D09A03 3. Analyze and interpret frequency distributions based on spread, symmetry, skewness, clusters and outliers. D09A02a 2a. Represent and analyze bivariate data using appropriate graphical displays (scatterplots, parallel box-and-whisker plots, histograms with more than one set of data, tables, charts, spreadsheets) with and without technology. (Grade 10) D09A03a 3a. Display bivariate data where at least one variable is categorical. (Grade 10) Continued on next page E. Use a variety of mathematical representations flexibly and appropriately to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. F. Use precise mathematical language and notations to represent problem situations and mathematical ideas. 11 Design experiment; Least squares (with technology); Normal curve properties; Evaluate validity of study; Random variable 12 Sampling methods; Probability distributions (binomial/normal/ uniform); Analyze probabilities in real world Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices G. Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. H. Locate and interpret mathematical information accurately, and communicate ideas, processes and solutions in a complete and easily understood manner. Math I – page 10 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Grade Level Indicators – Data Analysis and Probability 4a. Identify outliers on a data display; e.g., use interquartile range to identify outliers on a boxand-whisker plot. (Grade 10) Ohio Benchmarks Grade Band 8-10 A. Create, interpret and use graphical displays and statistical measures to describe data; e.g., boxand-whisker plots, histograms, scatter plots, measures of center and variability. Standard Code D09A04a D09A06a 6a. Interpret the relationship between two variables using multiple graphical displays and statistical measures; e.g., scatterplots, parallel box-andwhisker plots, and measures of center and spread. (Grade 10) C. Compare the characteristics of the mean, median and mode for a given set of data, and explain which measure of center best represents the data D. Find, use and interpret measures of center and spread, such as mean and quartiles, and use those measures to compare and draw conclusions about sets of data. E. Evaluate the validity of claims and predictions that are based on data by examining the appropriateness of the data collection and analysis. A09C01a 1a. Describe measures of central tendency and the range verbally, graphically and algebraically. (Grade 10) A09D06 6. Interpret the relationship between two variables using multiple graphical displays and statistical measures; e.g., scatterplots, parallel box-andwhisker plots, and measures of center and spread. (Grade 10) A09E04 4. Describe and compare various types of studies (survey, observation, experiment), and identify possible misuses of statistical data. A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 11 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Ohio Benchmarks Grade Band 8-10 F. Construct convincing arguments based on analysis of data and interpretation of graphs. G. Describe sampling methods and analyze the effects of method chosen on how well the resulting sample represents the population. Standard Code A09F06 A09G05 Grade Level Indicators – Data Analysis and Probability 6. Make inferences about relationships in bivariant data, and recognize the difference between evidence of relationship (correlation) and causation, 5. Describe characteristics and limitations of sampling methods, and analyze the effects of random versus biased sampling; e.g., determine and justify whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population. A09G05a 5a. Provide examples and explain how a statistic may or may not be an attribute of the entire population; e.g., intentional or unintentional bias may be present. (Grade 10) H. Use counting techniques, such as permutations and combinations, to determine the total number of options and possible outcomes. A09H07 7. Use counting techniques and the Fundamental Counting principle to determine the total number of possible outcomes for mathematical situations. I. Design an experiment to test a theoretical probability, and record and explain results. A09I08 8. Describe, create and analyze a sample space and use it to calculate probability. J. Compute probabilities of compound events, independent events, and simple dependent events. A09J09 9. Identify situations involving independent and dependent events, and explain differences between, and common misconceptions about, probabilities associated with those events. E. Use a variety of mathematical representations flexibly and appropriately to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas. F. Use precise mathematical language and notations to represent problem situations and mathematical ideas. Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices G. Write clearly and coherently about mathematical thinking and ideas. H. Locate and interpret mathematical information accurately, and communicate ideas, processes and solutions in a complete and easily understood manner. Math I – page 12 Port Clinton City Schools Academic Content Standard Based K-12 Mathematics Course of Study Math I Ohio Benchmarks Grade Band 8-10 K. Make predictions based on theoretical probabilities and experimental results. Standard Code A09K10 Grade Level Indicators – Data Analysis and Probability 10. Use theoretical and experimental probability, including simulations or random numbers, to estimate probabilities and to solve problems dealing with uncertainty; e.g., compound events, independent events, simple dependent events. A09K08a 8a. Differentiate and explain the relationships between the probability of an event and the odds of an event, and compute one given the other. (Grade 10) Instructional Strategies/ Commentary/Assessment/Best Practices Websites relevant to the Data Analysis and Probability Standard: http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/index.htmlhttp://illuminations.nctm.org/index_d.aspx?id=298 Topics: Mathematics -- Algebra; Linear functions; Statistics; Data display Professional Commentary: In this lesson, students model linear data collected in a variety of settings that range from car repair to sports to medicine. Students can work alone or in small groups to construct scatterplots, interpret data points and trends, and investigate the line of best fit http://illuminations.nctm.org/index_d.aspx?id=290 Topics: Mathematics -- Probability; Reasoning and Proof A Formulate a problem or mathematical model in response to a specific need or situation, determine information required to solve the problem, choose method for obtaining this information, and set limits for acceptable solution. B Apply mathematical knowledge and skills routinely in other content areas and practical situations.. C. Recognize and use connections between equivalent representations and related procedures for a mathematical concept; e.g., zero of a function and the x-intercept of the graph of the function, apply proportional thinking when measuring, describing functions, and comparing probabilities.. D Apply reasoning processes and skills to construct logical verifications or counter-examples to test conjectures and to justify and defend algorithms and solutions. Math I – page 13